Autoantibodies and Sjögren's syndrome: A physiologist's perspective

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Volumn 13, Issue 10, 2012, Pages 2063-2070

  Smith, Peter M ^a   Dawson, Luke J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Autoantibody; Lacrimal; Muscarinic type 3 receptor; Salivary; Sj gren's syndrome; Xeropthalmia; Xerostomia

Indexed keywords

AQUAPORIN ANTIBODY; AUTOANTIBODY; CYCLIC CITRULLINATED PEPTIDE ANTIBODY; LA ANTIBODY; MUSCARINIC M3 RECEPTOR ANTIBODY; RO ANTIBODY; SPECTRIN ANTIBODY; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION; ELECTROLYTE TRANSPORT; HUMAN; LACRIMAL FLUID; NONHUMAN; SALIVA; SJOEGREN SYNDROME;

ACINAR CELLS; APOPTOSIS; ATROPHY; AUTOANTIBODIES; BODY WATER; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; SALIVARY GLANDS; SJOGREN'S SYNDROME;

EID: 84866669160     PISSN: 13892010     EISSN: 18734316     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138920112802273218     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Ramos-Casals, M.; Nardi, N.; Brito-Zeron, P.; Aguilo, S.; Gil, V.; Delgado, G.; Bove, A.; Font, J. Atypical autoantibodies in patients with primary Sjogren syndrome: clinical characteristics and followup of 82 cases. Semin. Arthrit. Rheumat., 2006, 35(5), 312-321.
2. Drachman, D. B. How to recognize an antibody-mediated autoimmune disease: criteria. Res. Pub. Assoc. Res. Nerv. Mental Dis., 1990, 68 183-186.
3. McGonagle D, M. M. A proposed classification of the immunological diseases. Pub. Lib. Sci. Med., 2006, 3(8), 1242-1248.
4. Shoenfeld, Y.; Tincani, A. Introduction autoantibodies-the smoke and the fire. Autoimmunity, 2005, 38 (1), 1-2.
5. García-Carrasco, M.; Fuentes-Alexandro, S.; Escárcega, R. O.; Salgado, G.; Riebeling, C.; Cervera, R. Pathophysiology of Sjögren's Syndrome. Arch. Med. Res., 2006, 37 (8), 921-932.
6. Rosen, A.; Casciola-Rosen, L. Altered autoantigen structure in Sjogren's syndrome: implications for the pathogenesis of autoimmune tissue damage. Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med., 2004, 15 (3), 156-164.
7. Ramos-Casals, M.; Font, J. Primary Sjogren's syndrome: current and emergent aetiopathogenic concepts. Rheumatology, 2005, 44 (11), 1354-1367.
8. Jonsson, R.; Gordon, T.; Konttinen, Y. Recent advances in understanding molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis and antibody profile of Sjögren's syndrome. Curr. Rheumatol. Rep., 2003, 5(4), 311-316.
9. Watts, R. A. Autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases. Medicine, 2002, 30(10), 2-6.
10. Routsias, J.; Tzioufas, A. Sjögren's syndrome-study of autoantigens and autoantibodies. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol., 2007, 32(3), 238-251.
11. Whittingham, S.; Mackay, I.; Tait, B. Autoantibodies to small nuclear ribonucleoproteins. A strong association between anti-SS-B (La), HLA-B8, and Sjögren's syndrome. Australia New Zealand J. Med., 1983, 13 565-570.
12. Vitali, C.; Bombardieri, S.; Jonsson, R.; Moutsopoulos, H. M.; Alexander, E. L.; Carsons, S. E.; Daniels, T. E.; Fox, P. C.; Fox, R. I.; Kassan, S. S.; Pillemer, S. R.; Talal, N.; Weisman, M. H. Classification criteria for sjogren's syndrome: a revised version of the European criteria proposed by the American-European Consensus Group. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2002, 61 (6), 554-558.
13. Morbini, P.; Manzo, A.; Caporali, R.; Epis, O.; Villa, C.; Tinelli, C.; Solcia, E.; Montecucco, C. Multilevel examination of minor salivary gland biopsy for Sjogren's syndrome significantly improves diagnostic performance of AECG classification criteria. Arthrit. Res. Ther., 2005, 7 (2), 343-348.
