메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 200, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 45-64

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for rats and mice orally exposed to chromium

Author keywords

Chromium; Gastrointestinal tract; Physiologically based model; Rodents; Toxicokinetics

Indexed keywords

CHROMIUM; DRINKING WATER;

EID: 84868102716     PISSN: 00092797     EISSN: 18727786     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.08.016     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (50)

References (71)
  • 4
    • 0034008164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Threshold mechanisms and site specificity in chromium(VI) carcinogenesis
    • S. De Flora Threshold mechanisms and site specificity in chromium(VI) carcinogenesis Carcinogenesis 21 2000 533 541 (Pubitemid 30214003)
    • (2000) Carcinogenesis , vol.21 , Issue.4 , pp. 533-541
    • De Flora, S.1
  • 6
    • 78650535746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of the U.S. EPA mode of action framework for purposes of guiding future research: A case study involving the oral carcinogenicity of hexavalent chromium
    • C.M. Thompson, L.C. Haws, M.A. Harris, N.M. Gatto, and D.M. Proctor Application of the U.S. EPA mode of action framework for purposes of guiding future research: a case study involving the oral carcinogenicity of hexavalent chromium Toxicol. Sci. 119 2011 20 40
    • (2011) Toxicol. Sci. , vol.119 , pp. 20-40
    • Thompson, C.M.1    Haws, L.C.2    Harris, M.A.3    Gatto, N.M.4    Proctor, D.M.5
  • 7
    • 78049269850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A quantitative assessment of the carcinogenicity of hexavalent chromium by the oral route and its relevance to human exposure
    • A.H. Stern A quantitative assessment of the carcinogenicity of hexavalent chromium by the oral route and its relevance to human exposure Environ. Res. 110 2010 798 807
    • (2010) Environ. Res. , vol.110 , pp. 798-807
    • Stern, A.H.1
  • 10
    • 67649858404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural occurrence of hexavalent chromium in a sedimentary aquifer in Urânia, State of São Paulo, Brazil
    • C. Bourette, R. Bertolo, M. Almodova, and R. Hirata Natural occurrence of hexavalent chromium in a sedimentary aquifer in Urânia, State of São Paulo, Brazil An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 81 2 2009 227 242
    • (2009) An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. , vol.81 , Issue.2 , pp. 227-242
    • Bourette, C.1    Bertolo, R.2    Almodova, M.3    Hirata, R.4
  • 11
    • 79961022962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chromium(VI) generation in vadose zone soils and alluvial sediments of the southwestern Sacramento Valley, California: A potential source of geogenic Cr(VI) to groundwater
    • C.T. Mills, J.M. Morrison, M.B. Goldhaber, and K.J. Ellefsen Chromium(VI) generation in vadose zone soils and alluvial sediments of the southwestern Sacramento Valley, California: a potential source of geogenic Cr(VI) to groundwater Appl. Geochem. 26 2011 1480 1501
    • (2011) Appl. Geochem. , vol.26 , pp. 1480-1501
    • Mills, C.T.1    Morrison, J.M.2    Goldhaber, M.B.3    Ellefsen, K.J.4
  • 12
    • 84872669923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CDPH California Department of Public Health
    • CDPH, Chromium-6 in Drinking Water: Sampling Results, California Department of Public Health, 2011. Available from: < http://www.cdph.ca.gov/ certlic/drinkingwater/pages/chromium6sampling.aspx >.
    • (2011) Chromium-6 in Drinking Water: Sampling Results
  • 13
    • 80051801627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of chromium(VI) in black, green and herbal teas
    • K.L. Mandiwana, N. Panichev, and S. Panicheva Determination of chromium(VI) in black, green and herbal teas Food Chem. 129 2011 1839 1843
    • (2011) Food Chem. , vol.129 , pp. 1839-1843
    • Mandiwana, K.L.1    Panichev, N.2    Panicheva, S.3
  • 15
    • 77249118332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of the mode of action framework for mutagenic carcinogens case study II: Chromium (VI)
    • N. McCarroll, N. Keshava, J. Chen, G. Akerman, A. Kligerman, and E. Rinde An evaluation of the mode of action framework for mutagenic carcinogens case study II: chromium (VI) Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 51 2010 89 111
    • (2010) Environ. Mol. Mutagen. , vol.51 , pp. 89-111
    • McCarroll, N.1    Keshava, N.2    Chen, J.3    Akerman, G.4    Kligerman, A.5    Rinde, E.6
  • 16
    • 84865577055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • OEHHA Office Environmental Health Hazard Assessment California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA
    • OEHHA, Public Health Goals for Chemicals in Drinking Water Hexavalent Chromium (CrVI), Office Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, 2011.
