Cognitive-Behavioral School-Based Interventions for Anxious and Depressed Youth: A Meta-Analysis of Outcomes

Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 129-153

  Mychailyszyn, Matthew P ^a   Brodman, Douglas M ^a   Read, Kendra L ^a   Kendall, Philip C ^a  

^a TEMPLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Anxiety treatment; Cognitive behavioral therapy; Depression; Depression treatment; Meta analysis; School based intervention; Youth

Indexed keywords

EID: 84867185352     PISSN: 09695893     EISSN: 14682850     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2012.01279.x     Document Type: Article

References (180)

1. Albano, A. M., Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (2003). Childhood anxiety disorders. In E. J. Mash & R. A. Barkley (Eds.), Child psychopathology (2nd ed., pp. 279-329). New York: Guilford Press.
2. Albee, G. W., & Gullotta, T. P. (1986). Facts and fallacies about primary prevention. Journal of Primary Prevention, 6, 207-218.
3. Andrews, G., Szabo, M., & Burns, J. (2002). Preventing major depression in young people. British Journal of Psychiatry, 181, 460-462.
4. Anglin, T. M., Naylor, K. E., & Kaplan, D. W. (1996). Comprehensive school-based health care: High school students' use of medical, mental health, and substance abuse services. Pediatrics, 97, 318-330.
5. APA Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures. (1995). Training in and dissemination of empirically-validated psychological treatments: Report and recommendations. The Clinical Psychologist, 48, 3-24.
6. Arnarson, E. O., & Craighead, W. E. (2011). Prevention of depression among Icelandic adolescents: A 12-month follow-up. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 170-174.
7. Aune, T., & Stiles, T. C. (2009). Universal-based prevention of syndromal and sub-syndromal social anxiety: A randomized controlled study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 867-879.
8. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
9. Barrett, P. M., Dadds, M. R., & Rapee, R. M. (1996). Family treatment of childhood anxiety: A controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 333-342.
10. Barrett, P. M., Farrell, L. J., Ollendick, T. H., & Dadds, M. (2006). Long-term outcomes of an Australian universal prevention trial of anxiety and depression symptoms in children and youth: An evaluation of the Friends program. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 403-411.
11. Barrett, P. M., Lock, S., & Farrell, L. J. (2005). Developmental differences in universal preventive intervention for child anxiety. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 10, 539-555.
12. Barrett, P. M., Moore, A. F., & Sonderegger, R. (2000). The FRIENDS program for young former-Yugoslavian refugees in Australia: A pilot study. Behaviour Change, 17, 124-133.
13. Barrett, P. M., Sonderegger, R., & Sonderegger, N. L. (2001). Evaluation of an anxiety-prevention and positive-coping program (FRIENDS) for children and adolescents of non-English-speaking background. Behaviour Change, 18, 78-91.
14. Barrett, P. M., Sonderegger, R., & Xenos, S. (2003). Using FRIENDS to combat anxiety and adjustment problems among young migrants to Australia: A national trial. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 241-260.
15. Barrett, P., & Turner, C. (2001). Prevention of anxiety symptoms in primary school children: Preliminary results from a universal school-based trial. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 399-410.
16. Becker, B. J. (1988). Synthesizing standardized mean-change measures. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 41, 257-278.
17. Bernstein, G. A., Bernat, D. H., Victor, A. M., & Layne, A. E. (2008). School-based interventions for anxious children: 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 1039-1047.
18. Bernstein, G. A., Layne, A. E., Egan, E. A., & Tennison, D. M. (2005). School-based interventions for anxious children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 1118-1127.
19. Bokhorst, K., Goossens, F. A., & de Ruyter, P. A. (1995). Social anxiety at elementary school: The effects of a curriculum. Educational Research, 37, 87-94.
20. Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
21. Brady, E. U., & Kendall, P. C. (1992). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 244-255.
22. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
23. Brunwasser, S. M., Gillham, J. E., & Kim, E. S. (2009). A meta-analytic review of the Penn Resiliency Program's effect on depressive symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 1042-1054.