14. Chiorini, J.; Cihakova, D.; Ouellette, C.; Caturegli, P. Sjögren syndrome: Advances in the pathogenesis from animal models. J. Autoimmun., 2009, 33 (3-4), 190-196.
15. Galvez, J.; Saiz, E.; Lopez, P.; Pina, M. F.; Carrillo, A.; Nieto, A.; Perez, A.; Marras, C.; Linares, L. F.; Tornero, C.; Climent, A.; Rosique, J.; Reyes, Y. Diagnostic evaluation and classification criteria in Sjogren's Syndrome. Joint Bone Spine, 2009, 76 (1), 44-49.
16. Schulte-Pelkum, J.; Fritzler, M.; Mahler, M. Latest update on the Ro/SS-A autoantibody system. Autoimmun. Rev., 2009, 8 (7), 632-637.
17. Casciola-Rosen, L. A.; Anhalt, G.; Rosen, A. Autoantigens targeted in systemic lupus erythematosus are clustered in two populations of surface structures on apoptotic keratinocytes. J. Exp. Med., 1994, 179 (4), 1317-1330.
18. Lorenz, H.; Herrmann, M.; Winkler, T.; Gaipl, U.; Kalden, J. Role of apoptosis in autoimmunity. Apoptosis, 2000, 5 (5), 443-449.
19. Reed, J. H.; Jackson, M. W.; Gordon, T. P. B cell apotopes of the 60-kDa Ro/SSA and La/SSB autoantigens. J. Autoimmun., 2008, 31 (3), 263-267.
20. Buyon, J. P.; Friedman, D. M. Autoantibody-associated congenital heart block: the clinical perspective. Curr. Rheumatol. Rep., 2003, 5 (5), 374-378.
21. Lisi, S.; Sisto, M.; Scagliusi, P.; Mitolo, V.; D'Amore, M. Siogren's syndrome: anti-Ro and anti-La autoantibodies trigger apoptotic mechanism in the human salivary gland cell line, A-253. Panminerva Med., 2007, 49 (3), 103-108.
22. Lisi, S.; Sisto, M.; Soleti, R.; Saponaro, C.; Scagliusi, P.; D'Amore, M.; Saccia, M.; Maffione, A.; Mitolo, V. Fcg receptors mediate internalization of anti-Ro and anti-La autoantibodies from Sjogren's syndrome and apoptosis in human salivary gland cell line A-253. J. Oral Pathol. Med., 2007, 36(9), 511-523.
23. Haneji, N.; Nakamura, T.; Takio, K.; Yanagi, K.; Higashiyama, H.; Saito, I.; Noji, S.; Sugino, H.; Hayashi, Y. Identification of alphafodrin as a candidate autoantigen in primary Sjogren's syndrome. Science, 1997, 276(5312), 604-607.
24. Ruiz-Tiscar, J. L.; Lopez-Longo, F. J.; Sanchez-Ramon, S.; Santamaria, B.; Urrea, R.; Carreno, L.; Estecha, A.; Vigil, D.; Fernandez-Cruz, E.; Rodriguez-Mahou, M. Prevalence of IgG anti-{alpha}-fodrin antibodies in Sjogren's syndrome. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2005, 1050 210-216.
25. Nagaraju, K.; Cox, A.; Casciola-Rosen, L.; Rosen, A. Novel fragments of the Sjogren's syndrome autoantigens alpha-fodrin and type 3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor generated during cytotoxic lymphocyte granule-induced cell death. Arthritis Rheum., 2001, 44 (10), 2376-2386.
26. Barcelos, F.; Abreu, I.; Patto, J.; Trindade, H.; Teixeira, A. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies and rheumatoid factor in Sjögren's syndrome. Acta Reumatol. Portuguesa, 2009, 34 (4), 608-612.
27. Moscarello, M.; Pritzker, L.; Mastronardi, F.; Wood, D. Peptidylarginine deiminase: a candidate factor in demyelinating disease. J. Neurochem., 2002, 81 (2), 335-343.
28. Moscarello, M.; Wood, D.; Ackerley, C.; Boulias, C. Myelin in multiple sclerosis is developmentally immature. J. Clin. Invest., 1994, 94(1), 146-154.