    • (2011) Public Health Goals for Chemicals in Drinking Water Hexavalent Chromium (CrVI)
  • 17
    • 0029895357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A physiologically based model of chromium kinetics in the rat
    • DOI 10.1006/taap.1996.0097
    • E.J. O'Flaherty A physiologically based model of chromium kinetics in the rat Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 138 1 1996 54 64 (Pubitemid 26159594)
    • (1996) Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology , vol.138 , Issue.1 , pp. 54-64
    • O'Flaherty, E.J.1
  • 18
    • 0035068904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A physiologically based model for the ingestion of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) by humans
    • DOI 10.1093/toxsci/60.2.196
    • E.J. O'Flaherty, B.D. Kerger, S.M. Hays, and D.J. Paustenbach A physiologically based model for the ingestion of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) by humans Toxicol. Sci. 60 2 2001 196 213 (Pubitemid 32273309)
    • (2001) Toxicological Sciences , vol.60 , Issue.2 , pp. 196-213
    • O'Flaherty, E.J.1    Kerger, B.D.2    Hays, S.M.3    Paustenbach, D.J.4
  • 20
    • 84555189022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the effects of hexavalent chromium in the alimentary canal of F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice following exposure in drinking water: Implications for carcinogenic modes of action
    • C.M. Thompson, D.M. Proctor, M. Suh, L.C. Haws, C.D. Hebert, J.F. Mann, H.G. Shertzer, G. Hixon, and M.A. Harris Comparison of the effects of hexavalent chromium in the alimentary canal of F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice following exposure in drinking water: implications for carcinogenic modes of action Toxicol. Sci. 125 1 2012 79 90
    • (2012) Toxicol. Sci. , vol.125 , Issue.1 , pp. 79-90
    • Thompson, C.M.1    Proctor, D.M.2    Suh, M.3    Haws, L.C.4    Hebert, C.D.5    Mann, J.F.6    Shertzer, H.G.7    Hixon, G.8    Harris, M.A.9
  • 22
    • 30344443429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. EPA EPA/630/P-03/001F, Risk Assessment Forum: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
    • U.S. EPA, Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment, EPA/630/P-03/001F, Risk Assessment Forum: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 2005.
    • (2005) Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment
  • 23
    • 0242708661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the dose-dependency of allometric scaling performance using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling
    • DOI 10.1016/j.yrtph.2003.07.004
    • C.R. Kirman, L.M. Sweeney, M.E. Meek, and M.L. Gargas Assessing the dose-dependency of allometric scaling performance using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 38 3 2003 345 367 (Pubitemid 37414823)
    • (2003) Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology , vol.38 , Issue.3 , pp. 345-367
    • Kirman, C.R.1    Sweeney, L.M.2    Meek, M.E.3    Gargas, M.L.4
  • 24
    • 64349091883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AWWA American Water Works Association (AWWA) Research Foundation, Denver, CO
    • AWWA, Occurrence Survey of Boron and Hexavalent Chromium, American Water Works Association (AWWA) Research Foundation, Denver, CO, 2004.