24. Burns, B. J., Costello, E. J., Angold, A., Tweed, D., Stangl, D., Farmer, E. M. Z., et al. (1995). DataWatch: Children's mental health service use across service sectors. Health Affairs, 14, 147-159.
25. Calear, A. L., & Christensen, H. (2010). Systematic review of school-based prevention and early intervention programs for depression. Journal of Adolescence, 33, 429-438.
26. Calear, A. L., Christensen, H., Mackinnon, A., Griffiths, K. M., & O'Kearney, R. (2009). The YouthMood project: A cluster randomized controlled trial of an online cognitive behavioral program with adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 1021-1032.
27. Cardemil, E. V., Reivich, K. J., Beevers, C. G., Seligman, M. E. P., & James, J. (2007). The prevention of depressive symptoms in low-income, minority children: Two-year follow-up. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 313-327.
28. Cardemil, E. V., Reivich, K. J., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). The prevention of depressive symptoms in low-income minority middle school students. Prevention & Treatment, 5, 110-126.
29. Chambless, D. L., & Hollon, S. D. (1998). Defining empirically supported therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 7-18.
30. Chaplin, T. M., Gillham, J. E., Reivich, K., Elkon, A. G. L., Freres, D. R., Winder, B., et al. (2006). Depression prevention for early adolescent girls: A pilot study of all girls versus co-ed groups. Journal of Early Adolescence, 26, 110-126.
31. Chavira, D. A., Stein, M. B., Bailey, K., & Stein, M. T. (2004). Child anxiety in primary care: Prevalent but untreated. Depression and Anxiety, 20, 155-164.
32. Chorpita, B. F. (2003). The frontier of evidence-based practice. In A. E. Kazdin, & J. R. Weisz (Eds.), Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (pp. 42-59). New York, NY: Guildford.
33. Chorpita, B. F., Daleiden, E. L., & Weisz, J. R. (2005). Identifying and selecting the common elements of evidence based interventions: A distillation and matching model. Mental Health Services Research, 7, 5-20.
34. Clarke, G. N., Hawkins, W., Murphy, M., & Sheeber, L. (1993). School-based primary prevention of depressive symptomatology in adolescents: Findings from two studies. Journal of Adolescent Research, 8, 183-204.
35. Clarke, G. N., Hawkins, W., Murphy, M., Sheeber, L. B., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (2001). A randomized trial of a group cognitive intervention for preventing depression in adolescent offspring of depressed parents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 1127-1134.
36. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
37. Cole, D. A., Peeke, L. G., Martin, J. M., Truglio, R., & Seroczynsky, A. D. (1998). A longitudinal look at the relation between depression and anxiety in children and adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 451-460.
38. Collins, K. A., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2008). What are the active ingredients in preventative interventions for depression? Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 15, 313-330.
39. Commission on Chronic Illness. (1957). Chronic illness in the United States (Vol. 1). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
40. Cook, D. J., Guyatt, G. H., & Ryan, G. (1993). Should unpublished data be included in meta-analyses? Current convictions and controversies. Journal of the American Medical Association, 269, 2749-2753.
41. Cooley, M. R., Boyd, R. C., & Grados, J. J. (2004). Feasibility of an anxiety preventive intervention for community violence exposed African-American children. Journal of Primary Prevention, 25, 105-123.
42. Cooper, H., & Hedges, L. V. (1994). The handbook of research synthesis. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
43. Costello, J. E., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keller, G., & Angold, A. (2003). Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 837-844.
44. Council of Australian Governments. (2009). National action plan for mental health 2006-2011. Retrieved February 2009 from http://www.coag.gov.au/reports/docs/AHMC_COAG_mental_health.pdf
45. Craighead, W. E., Sheets, E. S., Craighead, L. W., & Madsen, J. W. (2011). Recurrence of MDD: A prospective study of personality pathology and cognitive distortions. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 2, 83-97.