29. Hill, J.; Southwood, S.; Sette, A.; Jevnikar, A.; Bell, D.; Cairns, E. Cutting edge: the conversion of arginine to citrulline allows for a high-affinity peptide interaction with the rheumatoid arthritisassociated HLA-DRB1* 0401 MHC class II molecule. J. Immunol., 2003, 171 (2), 538-541.
30. Raptopoulou, A.; Sidiropoulos, P.; Katsouraki, M.; Boumpas, D. Anti-citrulline antibodies in the diagnosis and prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis: evolving concepts. Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci., 2007, 44 (4), 339-363.
31. Vossenaar, E.; Després, N.; Lapointe, E.; van der Heijden, A.; Lora, M.; Senshu, T.; van Venrooij, W.; Ménard, H. Rheumatoid arthritis specific anti-Sa antibodies target citrullinated vimentin. Arthrit. Res. Ther., 2004, 6 (2), 142-150.
32. Zeng, X.; Ai, M.; Tian, X.; Gan, X.; Shi, Y.; Song, Q.; Tang, F. Diagnostic value of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol., 2003, 30 (7), 1451-1455.
33. Curis, E.; Nicolis, I.; Moinard, C.; Osowska, S.; Zerrouk, N.; Benazeth, S.; Cynober, L. Almost all about citrulline in mammals. Amino Acids, 2005, 29 (3), 177-205.
34. Schanne, F.; Kane, A.; Young, E.; Farber, J. Calcium dependence of toxic cell death: a final common pathway. Science, 1979, 206 (4419), 700-702.
35. Union, A.; Meheus, L.; Humbel, R.; Conrad, K.; Steiner, G.; Moereels, H.; Pottel, H.; Serre, G.; De Keyser, F.; Innogenetics, N. Identification of citrullinated rheumatoid arthritis-specific epitopes in natural filaggrin relevant for antifilaggrin autoantibody detection by line immunoassay. Arthritis Care Res., 2002, 46 (5), 1185-1195.
36. Konttinen, Y.; Platts, L.; Tuominen, S.; Eklund, K.; Santavirta, N.; Törnwall, J.; Sorsa, T.; Hukkanen, M.; Polak, J.; Foundation, S. Role of nitric oxide in Sjögren's syndrome. Arthritis Care Res., 1996, 40 (5), 875-883.
37. Caulfield, V.; Balmer, C.; Dawson, L.; Smith, P. A role for nitric oxide-mediated glandular hypofunction in a non-apoptotic model for Sjogren's syndrome. Rheumatology, 2009, 48 (7), 727-733.
38. Mobley, J. Is rheumatoid arthritis a consequence of natural selection for enhanced tuberculosis resistance? Med. Hypotheses, 2004, 62(5), 839-843.
39. Thomas, G.; Ramwell, P. Peptidyl arginine deiminase and endothelium dependent relaxation. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 1988, 153 (1), 147-148.
40. Makrygiannakis, D. Citrullination is an inflammation-dependent process. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2006, 65 (9), 1219-1222.
41. Vossenaar, E. Citrullination, the spark that ignites the fire in rheumatoid arthritis? Radboud University, Nijmegan, 2004.
42. Dawson, L.; Fox, P.; Smith, P. Sjogrens syndrome--the nonapoptotic model of glandular hypofunction. Rheumatology, 2006, 45 (7), 792-798.
43. Fox, R.; Maruyama, T. Pathogenesis and treatment of Sjogren's syndrome. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol., 1997, 9 (5), 393-399.
44. Humphreys-Beher, M.; Brayer, J.; Yamachika, S.; Peck, A.; Jonsson, R. An alternative perspective to the immune response in autoimmune exocrinopathy: induction of functional quiescence rather than destructive autoaggression. Scand. J. Immunol., 1999, 49 (1), 7-10.
45. rd. ed. Edgar, W. M.; Dawes, C.; O'Mullane, D., Eds. 2004; pp 14-31.
46. Melvin, J.; Yule, D.; Shuttleworth, T.; Begenisich, T. Regulation of fluid and electrolyte secretion in salivary gland acinar cells. Annu. Rev. Physiol., 2004, 67 445-469.