    • (2004) Occurrence Survey of Boron and Hexavalent Chromium
  • 26
    • 0000941980 scopus 로고
    • A distribution-free k-sample test against ordered alternatives
    • A.R. Jonckheere A distribution-free k-sample test against ordered alternatives Biometrika 41 1954 133 145
    • (1954) Biometrika , vol.41 , pp. 133-145
    • Jonckheere, A.R.1
  • 27
    • 0017745924 scopus 로고
    • Non parametric equivalent of Williams' test for contrasting increasing dose levels of a treatment
    • E. Shirley A non-parametric equivalent of Williams' test for contrasting increasing dose levels of a treatment Biometrics 33 1977 386 389 (Pubitemid 8131517)
    • (1977) Biometrics , vol.33 , Issue.2 , pp. 386-389
    • Shirley, E.1
  • 30
    • 0028007579 scopus 로고
    • Development of a pharmacokinetic model for chromium in the rat following subchronic exposure
    • DOI 10.1006/taap.1994.1197
    • R.V. Thomann, C.A. Snyder, and K.S. Squibb Development of a pharmacokinetic model for chromium in the rat following subchronic exposure. I. The importance of incorporating long-term storage compartment Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 128 2 1994 189 198 (Pubitemid 24330839)
    • (1994) Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology , vol.128 , Issue.2 , pp. 189-198
    • Thomann, R.V.1    Snyder, C.A.2    Squibb, K.S.3
  • 31
    • 0000977596 scopus 로고
    • Chronic toxicity studies. II. Hexavalent and trivalent chromium administered in drinking water to rats
    • R.D. Mackenzie, R.U. Byerrum, C.F. Decker, C.A. Hoppert, and R.F. Langham Chronic toxicity studies. II. Hexavalent and trivalent chromium administered in drinking water to rats AMA Arch. Ind. Health 18 3 1958 232 234
    • (1958) AMA Arch. Ind. Health , vol.18 , Issue.3 , pp. 232-234
    • MacKenzie, R.D.1    Byerrum, R.U.2    Decker, C.F.3    Hoppert, C.A.4    Langham, R.F.5
  • 33
    • 0013951384 scopus 로고
    • Intestinal absorption of trace quantities of chromium
    • R.M. Donaldson Jr., and R.F. Barreras Intestinal absorption of trace quantities of chromium J. Lab. Clin. Med. 68 3 1986 484 493
    • (1986) J. Lab. Clin. Med. , vol.68 , Issue.3 , pp. 484-493
    • Donaldson Jr., R.M.1    Barreras, R.F.2
  • 40
    • 0016275612 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the depletion and accumulation of microvilli and changes in the tubulovesicular compartment of mouse parietal cells in relation to gastric acid secretion
    • S. Ito, and G.C. Schofield Studies on the depletion and accumulation of microvilli and changes in the tubulovesicular compartment of mouse parietal cells in relation to gastric acid secretion J. Cell Biol. 63 1974 364 382
    • (1974) J. Cell Biol. , vol.63 , pp. 364-382
    • Ito, S.1    Schofield, G.C.2
  • 41
    • 0029055473 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the gastrointestinal anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of humans and commonly used laboratory animals
    • T.T. Kararli Comparison of the gastrointestinal anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of humans and commonly used laboratory animals Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 16 1995 351 380
    • (1995) Biopharm. Drug Dispos. , vol.16 , pp. 351-380
    • Kararli, T.T.1
  • 42
    • 0035078138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anatomical and physiological parameters affecting gastrointestinal absorption in humans and rats
    • DOI 10.1016/S0278-6915(00)00136-8, PII S0278691500001368
    • J.M. DeSesso, and C.F. Jacobson Anatomical and physiological parameters affecting gastrointestinal absorption in humans and rats Food Chem. Toxicol. 39 3 2001 209 228 (Pubitemid 32244129)
    • (2001) Food and Chemical Toxicology , vol.39 , Issue.3 , pp. 209-228
    • DeSesso, J.M.1    Jacobson, C.F.2
  • 43
    • 79955491642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iron homeostasis and nutritional iron deficiency
    • E.C. Theil Iron homeostasis and nutritional iron deficiency J. Nutr. 141 4 2011 724S 728S
    • (2011) J. Nutr. , vol.141 , Issue.4
    • Theil, E.C.1
  • 44
    • 3242806011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent developments in the biochemistry of chromium(III)
    • J.B. Vincent Recent developments in the biochemistry of chromium(III) Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 99 1-3 2004 1 16 (Pubitemid 38968994)
    • (2004) Biological Trace Element Research , vol.99 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 1-16
    • Vincent, J.B.1
  • 45
    • 0020608855 scopus 로고
    • Low-molecular-weight, chromium-binding substance in rat lungs and its possible role in chromium movement
    • O. Wada, S. Manabe, N. Yamaguchi, S. Ishikawa, and H. Yanagisawa Low-molecular-weight, chromium-binding substance in rat lungs and its possible role in chromium movement Ind. Health 21 1 1983 35 41 (Pubitemid 13055995)
    • (1983) Industrial Health , vol.21 , Issue.1 , pp. 35-41
    • Wada, O.1    Manabe, S.2    Yamaguchi, N.3
  • 46
    • 0021091240 scopus 로고
    • Purification and chromium-excretory function of low-molecular-weight, chromium-binding substances from dog liver
    • O. Wada, G.Y. Wu, A. Yamamoto, S. Manabe, and T. Ono Purification and chromium-excretory function of low-molecular-weight, chromium-binding substances from dog liver Environ. Res. 32 1 1983 228 239 (Pubitemid 14240615)