46. Cukrowicz, K. C., White, B. A., Reitzel, L. R., Burns, A. B., Driscoll, K. A., Kemper, T. S., et al. (2005). Improved treatment outcome associated with the shift to empirically supported treatments in a graduate training clinic. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36, 330-337.
47. Curtis, S. E. (1992). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of adolescent depression. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Utah State University, Logan.
48. Dadds, M. R., Holland, D. E., Laurens, K. R., Mullins, M., Barrett, P. M., & Spence, S. H. (1999). Early intervention and prevention of anxiety disorders in children: Results at 2-year follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 145-150.
49. Dadds, M. R., Spence, S. H., Holland, D. E., Barrett, P. M., & Laurens, K. R. (1997). Prevention and early intervention for anxiety disorders: A controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 627-635.
50. Ellard, K. K., Fairholme, C. P., Boisseau, C. L., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2010). Unified protocol for the transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: Protocol development and initial outcome data. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 17, 88-101.
51. Ettelson, R. G. (2003). The treatment of adolescent depression. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Illinois State University, Normal.
52. Flaherty, L. T., Weist, M. D., & Warner, B. S. (1996). School-based mental health services in the United States: History, current models and needs. Community Mental Health Journal, 32, 341-352.
53. Flannery-Schroeder, E., Choudhury, M. S., & Kendall, P. C. (2005). Group and individual cognitive-behavioral treatments for youth with anxiety disorders: 1-year follow-up. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 253-259.
54. Flannery-Schroeder, E. C., & Kendall, P. C. (2000). Group and individual cognitive-behavioral treatments for youth with anxiety disorders: A randomized clinical trial. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 251-278.
55. Gallegos, J. (2008). Preventing childhood anxiety and depression: Testing the effectiveness of a school-based program in México. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin.
56. Georgiades, K., Lewinsohn, P. M., Monroe, S. M., & Seeley, J. R. (2006). Major depressive disorder in adolescence: The role of subthreshold symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 936-944.
57. Gillham, J. E., & Reivich, K. J. (1999). Prevention of depressive symptoms in schoolchildren: A research update. Psychological Science, 10, 461-462.
58. Gillham, J. E., Reivich, K. J., Freres, D. R., Chaplin, T. M., Shatté, A. J., Samuels, B., et al. (2007). School-based prevention of depressive symptoms: A randomized controlled study of the effectiveness and specificity of the Penn Resiliency Program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 9-19.
59. Gillham, J. E., Reivich, K. J., Freres, D. R., Lascher, M., Litzinger, S., Shatté, A., et al. (2006). School-based prevention of depression and anxiety symptoms in early adolescence: A pilot of a parent intervention component. School Psychology Quarterly, 21, 323-348.
60. Gillham, J. E., Reivich, K. J., Jaycox, L. H., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1995). Prevention of depressive symptoms in schoolchildren: Two-year follow-up. Psychological Science, 6, 343-351.
61. Gillham, J. E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1994). Preventing depressive symptoms in school children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
62. Ginsburg, G. S., Becker, K. D., Kingery, J. N., & Nichols, T. (2008). Transporting CBT for childhood anxiety disorders into inner-city school-based mental health clinics. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 15, 148-158.
63. Ginsburg, G. S., & Drake, K. L. (2002). School-based treatment for anxious African-American adolescents: A controlled pilot study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 768-775.
64. Gordon, R. (1983). An operational classification of disease prevention. Public Health Reports, 98, 107-109.
65. Gordon, R. (1987). An operational classification of disease prevention. In J. A. Steinberg & M. M. Silverman (Eds.), Preventing mental disorders (pp. 20-26). Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services.
66. Hains, A. A. (1992). Comparison of cognitive-behavioral stress management techniques with adolescent boys. Journal of Counseling and Development, 70, 600-605.
67. Hains, A. A. (1994). The effectiveness of a school-based, cognitive-behavioral stress management program with adolescents reporting high and low levels of emotional arousal. School Counselor, 42, 114-125.