47. Krane, C.; Melvin, J.; Nguyen, H.; Richardson, L.; Towne, J.; Doetschman, T.; Menon, A. Salivary acinar cells from aquaporin 5-deficient mice have decreased membrane water permeability and altered cell volume regulation. J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276 (26), 23413-23420.
48. Lennon, V.; Kryzer, T.; Pittock, S.; Verkman, A.; Hinson, S. IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel. J. Exp. Med., 2005, 202 (4), 473-477.
49. Hinson, S.; McKeon, A.; Lennon, V. Neurological autoimmunity targeting aquaporin-4. Neuroscience, 2010, 164 (4), 1009-1018.
50. Fukuda, T.; Shiraishi, H.; Nakamura, T.; Tanaka, K.; Nakamura, H.; Tsujino, A.; Nishiura, Y.; Yoshimura, T.; Motomura, M.; Eguchi, K. Efficacy of tacrolimus in Sjögren's syndromeassociated CNS disease with aquaporin-4 autoantibodies. J. Neurol., 2009, 256 (10), 1762-1764.
51. Frigeri, A.; Gropper, M.; Umenishi, F.; Kawashima, M.; Brown, D.; Verkman, A. Localization of MIWC and GLIP water channel homologs in neuromuscular, epithelial and glandular tissues. J. Cell Sci., 1995, 108 (9), 2993-3002.
52. Ishikawa, Y.; Eguchi, T.; Skowronski, M. T.; Ishida, H. Acetylcholine Acts on M3Muscarinic receptors and induces the translocation of aquaporin5 water channel via cytosolic Ca2+elevation in rat parotid glands. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1998, 245 (3), 835-840.
53. Kim, J.; Park, S.; Moon, Y.; Hwang, S.; Kim, D.; Jo, S.; Oh, S.; Kim, J.; Jahng, J.; Lee, J. Histamine H1 receptor induces cytosolic calcium increase and aquaporin translocation in human salivary gland cells. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2009, 330 (2), 403-412.
54. Gresz, V.; Kwon, T.; Gong, H.; Agre, P.; Steward, M.; King, L.; Nielsen, S. Immunolocalization of AQP-5 in rat parotid and submandibular salivary glands after stimulation or inhibition of secretion in vivo. Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointestinal Liver Physiol., 2004, 287 (1), 151-161.
55. Tsubota, K.; Hirai, S.; King, L.; Agre, P.; Ishida, N. Defective cellular trafficking of lacrimal gland aquaporin-5 in Sjögren's syndrome. Lancet, 2001, 357 (9257), 688-689.
56. Steinfeld, S.; Cogan, E.; King, L.; Agre, P.; Kiss, R.; Delporte, C. Abnormal distribution of aquaporin-5 water channel protein in salivary glands from Sjögren's syndrome patients. Lab. Invest., 2001, 81 (2), 143-148.
57. Konttinen, Y.; Tensing, E.; Laine, M.; Porola, P.; Törnwall, J.; Hukkanen, M. Abnormal distribution of aquaporin-5 in salivary glands in the NOD mouse model for Sjögren's syndrome. J. Rheumatol., 2005, 32 (6), 1071-1075.
58. Beroukas, D.; Hiscock, J.; Jonsson, R.; Waterman, S.; Gordon, T. Subcellular distribution of aquaporin 5 in salivary glands in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Lancet, 2001, 358 (9296), 1875-1876.
59. Dawson, L. J.; Field, E. A.; Harmer, A. R.; Smith, P. M. Acetylcholine-evoked calcium mobilization and ion channel activation in human labial gland acinar cells from patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 2001, 124 (3), 480-485.
60. Smith, P.; Reed, H. Amplification of the thapsigargin-evoked increase in the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration by acetylcholine in acutely isolated mouse submandibular acinar cells. Biochem. J., 1996, 317 (3), 779-783.
61. Harmer, A. R.; Smith, P. M.; Gallacher, D. V. Local and global calcium signals and fluid and electrolyte secretion in mouse submandibular acinar cells. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointestinal Liver Physiol., 2005, 288 (1), 118-124.