    • (1983) Environmental Research , vol.32 , Issue.1 , pp. 228-239
    • Wada, O.1    Wu, G.Y.2    Yamamoto, A.3
  • 47
    • 0021740176 scopus 로고
    • Distribution and chromium-binding capacity of a low-molecular-weight, chromium-binding substance in mice
    • DOI 10.1016/0162-0134(84)80018-5
    • A. Yamamoto, O. Wada, and T. Ono Distribution and chromium-binding capacity of a low-molecular-weight, chromium-binding substance in mice J. Inorg. Biochem. 22 2 1984 91 102 (Pubitemid 15215239)
    • (1984) Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 91-102
    • Yamamoto, A.1    Wada, O.2    Ono, T.3
  • 48
    • 37849031379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurements of rat and mouse gastrointestinal pH, fluid and lymphoid tissue, and implications for in-vivo experiments
    • E.L. McConnell, A.W. Basit, and S. Murdan Measurements of rat and mouse gastrointestinal pH, fluid and lymphoid tissue, and implications for in-vivo experiments J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 60 1 2008 63 70
    • (2008) J. Pharm. Pharmacol. , vol.60 , Issue.1 , pp. 63-70
    • McConnell, E.L.1    Basit, A.W.2    Murdan, S.3
  • 49
    • 0025120673 scopus 로고
    • Rat intestinal iron transfer capacity and the longitudinal distribution of its adaptation to iron deficiency
    • K. Schümann, B. Elsenhans, C. Ehtechami, and W. Forth Rat intestinal iron transfer capacity and the longitudinal distribution of its adaptation to iron deficiency Digestion 46 1 1990 35 45 (Pubitemid 20249909)
    • (1990) Digestion , vol.46 , Issue.1 , pp. 35-45
    • Schumann, K.1    Elsenhans, B.2    Ehtechami, C.3    Forth, W.4
  • 52
    • 0020123797 scopus 로고
    • A pattern for gastric emptying in mice
    • G333-G336
    • M. Moretó, L. Guzmán, and A. Díez A pattern for gastric emptying in mice Am. J. Physiol. 242 4 1982 G333-G336
    • (1982) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.242 , Issue.4
    • Moretó, M.1    Guzmán, L.2    Díez, A.3
  • 53
    • 0039834836 scopus 로고
    • Guidelines and methodology used in the preparation of health effects assessment chapters of the consent decree water criteria documents
    • USEPA
    • USEPA, Guidelines and Methodology Used in the Preparation of Health Effects Assessment Chapters of the Consent Decree Water Criteria Documents, Federal Register 45(231) (1980) 49347-49357.
    • (1980) Federal Register , vol.45 , Issue.231 , pp. 49347-49357
  • 54
    • 0021881034 scopus 로고
    • Chromium intake, absorption and excretion of subjects consuming self-selected diets
    • R.A. Anderson, and A.S. Kozlovsky Chromium intake, absorption and excretion of subjects consuming self-selected diets Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 41 6 1985 1177 1183 (Pubitemid 15031359)
    • (1985) American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , vol.41 , Issue.6 , pp. 1177-1183
    • Anderson, R.A.1    Kozlovsky, A.S.2
  • 55
    • 0020578866 scopus 로고
    • The effect of iron deficiency on experimental oral carcinogenesis in the rat
    • S.S. Prime, D.G. MacDonald, and J.S. Rennie The effect of iron deficiency on experimental oral carcinogenesis in the rat Br. J. Cancer 47 3 1983 413 418 (Pubitemid 13117149)
    • (1983) British Journal of Cancer , vol.47 , Issue.3 , pp. 413-418
    • Prime, S.S.1    MacDonald, D.G.2    Rennie, J.S.3
  • 58
    • 0033744276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rat jejunum controls luminal thiol-disulfide redox
    • L.J. Dahm, and D.P. Jones Rat jejunum controls luminal thiol-disulfide redox J. Nutr. 130 11 2000 2739 2745
    • (2000) J. Nutr. , vol.130 , Issue.11 , pp. 2739-2745
    • Dahm, L.J.1    Jones, D.P.2
  • 59
    • 12144270899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Importance of chromium-DNA adducts in mutagenicity and toxicity of chromium(VI)
    • DOI 10.1021/tx049774+
    • A. Zhitkovich Importance of chromium-DNA adducts in mutagenicity and toxicity of chromium(VI) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 18 1 2005 3 11 (Pubitemid 40111085)
    • (2005) Chemical Research in Toxicology , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-11
    • Zhitkovich, A.1
  • 64
    • 0142029139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Various cells of the immune system and intestine differ in their capacity to reduce hexavalent chromium
    • DOI 10.1016/S0928-8244(03)00107-X
    • R. Shrivastava, R.K. Upreti, and U.C. Chaturvedi Various cells of the immune system and intestine differ in their capacity to reduce hexavalent chromium FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 38 1 2003 65 70 (Pubitemid 37297445)
    • (2003) FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology , vol.38 , Issue.1 , pp. 65-70
    • Shrivastava, R.1    Upreti, R.K.2    Chaturvedi, U.C.3
  • 65
    • 0038413486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basic anatomical and physiological data for use in radiological protection: Reference values
    • ICRP ICRP Publication 89
    • ICRP, Basic Anatomical and Physiological Data for Use in Radiological Protection: Reference Values, Annals of the ICRP, 2002. ICRP Publication 89.