68. Hains, A. A., & Szyjakowski, M. (1990). A cognitive stress-reduction intervention program for adolescents. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37, 79-84.
69. Hannan, A. P., Rapee, R. M., & Hudson, J. L. (1995). The prevention of depression in children: A pilot study. Behaviour Change, 17, 78-83.
70. Harnett, P. H., & Dadds, M. R. (2004). Training school personnel to implement a universal school-based prevention of depression program under real-world conditions. Journal of School Psychology, 42, 343-357.
71. Hart, A. B., Craighead, W. E., & Craighead, L. W. (2001). Predicting recurrence of major depressive disorder in young adults: A prospective study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 633-643.
72. Hedges, L. V. (1982). Estimation of effect size from a series of independent studies. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 490-499.
73. Hedges, L. V., & Vevea, J. L. (1998). Fixed- and random-effects models in meta-analysis. Psychological Methods, 3, 486-504.
74. Higgins, J. P. T., & Green, S. (Eds.). (2005). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions 4.2.5 [updated May 2005]. In The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
75. Higgins, J., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. British Medical Journal, 327, 557-560.
76. Hoagwood, K., Hibbs, E., Brent, D., & Jensen, P. (1995). Introduction to the special section: Efficacy and effectiveness in studies of child and adolescent psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 683-687.
77. Hoffman, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 169-183.
78. Hopwood, C. J. (2007). Moderation and mediation in structural equation modeling: Applications for early intervention research. Journal of Early Intervention, 29, 262-272.
79. Horowitz, J. L., & Garber, J. G. (2006). The prevention of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 401-415.
80. Horowitz, J. L., Garber, J. G., Ciesla, A., Young, J. F., & Mufson, L. (2007). Prevention of depressive symptoms in adolescents: A randomized trial of cognitive-behavioral and interpersonal prevention programs. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 693-706.
81. Hunt, C., Andrews, G., Crino, R., Erskine, A., & Sakashita, C. (2009). Randomized controlled trial of any early intervention programme for adolescent anxiety disorders. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 300-304.
82. Ialongo, N., Edelsohn, G., Werthamer-Larsson, L., Crockett, L., & Kellam, S. (1995). The significance of self-reported anxious symptoms in first grade children: Prediction to anxious symptoms and adaptive functioning in fifth grade. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 427-437.
83. Ishikawa, S., Okajima, I., Matsuoka, H., & Sakano, Y. (2007). Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 12, 164-172.
84. James, A. A. C. J., Soler, A., & Weatherall, R. R. W. (2005). Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4, Art. No. CD004690.
85. Jaycox, L. H., Reivich, K. J., Gillham, J., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1994). Prevention of depressive symptoms in school children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 801-816.
86. Kahn, J. S., Kehle, T. J., Jenson, W. R., & Clark, E. (1990). Comparison of cognitive-behavioral, relaxation, and self-modeling interventions for depression among middle-school students. School Psychology Review, 19, 196-211.
87. Kendall, P. C. (1994). Treating anxiety disorders in children: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 100-110.
88. Kendall, P. C. (2006). Guiding theory for therapy with children and adolescents. In P. C. Kendall (Ed.), Child and adolescent therapy: Cognitive-behavioral procedures (3rd ed., pp. 3-30). New York: Guilford Press.
89. Kendall, P. C., & Beidas, R. S. (2007). Smoothing the trail for dissemination of evidence-based practices for youth: Flexibility within fidelity. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38, 13-20.
90. Kendall, P. C., Flannery-Schroeder, E., Panichelli-Mindel, S. M., Southam-Gerow, M., Henin, A., & Warman, M. (1997). Therapy for youths with anxiety disorders: A second randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 366-380.
91. Kendall, P. C., & Hedtke, K. A. (2006a). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxious children: Therapist manual (3rd ed.). Ardmore, PA: Workbook Publishing. Retrieved from www.WorkbookPublishing.com.
92. Kendall, P. C., & Hedtke, K. A. (2006b). The Coping Cat workbook (2nd ed.). Ardmore, PA: Workbook Publishing. Retrieved from www.WorkbookPublishing.com.
