Modafinil effects on cognition and emotion in schizophrenia and its neurochemical modulation in the brain

Neuropharmacology

Volumn 64, Issue , 2013, Pages 168-184

  Scoriels, Linda ^a,b   Jones, Peter B ^a   Sahakian, Barbara J ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cognition; Dopamine; Emotion; Glutamate; Modafinil; Neurotransmitter; Psychosis; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

CLOZAPINE; FLUOXETINE; IMIPRAMINE; MODAFINIL; PLACEBO; PRAZOSIN; RISPERIDONE;

ALERTNESS; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BASAL GANGLION; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BRAIN CORTEX; CATECHOLAMINERGIC SYSTEM; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CORPUS STRIATUM; DEPRESSION; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; EMOTION; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; GLUTAMATERGIC SYSTEM; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS; LIMBIC CORTEX; MESENCEPHALON; NARCOLEPSY; NEUROMODULATION; NONHUMAN; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROBLEM SOLVING; PSYCHOSIS; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SLEEP DISORDER; SUBSTANTIA NIGRA; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THALAMUS; VENTRAL TEGMENTUM; WORKING MEMORY;

AFFECTIVE SYMPTOMS; ANIMALS; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; BENZHYDRYL COMPOUNDS; BRAIN; BRAIN CHEMISTRY; COGNITION; COGNITION DISORDERS; EMOTIONS; HUMANS; NEURONS; NOOTROPIC AGENTS; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 84866345771     PISSN: 00283908     EISSN: 18737064     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.07.011     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. J.A. Aguirre, A. Cintra, J. Hillion, J.A. Narvaez, A. Jansson, T. Antonelli, L. Ferraro, F.A. Rambert, and K. Fuxe A stereological study on the neuroprotective actions of acute modafinil treatment on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3, 6-tetrahydropyridine-induced nigral lesions of the male black mouse Neurosci. Lett. 275 1999 215 218
2. H. Akaoka, B. Roussel, J.S. Lin, G. Chouvet, and M. Jouvet Effect of modafinil and amphetamine on the rat catecholaminergic neuron activity Neurosci. Lett. 123 1991 20 22
3. M.L. Andersen, E. Kessler, K.S. Murnane, J.C. McClung, S. Tufik, and L.L. Howell Dopamine transporter-related effects of modafinil in rhesus monkeys Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 210 2010 439 448
4. M. Arbabi, M. Bagheri, F. Rezaei, S.A. Ahmadi-Abhari, M. Tabrizi, F. Khalighi-Sigaroudi, and S. Akhondzadeh A placebo-controlled study of the modafinil added to risperidone in chronic schizophrenia Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 220 2012 591 598
5. O. Arias-Carrion, M. Palomero-Rivero, D. Millan-Aldaco, R. Haro, R. Drucker-Colin, and E. Murillo-Rodriguez Infusion of modafinil into anterior hypothalamus or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus at different time-points enhances waking and blocks the expression of recovery sleep in rats after sleep deprivation Exp. Neurol. 229 2011 358 363
6. T.R. Barnes, V.C. Leeson, S.H. Mutsatsa, H.C. Watt, S.B. Hutton, and E.M. Joyce Duration of untreated psychosis and social function: 1-year follow-up study of first-episode schizophrenia Br. J. Psychiatry 193 2008 203 209
7. P.M. Becker, J.R. Schwartz, N.T. Feldman, and R.J. Hughes Effect of modafinil on fatigue, mood, and health-related quality of life in patients with narcolepsy Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 171 2004 133 139
8. J. Beddington, C.L. Cooper, J. Field, U. Goswami, F.A. Huppert, R. Jenkins, H.S. Jones, T.B. Kirkwood, B.J. Sahakian, and S.M. Thomas The mental wealth of nations Nature 455 2008 1057 1060
9. E.E. Benarroch Histamine in the CNS: multiple functions and potential neurologic implications Neurology 75 2010 1472 1479
10. D. Beracochea, A. Celerier, N. Borde, M. Valleau, M. Peres, and C. Pierard Improvement of learning processes following chronic systemic administration of modafinil in mice Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 73 2002 723 728
11. J. Biederman, and S.R. Pliszka Modafinil improves symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across subtypes in children and adolescents J. Pediatr. 152 2008 394 399
12. B. Boutrel, and G.F. Koob What keeps us awake: the neuropharmacology of stimulants and wakefulness-promoting medications Sleep 27 2004 1181 1194