62. Proctor, G.; Carpenter, G. Regulation of salivary gland function by autonomic nerves. Autonomic Neurosci., 2007, 133 (1), 3-18.
63. Bacman, S.; Sterin-Borda, L.; Camusso, J. J.; Arana, R.; Hubscher, O.; Borda, E. Circulating antibodies against rat parotid gland M3 muscarinic receptors in primary Sjogren's syndrome. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 1996, 104 (3), 454-459.
64. Matsui, M.; Motomura, D.; Karasawa, H.; Fujikawa, T.; Jiang, J.; Komiya, Y.; Takahashi, S.; Taketo, M. M. Multiple functional defects in peripheral autonomic organs in mice lacking muscarinic acetylcholine receptor gene for the M3 subtype. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2000, 97(17), 9579-9584.
65. Stengel, P. W.; Gomeza, J.; Wess, J.; Cohen, M. L. M(2) and M(4) receptor knockout mice: muscarinic receptor function in cardiac and smooth muscle in vitro. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2000, 292(3), 877-885.
66. Waterman, S. A.; Gordon, T. P.; Rischmueller, M. Inhibitory effects of muscarinic receptor autoantibodies on parasympathetic neurotransmission in Sjogren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum., 2000, 43 (7), 1647-1654.
67. Goldblatt, F.; Gordon, T. P.; Waterman, S. A. Antibody-mediated gastrointestinal dysmotility in scleroderma. Gastroenterology, 2002, 123 (4), 1144-1150.
68. Li, J.; Ha, Y. M.; Ku, N. Y.; Choi, S. Y.; Lee, S. J.; Oh, S. B.; Kim, J. S.; Lee, J. H.; Lee, E. B.; Song, Y. W.; Park, K. Inhibitory effects of autoantibodies on the muscarinic receptors in Sjogren's syndrome. Lab. Invest., 2004, 84 1430-1438.
69. Dawson, L. J.; Allison, H. E.; Stanbury, J.; Fitzgerald, D.; Smith, P. M. Putative anti-muscarinic antibodies cannot be detected in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome using conventional immunological approaches. Rheumatology, 2004, 43 (12), 1488-1495.
70. Dawson, L. J.; Stanbury, J.; Venn, N.; Hasdimir, B.; Rogers, S. N.; Smith, P. M. Antimuscarinic antibodies in primary Sjogren's syndrome reversibly inhibit the mechanism of fluid secretion by human submandibular salivary acinar cells. Arthritis. Rheum., 2006, 54 (4), 1165-1173.
71. Kovacs, L.; Feher, E.; Bodnar, I.; Marczinovits, I.; Nagy, G. M.; Somos, J.; Boda, V. Demonstration of autoantibody binding to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the salivary gland in primary Sjogren's syndrome. Clin. Immunol., 2008, 128 (2), 269-276.
72. Bonner, T. The molecular basis of muscarinic receptor diversity. Trends Neurosci., 1989, 12 (4), 148-151.
73. Bonner, T. New subtypes of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. Suppl., 1989, 10 11-15.
74. Cavill, D.; Waterman, S. A.; Gordon, T. P. Antibodies raised against the second extracellular loop of the human muscarinic M3 receptor mimic functional autoantibodies in Sjogren's syndrome. Scand. J. Immunol., 2004, 59 (3), 261-266.
75. Naito, Y.; Matsumoto, I.; Wakamatsu, E.; Goto, D.; Sugiyama, T.; Matsumura, R.; Ito, S.; Tsutsumi, A.; Sumida, T. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor autoantibodies in patients with Sjogren's syndrome. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2005, 64 (3), 510-511.
76. Bacman, S. R.; Berra, A.; Sterin-Borda, L.; Borda, E. S. Human primary Sjogren's syndrome autoantibodies as mediators of nitric oxide release coupled to lacrimal gland muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Curr. Eye Res., 1998, 17 (12), 1135-1142.
77. Koo, N. Y.; Li, J.; Hwang, S. M.; Choi, S. Y.; Lee, S. J.; Oh, S. B.; Kim, J. S.; Lee, E. B.; Song, Y. W.; Park, K. Functional epitope of muscarinic type 3 receptor which interacts with autoantibodies from Sjogren's syndrome patients. Rheumatology, 2008, 47 (6), 828.