93. Kendall, P. C., Hudson, J. L., Gosch, E., Flannery-Schroeder, E., & Suveg, C. (2008). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disordered youth: A randomized clinical trial evaluating child and family modalities. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 282-297.
94. Kendall, P. C., & Norton-Ford, J. D. (1982). Clinical psychology: Scientific and professional dimensions. New York: Wiley.
95. Kendall, P. C., Safford, S., Flannery-Schroeder, E., & Webb, A. (2004). Child anxiety treatment: Outcomes in adolescence and impact on substance abuse and depression at 7.4 year follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 276-287.
96. Kiselica, M. S., Baker, S. B., Thomas, R. N., & Reedy, S. (1994). Effects of stress inoculation training on anxiety, stress, and academic performance among adolescents. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 335-342.
97. Kolko, D. J., Brent, D. A., Baugher, M., Bridge, J., & Birmaher, B. (2000). Cognitive and family therapies for adolescent depression: Treatment specificity, mediation, and moderation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(4), 603-614.
98. Kowalenko, N., Rapee, R. M., Simmons, J., Wignall, A., Hoge, R., Whitefield, K., et al. (2005). Short-term effectiveness of a school-based early intervention program for adolescent depression. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 10, 493-507.
99. Liddle, B., & Spence, S. H. (1990). Cognitive-behaviour therapy with depressed primary school children: A cautionary note. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 18, 85-102.
100. Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (2000). Practical meta-analysis. Applied social research methods series (Vol. 49). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
101. Lock, S., & Barrett, P. M. (2003). A longitudinal study of developmental differences in universal preventive intervention for child anxiety. Behaviour Change, 20, 183-199.
102. Lockwood, C., Page, T., & Conroy-Hiller, T. (2004). Comparing the effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy using individual or group therapy in the treatment of depression. Adelaide, Australia: Joanna Briggs Institute Reports.
103. Logan, D. E., & King, C. A. (2002). Parental identification of depression and mental health service use among depressed adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 296-304.
104. Lowry-Webster, H. M., Barrett, P. M., & Dadds, M. R. (2001). A universal prevention trial of anxiety and depressive symptomatology in childhood: Preliminary data from an Australian study. Behaviour Change, 18, 36-50.
105. Lowry-Webster, H. M., Barrett, P. M., & Lock, S. (2003). A universal prevention trial of anxiety symptomatology during childhood: Results at 1-year follow-up. Behaviour Change, 20, 25-43.
106. Masia, C. L., Klein, R. G., Storch, E. A., & Corda, B. (2001). School-based behavioral treatment for social anxiety disorder in adolescents: Results of a pilot study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 780-786.
107. Masia-Warner, C., Klein, R. G., Dent, H. C., Fisher, P. H., Alvir, J., Albano, A. M., et al. (2005). School-based intervention for adolescents with social anxiety disorder: Results of a controlled study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 707-722.
108. McCabe, O. L. (2004). Crossing the quality chasm in behavioral health care: The role of evidence-based practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35, 571-579.
109. McLaughlin, K. A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2011). Rumination as a transdiagnostic factor in depression and anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 186-193.
110. McLoone, J., Hudson, J. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2006). Treating anxiety disorders in a school setting. Education and Treatment of Children, 29, 219-242.
111. Merry, S., McDowell, H., Hetrick, S., Bir, J., & Muller, N. (2004). Psychological and/or educational interventions for the prevention of depression in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2, Art. No. CD003380.pub2.
112. Merry, S., McDowell, H., Wild, C. J., Bir, J., & Cunliffe, R. (2004). A randomized placebo-controlled trial of a school-based depression prevention program. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 538-547.
113. Mifsud, C., & Rapee, R. M. (2005). Early intervention for childhood anxiety in a school setting: Outcomes for an economically disadvantaged population. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 996-1004.