13. M.R. Broome, L.C. Johns, I. Valli, J.B. Woolley, P. Tabraham, C. Brett, L. Valmaggia, E. Peters, P.A. Garety, and P.K. McGuire Delusion formation and reasoning biases in those at clinical high risk for psychosis Br. J. Psychiatry 51 2007 s38 42
14. J.A. Caldwell, J.L. Caldwell, J.K. Smith, and D.L. Brown Modafinil's effects on simulator performance and mood in pilots during 37 h without sleep Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 75 2004 777 784
15. R.M. Chemelli, J.T. Willie, C.M. Sinton, J.K. Elmquist, T. Scammell, C. Lee, J.A. Richardson, S.C. Williams, Y. Xiong, and Y. Kisanuki Narcolepsy in orexin knockout mice: molecular genetics of sleep regulation Cell 98 1999 437 451
16. N. Dawson, R.J. Thompson, A. McVie, D.M. Thomson, B.J. Morris, and J.A. Pratt Modafinil reverses phencyclidine-induced deficits in cognitive flexibility, cerebral metabolism, and functional brain connectivity Schizophr. Bull. 38 2010 457 474
17. Z. de Saint Hilaire, M. Orosco, C. Rouch, G. Blanc, and S. Nicolaidis Variations in extracellular monoamines in the prefrontal cortex and medial hypothalamus after modafinil administration: a microdialysis study in rats Neuroreport 12 2001 3533 3537
18. J.E. De Sereville, C. Boer, F.A. Rambert, and J. Duteil Lack of pre-synaptic dopaminergic involvement in modafinil activity in anaesthetized mice: in vivo voltammetry studies Neuropharmacology 33 1994 755 761
19. A.C. Dean, R.J. Sevak, J.R. Monterosso, G. Hellemann, C.A. Sugar, and E.D. London Acute modafinil effects on attention and inhibitory control in methamphetamine-dependent humans J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs 72 2011 943 953
20. C.M. Del-Ben, J.F. Deakin, S. McKie, N.A. Delvai, S.R. Williams, R. Elliott, M. Dolan, and I.M. Anderson The effect of citalopram pretreatment on neuronal responses to neuropsychological tasks in normal volunteers: an FMRI study Neuropsychopharmacology 30 2005 1724 1734
21. C.M. Ellis, C. Monk, A. Simmons, G. Lemmens, S.C. Williams, M. Brammer, E. Bullmore, and J.D. Parkes Functional magnetic resonance imaging neuroactivation studies in normal subjects and subjects with the narcoleptic syndrome. Actions of modafinil J. Sleep Res. 8 1999 85 93
22. T.M. Engber, E.J. Koury, S.A. Dennis, M.S. Miller, P.C. Contreras, and R.V. Bhat Differential patterns of regional c-Fos induction in the rat brain by amphetamine and the novel wakefulness-promoting agent modafinil Neurosci. Lett. 241 1998 95 98
23. M.K. Erman, R. Rosenberg, and For The USMSWSDSG Modafinil for excessive sleepiness associated with chronic shift work sleep disorder: effects on patient functioning and health-related quality of life Prim. Care Companion J. Clin. Psychiatry 9 2007 188 194
24. T.F.D. Farrow, M.D. Hunter, R. Haque, and S.A. Spence Modafinil and unconstrained motor activity in schizophrenia: double-blind crossover placebo-controlled trial Br. J. Psychiatry 189 2006 461 463
25. L. Ferraro, T. Antonelli, W.T. O'Connor, S. Tanganelli, F. Rambert, and K. Fuxe The antinarcoleptic drug modafinil increases glutamate release in thalamic areas and hippocampus Neuroreport 8 1997 2883 2887
26. L. Ferraro, T. Antonelli, W.T. O'Connor, S. Tanganelli, F.A. Rambert, and K. Fuxe Modafinil: an antinarcoleptic drug with a different neurochemical profile to d-amphetamine and dopamine uptake blockers Biol. Psychiatry 42 1997 1181 1183
27. L. Ferraro, T. Antonelli, S. Tanganelli, W.T. O'Connor, M. Perez de la Mora, J. Mendez-Franco, F.A. Rambert, and K. Fuxe The vigilance promoting drug modafinil increases extracellular glutamate levels in the medial preoptic area and the posterior hypothalamus of the conscious rat: prevention by local GABAA receptor blockade Neuropsychopharmacology 20 1999 346 356
28. L. Ferraro, K. Fuxe, L. Agnati, S. Tanganelli, M.C. Tomasini, and T. Antonelli Modafinil enhances the increase of extracellular serotonin levels induced by the antidepressant drugs fluoxetine and imipramine: a dual probe microdialysis study in awake rat Synapse 55 2005 230 241
29. L. Ferraro, K. Fuxe, S. Tanganelli, M. Fernandez, F.A. Rambert, and T. Antonelli Amplification of cortical serotonin release: a further neurochemical action of the vigilance-promoting drug modafinil Neuropharmacology 39 2000 1974 1983
30. L. Ferraro, K. Fuxe, S. Tanganelli, M.C. Tomasini, F.A. Rambert, and T. Antonelli Differential enhancement of dialysate serotonin levels in distinct brain regions of the awake rat by modafinil: possible relevance for wakefulness and depression J. Neurosci. Res. 68 2002 107 112