    • (2002) Annals of the ICRP
  • 66
    • 0027507612 scopus 로고
    • A physiologically based model for gastrointestinal absorption and excretion of chemicals carried by lipids
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1993.tb00012.x
    • W.L. Roth, R.A. Freeman, and A.G. Wilson A physiologically based model for gastrointestinal absorption and excretion of chemicals carried by lipids Risk Anal. 13 5 1993 531 543 (Pubitemid 23339419)
    • (1993) Risk Analysis , vol.13 , Issue.5 , pp. 531-543
    • Roth, W.L.1    Freeman, R.A.2    Wilson, A.G.E.3
  • 67
    • 0031727698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scaling of dimensions of small intestines in non-ruminant eutherian mammals and its significance for absorptive mechanisms
    • DOI 10.1016/S1095-6433(98)10100-9, PII S1095643398101009
    • J.R. Pappenheimer Scaling of dimensions of small intestines in non-ruminant eutherian mammals and its significance for absorptive mechanisms Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A: Mol. Integr. Physiol. 121 1 1998 45 58 (Pubitemid 28545189)
    • (1998) Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - A Molecular and Integrative Physiology , vol.121 , Issue.1 , pp. 45-58
    • Pappenheimer, J.R.1
  • 68
    • 0024357906 scopus 로고
    • Origin of regional and species differences in intestinal glucose uptake
    • R.P. Ferraris, P.P. Lee, and J.M. Diamond Origin of regional and species differences in intestinal glucose uptake Am. J. Physiol. 257 5 Pt. 1 1989 G689 G697
    • (1989) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.257 , Issue.5 PART 1
    • Ferraris, R.P.1    Lee, P.P.2    Diamond, J.M.3
  • 69
    • 84862249099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative toxicogenomic analysis of oral Cr(VI) exposure effects in rat and mouse small intestinal epithelia
    • (Epub 2012 April 28)
    • A.K. Kopec, C.M. Thompson, S. Kim, A.L. Forgacs, and T.R. Zacharewski Comparative toxicogenomic analysis of oral Cr(VI) exposure effects in rat and mouse small intestinal epithelia Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 262 2 2012 124 138 (Epub 2012 April 28)
    • (2012) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , vol.262 , Issue.2 , pp. 124-138
    • Kopec, A.K.1    Thompson, C.M.2    Kim, S.3    Forgacs, A.L.4    Zacharewski, T.R.5
  • 70
    • 84862777658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genome-wide gene expression effects in B6C3F1 mouse intestinal epithelia following 7 and 90 days of exposure to hexavalent chromium in drinking water
    • (Epub 2011 December 1)
    • A.K. Kopec, S. Kim, A.L. Forgacs, T.R. Zacharewski, D.M. Proctor, M.A. Harris, L.C. Haws, and C.M. Thompson Genome-wide gene expression effects in B6C3F1 mouse intestinal epithelia following 7 and 90 days of exposure to hexavalent chromium in drinking water Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 259 1 2012 13 26 (Epub 2011 December 1)
    • (2012) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , vol.259 , Issue.1 , pp. 13-26
    • Kopec, A.K.1    Kim, S.2    Forgacs, A.L.3    Zacharewski, T.R.4    Proctor, D.M.5    Harris, M.A.6    Haws, L.C.7    Thompson, C.M.8
  • 71
    • 0034967246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of an integrated microanalytical system for analysis of lead in saliva and linkage to a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model describing lead saliva secretion
    • C. Timchalk, T.S. Poet, Y. Lin, K.K. Weitz, R. Zhao, and K.D. Thrall Development of an integrated microanalytical system for analysis of lead in saliva and linkage to a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model describing lead saliva secretion AIHAJ 62 3 2001 295 302
    • (2001) AIHAJ , vol.62 , Issue.3 , pp. 295-302
    • Timchalk, C.1    Poet, T.S.2    Lin, Y.3    Weitz, K.K.4    Zhao, R.5    Thrall, K.D.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.