114. Moher, D., Cook, D. J., Eastwood, S., Olkin, I., Rennie, D., Stroup, D. F., & for the QUOROM Group. (1999). Improving the quality of reports of meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials: The QUOROM statement. Lancet, 354, 1896-1900.
115. Moses, L. E., Mostellar, F., & Buehler, J. H. (2002). Comparing results of large clinical trials to those of meta-analyses. Statistics in Medicine, 21, 793-800.
116. Mostert, J., & Loxton, H. (2008). Exploring the effectiveness of the FRIENDS program in reducing anxiety symptoms among South African children. Behaviour Change, 25, 85-96.
117. Mrazek, P. J., & Haggerty, R. J. (Eds.). (1994). Reducing risks for mental disorders: Frontiers for prevention research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
118. Mufson, L. H., Dorta, K. P., Olfson, M., Weissman, M. M., & Hoagwood, K. (2004). Effectiveness research: Transporting interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents (IPT-A) from the lab to school-based health clinics. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 7, 251-261.
119. Muris, P., Bogie, N., & Hoogsteder, A. (2001). Effects of an early intervention group program for anxious and depressed adolescents: A pilot study. Psychological Reports, 88, 481-482.
120. Muris, P., Mayer, B., Bartelds, E., Tierney, S., & Bogie, N. (2010). The revised version of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED-R): Treatment sensitivity in an early intervention trial for childhood anxiety disorders. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 323-336.
121. Mychailyszyn, M. P., Mendez, J. L., & Kendall, P. C. (2010). School functioning in youth with and without anxiety disorders: Comparisons by diagnosis and comorbidity. School Psychology Review, 39, 106-121.
122. Neil, A. L., & Christensen, H. (2007). Australian school-based prevention and early intervention programs for anxiety and depression: A systematic review. Medical Journal of Australia, 186, 305-308.
123. Neil, A. L., & Christensen, H. (2009). Efficacy and effectiveness of school-based prevention and early intervention programs for anxiety. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 208-215.
124. New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. (2003). Achieving the promise: Transforming mental health care in America. Final Report. DHHS Pub. No. SMA-03-3832. Rockville, MD: Author.
125. Offord, D. R., Kraemer, H. C., Kazdin, A. E., Jensen, P. S., & Harrington, R. (1998). Lowering the burden of suffering from child psychiatric disorder: Trade-offs among clinical, targeted, and universal interventions. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 686-694.
126. O'Kearney, R., Gibson, M., Christensen, H., & Griffiths, K. M. (2006). Effects of a cognitive-behavioural Internet program on depression, vulnerability to depression and stigma in adolescent males: A school-based controlled trial. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 35, 43-54.
127. O'Kearney, R., Kang, K., Christensen, H., & Griffiths, K. (2009). A controlled trial of a school-based Internet program for reducing depressive symptoms in adolescent girls. Depression and Anxiety, 26, 65-72.
128. Orwin, R. G. (1983). A fail-safe N for effect size in meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Statistics, 8, 157-159.
129. Owens, J. S., & Murphy, C. E. (2004). Effectiveness research in the context of school-based mental health. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 7, 195-209.
130. Pattison, C., & Lynd-Stevenson, R. M. (2001). The prevention of depressive symptoms in children: The immediate and long-term outcomes of a school-based program. Behaviour Change, 18, 92-102.
131. Pincus, D. B., & Friedman, A. G. (2004). Improving children's coping with everyday stress: Transporting treatment interventions to the school setting. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 7, 223-240.
132. Pössel, P., Horn, A. B., Groen, G., & Hautzinger, M. (2004). School-based prevention of depressive symptoms in adolescents: A 6-month follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 1003-1010.
133. Pössel, P., Seemann, S., & Hautzinger, M. (2008). Impact of comorbidity in prevention of adolescent depressive symptoms. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55, 106-117.
134. Quayle, D., Dziurawiec, S., Roberts, C., Kane, R., & Ebsworthy, G. (2001). The effect of an optimism and lifeskills program on depressive symptoms in preadolescence. Behaviour Change, 18, 194-203.