78. van Blokland, S. C.; Versnel, M. A. Pathogenesis of Sjogren's syndrome: characteristics of different mouse models for autoimmune exocrinopathy. Clin. Immunol., 2002, 103 (2), 111-124.
79. Robinson, C. P.; Brayer, J.; Yamachika, S.; Esch, T. R.; Peck, A. B.; Stewart, C. A.; Peen, E.; Jonsson, R.; Humphreys-Beher, M. G. Transfer of human serum IgG to nonobese diabetic Ig null mice reveals a role for autoantibodies in the loss of secretory function of exocrine tissues in Sjogren's syndrome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 1998, 95(13), 7538-7543.
80. Wang, F.; Jackson, M. W.; Maughan, V.; Cavill, D.; Smith, A. J.; Waterman, S. A.; Gordon, T. P. Passive transfer of Sjogren's syndrome IgG produces the pathophysiology of overactive bladder. Arthritis Rheum., 2004, 50 (11), 3637-3645.
81. Smith, A. J.; Jackson, M. W.; Wang, F.; Cavill, D.; Rischmueller, M.; Gordon, T. P. Neutralization of muscarinic receptor autoantibodies by intravenous immunoglobulin in sjogrens syndrome. Hum. Immunol., 2005, 66 (4), 411-416.
82. Kovacs, L.; Marczinovits, I.; Gyorgy, A.; Toth, G. K.; Dorgai, L.; Pal, J.; Molnar, J.; Pokorny, G. Clinical associations of autoantibodies to human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 3(213-228) in primary Sjogren's syndrome. Rheumatology, 2005, 44 (8), 1021-1025.
83. Marczinovits, I.; Kovacs, L.; Gyorgy, A.; Toth, G. K.; Dorgai, L.; Molnar, J.; Pokorny, G. A peptide of human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 3 is antigenic in primary Sjogren's syndrome. J. Autoimmun., 2005, 24 (1), 47-54.
84. Gao, J.; Cha, S.; Jonsson, R.; Opalko, J.; Peck, A. B. Detection of anti-type 3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor autoantibodies in the sera of Sjogren's syndrome patients by use of a transfected cell line assay. Arthritis Rheum., 2004, 50 (8), 2615-2621.
85. Cavill, D.; Waterman, S. A.; Gordon, T. P. Failure to detect antibodies to extracellular loop peptides of the muscarinic M3 receptor in primary Sjogren's syndrome. J. Rheumatology, 2002, 29 (6), 1342-1344.
86. Schegg, V.; Vogel, M.; Didichenko, S.; Stadler, M. B.; Beleznay, Z.; Gadola, S.; Sengupta, C.; Stadler, B. M.; Miescher, S. M. Evidence that anti-muscarinic antibodies in Sjogren's syndrome recognise both M3R and M1R. Biologicals, 2008, 36 (4), 213-222.
87. Barone, F.; Bombardieri, M.; Rosado, M. M.; Morgan, P. R.; Challacombe, S. J.; De Vita, S.; Carsetti, R.; Spencer, J.; Valesini, G.; Pitzalis, C. CXCL13, CCL21, and CXCL12 expression in salivary glands of patients with Sjogren's syndrome and MALT lymphoma: association with reactive and malignant areas of lymphoid organization. J. Immunol., 2008, 180 (7), 5130-5140.
88. Bombardieri, M.; Barone, F.; Pittoni, V.; Alessandri, C.; Conigliaro, P.; Blades, M. C.; Priori, R.; McInnes, I. B.; Valesini, G.; Pitzalis, C. Increased circulating levels and salivary gland expression of interleukin-18 in patients with Sjogren's syndrome: relationship with autoantibody production and lymphoid organization of the periductal inflammatory infiltrate. Arthritis Res. Ther., 2004, 6 (5), 447-456.
89. Mandl, T.; Granberg, V.; Apelqvist, J.; Wollmer, P.; Manthorpe, R.; Jacobsson, L. Autonomic nervous symptoms in primary Sjogren's; syndrome. Rheumatology, 2008, 47 (6), 914-919.
90. Mandl, T.; Jacobsson, L.; Lilja, B.; Sundkvist, G.; Manthorpe, R. Disturbances of autonomic nervous function in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Scandinavian J. Rheumatol., 1997, 26 (4), 253-258.
91. Mandl, T.; Wollmer, P.; Manthorpe, R.; Jacobsson, L. Autonomic and orthostatic dysfunction in primary Sjögren's syndrome. J. Rheumatol., 2007, 34 (9), 1869-1874.
92. Fox, R. I. Sjögren's syndrome. Lancet, 2005, 366 (9482), 321-331.
93. Ng, W.; Bowman, S. Primary Sjogren's syndrome: too dry and too tired. Rheumatology, 2010, 49 (5), 844-853.
94. d'Elia, H.; Rehnberg, E.; Kvist, G.; Ericsson, A.; Konttinen, Y.; Mannerkorpi, K. Fatigue and blood pressure in primary Sjogren's syndrome. Scandinavian J. Rheumatol., 2008, 37 (4), 284-292.
95. Caulfield, M. Muscarinic receptors--characterization, coupling and function. Pharmacol. Ther., 1993, 58 (3), 319-379.
96. Rastetter, W.; Molina, A.; White, C. Rituximab: expanding role in therapy for lymphomas and autoimmune diseases. Annu. Rev. Med., 2004, 55 477-503.
97. Leandro, M.; Cambridge, G.; Edwards, J.; Ehrenstein, M.; Isenberg, D. B-cell depletion in the treatment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a longitudinal analysis of 24 patients. Rheumatology, 2005, 44 (12), 1542-1545.
98. Arzoo, K.; Sadeghi, S.; Liebman, H. Treatment of refractory antibody mediated autoimmune disorders with an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab). Br. Med. J., 2002, 61 (10), 922-924.
99. Pijpe, J.; Van Imhoff, G.; Spijkervet, F.; Roodenburg, J.; Wolbink, G.; Mansour, K.; Vissink, A.; Kallenberg, C.; Bootsma, H. Rituximab treatment in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome: an open-label phase II study. Arthritis Care Res., 2005, 52 (9), 2740-2750.
100. Ring, T.; Kallenbach, M.; Prætorius, J.; Nielsen, S.; Melgaard, B. Successful treatment of a patient with primary Sjögren's syndrome with Rituximab. Clin. Rheumatol., 2006, 25 (6), 891-894.
101. Dass, S.; Bowman, S.; Vital, E.; Ikeda, K.; Pease, C.; Hamburger, J.; Richards, A.; Rauz, S.; Emery, P. Reduction of fatigue in Sjögren syndrome with rituximab: results of a randomised, doubleblind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2008, 67 (11), 1541-1544.
102. Looney, R. Will targeting B cells be the answer for Sjogren's syndrome? Arthritis Rheum., 2007, 56 (5), 1371-1377.
103. Fox, R.; Saito, I. Sjogren's syndrome. In Autoimmune Diseases of the Skin Springer: Vienna, 2005; pp 261-289.
104. Hansen, A.; Lipsky, P.; Dörner, T. Immunopathogenesis of primary Sjogren's syndrome: implications for disease management and therapy. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol., 2005, 17 (5), 558-565.
105. Dawson, L.; Tobin, A.; Smith, P.; Gordon, T. Antimuscarinic antibodies in Sjogren's syndrome: where are we, and where are we going? Arthritis Rheum., 2005, 52 (10), 2984-2995.
106. Jackson, M. W.; Reed, J. H.; Smith, A. J.; Gordon, T. P. An autoantibody in narcolepsy disrupts colonic migrating motor complexes. J. Neurosci., 2008, 28 (49), 13303-13309.
107. Jackson, M. W.; Spencer, N. J.; Reed, J. H.; Smith, A. J.; Gordon, T. P. Potentiation of a functional autoantibody in narcolepsy by a cholinesterase inhibitor. Lab. Invest., 2009, 89 (12), 1332-1339.
108. Smith, A. J.; Jackson, M. W.; Neufing, P.; McEvoy, R. D.; Gordon, T. P. A functional autoantibody in narcolepsy. Lancet, 2004, 364 (9451), 2122-2124.