135. Ralph, A., & Nicholson, L. (1995). Teaching coping skills to depressed adolescents in high school settings. Behaviour Change, 12, 175-190.
136. Rapee, R. M., Wignall, A., Sheffield, J., Kowalenko, N., Davis, A., McLoone, J., et al. (2006). Adolescents' reactions to universal and indicated prevention programs for depression: Perceived stigma and consumer satisfaction. Prevention Science, 7, 167-177.
137. Reivich, K. (1996). The prevention of depressive symptoms in adolescents. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
138. Roberts, C., Kane, R., Bishop, B., Matthews, H., & Thomson, H. (2004). The prevention of depressive symptoms in rural school children: A follow-up study. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 6, 4-16.
139. Roberts, C., Kane, R., Thomson, H., Bishop, B., & Hart, B. (2003). The prevention of depressive symptoms in rural school children: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 622-628.
140. Rones, M., & Hoagwood, K. (2003). School-based mental health services: A research review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 3, 223-241.
141. Rooney, R., Roberts, C., Kane, R., Pike, L., Winsor, A., White, J., et al. (2006). The prevention of depression in 8- to 9-year-old children: A pilot study. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 16, 76-90.
142. Rose, H., Miller, L., & Martinez, Y. (2009). "FRIENDS for Life": The results of a resilience-building, anxiety-prevention program in a Canadian elementary school. Professional School Counseling, 12, 400-407.
143. Rosenthal, R. (1979). The "file drawer problem" and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 638-641.
144. Rosenthal, R. (1984). Meta-analytic procedures for social research. Applied social research methods series (Vol. 6). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
145. Rosenthal, R. (1991). Meta-analytic procedures for social research. London: Sage.
146. Rosenthal, R. (1993). Meta-analytic procedures for social research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
147. Rosenthal, R., & DiMatteo, M. R. (2001). Meta-analysis: Recent developments in quantitative methods for literature reviews. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 59-82.
148. Rossello, J., Bernal, G., & Rivera-Medina, C. (2008). Individual and group CBT and IPT for Puerto Rican adolescents with depressive symptoms. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14, 234-245.
149. Schoenwald, S. K., Chapman, J. E., Kelleher, K., Hoagwood, K. E., Landsverk, J., Stevens, J., et al. (2008). A survey of the infrastructure for children's mental health services: Implications for the implementation of empirically supported treatments (ESTs). Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 35, 84-97.
150. Schoenwald, S. K., & Hoagwood, K. (2001). Effectiveness, transportability, and dissemination of interventions: What matters when? Psychiatric Services, 52, 1190-1197.
151. Shadish, W. R., & Sweeney, R. B. (1991). Mediators and moderators in meta-analysis: There's a reason we don't let dodo birds tell us which psychotherapies should have prizes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 883-893.
152. Sheffield, J. K., Spence, S. H., Rapee, R. M., Kowalenko, N., Wignall, A., Davis, A., et al. (2006). Evaluation of universal, indicated, and combined cognitive-behavioral approaches to the prevention of depression among adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 66-79.
153. Shochet, I. M., Dadds, M. R., Holland, D., Whitefield, K., Harnett, P. H., & Osgarby, S. M. (2001). The efficacy of a universal school-based program to prevent adolescent depression. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 303-315.
154. Shochet, I. M., Montague, R., & Dadds, M. (2002). Preventing depressive symptoms in adolescence with sustainable resources: Evaluation of a school-based effectiveness trial. Unpublished manuscript.
155. Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7, 422-445.
156. Silverman, W. K., Kurtines, W. M., Ginsburg, G. S., Weems, C. F., Lumpkin, P. W., & Carmichael, D. H. (1999). Treating anxiety disorders in children with group cognitive-behavioral therapy: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 995-1003.
157. Silverman, W. K., Pina, A. A., & Viswesvaran, C. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 105-130.
158. Spence, S. H., Sheffield, J. K., & Donovan, C. L. (2003). Preventing adolescent depression: An evaluation of the problem solving for life program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 3-13.
159. Spence, S. H., Sheffield, J. K., & Donovan, C. L. (2005). Long-term outcome of a school-based, universal approach to prevention of depression in adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 160-167.
160. Spence, S. H., & Shortt, A. L. (2007). Research review: Can we justify the widespread dissemination of universal, school-based interventions for the prevention of depression among children and adolescents? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 526-542.
161. Stallard, P., Simpson, N., Anderson, S., Carter, T., Osborn, C., & Bush, S. (2005). An evaluation of the FRIENDS programme: A cognitive behaviour therapy intervention to promote emotional resilience. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 90, 1016-1019.
162. Stallard, P., Simpson, N., Anderson, S., & Goddard, M. (2008). The FRIENDS emotional health prevention programme: 12 month follow-up of a universal UK school based trial. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 17, 283-289.
163. Stallard, P., Simpson, N., Anderson, S., Hibbert, S., & Osborn, C. (2007). The FRIENDS emotional health programme: Initial findings from a school-based project. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 12, 32-37.
164. Sterling, T. D. (1959). Publication decisions and their possible effects on inferences drawn from tests of significance-or vice versa. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 54, 30-34.
165. Stewart, R. E., & Chambless, D. L. (2009). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders in clinical practice: A meta-analysis of effectiveness studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 595-606.
166. Stice, E., Rohde, P., Seeley, J. R., & Gau, J. M. (2008). Brief cognitive-behavioral depression prevention program for high-risk adolescents outperforms two alternative interventions: A randomized efficacy trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 595-606.
167. Storch, E. A., & Crisp, H. L. (2004). Taking it to the schools - Transporting empirically supported treatments for childhood psychopathology to the school setting. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 7, 191-193.
168. Strauss, C. C., Frame, C. L., & Forehand, R. (1987). Psychosocial impairment associated with anxiety in children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 16, 235-239.
169. The TADS Team. (2007). The Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS): Long-term effectiveness and safety outcomes. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 1132-1144.
170. United States Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. (1986). Children's mental health: Problems and services. OTA-H-33. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
171. U.S. Public Health Service. (2000). Report on the surgeon general's conference on children's mental health: A national action agenda. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
172. Walkup, J. T., Albano, A. M., Piacentini, J., Birmaher, B., Compton, S. N., Sherrill, J. T., et al. (2008). Cognitive behavioral therapy, sertraline, or a combination in childhood anxiety. New England Journal of Medicine, 359, 2753-2766.
173. Warner, C. M., Fisher, P. H., Shrout, P. E., Rathor, S., & Klein, R. G. (2007). Treating adolescents with social anxiety disorder in school: An attention control trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 676-686.
174. Watson, D., & Kendall, P. C. (1989). Understanding anxiety and depression: Their relation to negative and positive affective states. In D. Watson & P. C. Kendall (Eds.), Anxiety and depression: Distinctive and overlapping features (pp. 3-26). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
175. Weist, M. D., Evans, S. W., & Lever, N. A. (2003). Introduction: Advancing mental health practice and research in schools. In M. D. Weist, S. W. Evans, & N. A. Lever (Eds.), Handbook of school mental health: Advancing practice and research (pp. 1-7). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
176. Weisz, J. R., Donenberg, G. R., Han, S. S., & Weiss, B. (1995). Bridging the gap between laboratory and clinic in child and adolescent psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 688-701.
177. Weisz, J. R., & Jensen, A. L. (2001). Child and adolescent psychotherapy in research and practice contexts: Review of the evidence and suggestions for improving the field. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 10, 1/12-1/18.
178. Wilkinson, L., & the APA Task Force on Statistical Inference. (1999). Statistical methods in psychology journals: Guidelines and explanations. American Psychologist, 54, 594-604.
179. Wood, J. (2006). Effect of anxiety reduction on children's school performance and social adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 42, 345-349.
180. Yu, D. L., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Preventing depressive symptoms in Chinese children. Prevention & Treatment, 5. doi:10.1037/1522-3736.5.1.59a