31. L. Ferraro, S. Tanganelli, W.T. O'Connor, T. Antonelli, F. Rambert, and K. Fuxe The vigilance promoting drug modafinil decreases GABA release in the medial preoptic area and in the posterior hypothalamus of the awake rat: possible involvement of the serotonergic 5-HT3 receptor Neurosci. Lett. 220 1996 5 8
32. O. Freudenreich, D.C. Henderson, E.A. Macklin, A.E. Evins, X. Fan, C. Cather, J.P. Walsh, and D.C. Goff Modafinil for clozapine-treated schizophrenia patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial J. Clin. Psychiatry 70 2009 1674 1680
33. M.A. Frye, H. Grunze, T. Suppes, S.L. McElroy, P.E. Keck Jr.; J. Walden, G.S. Leverich, L.L. Altshuler, S. Nakelsky, S. Hwang, J. Mintz, and R.M. Post A placebo-controlled evaluation of adjunctive modafinil in the treatment of bipolar depression Am. J. Psychiatry 164 2007 1242 1249
34. K. Fuxe, A.M. Janson, L. Rosen, U.B. Finnman, S. Tanganelli, M. Morari, M. Goldstein, and L.F. Agnati Evidence for a protective action of the vigilance promoting drug modafinil on the MPTP-induced degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in the black mouse: an immunocytochemical and biochemical analysis Exp. Brain Res. 88 1992 117 130
35. D.G. Ghahremani, G. Tabibnia, J. Monterosso, G. Hellemann, R.A. Poldrack, and E.D. London Effect of modafinil on learning and task-related brain activity in methamphetamine-dependent and healthy individuals Neuropsychopharmacology 36 2011 950 959
36. M. Gill, P. Haerich, K. Westcott, K.L. Godenick, and J.A. Tucker Cognitive performance following modafinil versus placebo in sleep-deprived emergency physicians: a double-blind randomized crossover study Acad. Emerg. Med. 13 2006 158 165
37. F. Goldenberg Refinement of an EEG diurnal vigilance index. Application to drug trials Rev. Electroencephalogr Neurophysiol. Clin. 16 1986 39 48
38. A. Gozzi, V. Colavito, P.F. Seke Etet, D. Montanari, S. Fiorini, S. Tambalo, A. Bifone, G.G. Zucconi, and M. Bentivoglio Modulation of fronto-cortical activity by modafinil: a functional imaging and fos study in the rat Neuropsychopharmacology 37 2012 822 837
39. L.L. Greenhill, J. Biederman, S.W. Boellner, T.A. Rugino, R.B. Sangal, C.Q. Earl, J.G. Jiang, and J.M. Swanson A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of modafinil film-coated tablets in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 45 2006 503 511
40. C.J. Harmer, N.C. Shelley, P.J. Cowen, and G.M. Goodwin Increased positive versus negative affective perception and memory in healthy volunteers following selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibition Am. J. Psychiatry 161 2004 1256 1263
41. C.L. Hart, M. Haney, S.K. Vosburg, S.D. Comer, E. Gunderson, and R.W. Foltin Modafinil attenuates disruptions in cognitive performance during simulated night-shift work Neuropsychopharmacology 31 2006 1526 1536
42. M.H. Hastings, G.E. Duffield, E.J. Smith, E.S. Maywood, and F.J. Ebling Entrainment of the circadian system of mammals by nonphotic cues Chronobiol. Int. 15 1998 425 445
43. B. He, H. Peng, Y. Zhao, H. Zhou, and Z. Zhao Modafinil treatment prevents REM sleep deprivation-induced brain function impairment by increasing MMP-9 expression Brain Res. 1426 2011 38 42
44. C. Hooker, and S. Park Emotion processing and its relationship to social functioning in schizophrenia patients Psychiatry Res. 112 2002 41 50
45. Q. Huang, L. Zhang, H. Tang, L. Wang, and Y. Wang Modafinil modulates GABA-activated currents in rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons Brain Res. 1208 2008 74 78
46. N.O. Huck, S.A. McBride, A.P. Kendall, N.L. Grugle, and W.D. Killgore The effects of modafinil, caffeine, and dextroamphetamine on judgments of simple versus complex emotional expressions following sleep deprivation Int. J. Neurosci. 118 2008 487 502
47. M. Humbert-Claude, E. Davenas, F. Gbahou, L. Vincent, and J.M. Arrang Involvement of histamine receptors in the atypical antipsychotic profile of clozapine: a reassessment in vitro and in vivo Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 220 2012 225 241
48. M.D. Hunter, V. Ganesan, I.D. Wilkinson, and S.A. Spence Impact of modafinil on prefrontal executive function in schizophrenia Am. J. Psychiatry 163 2006 2184 2186
49. G.H. Ihnen, D.L. Penn, P.W. Corrigan, and J. Martin Social perception and social skill in schizophrenia Psychiatry Res. 80 1998 275 286
50. T. Ishizuka, K. Hatano, T. Murotani, and A. Yamatodani Comparison of the effect of an H(3)-inverse agonist on energy intake and hypothalamic histamine release in normal mice and leptin resistant mice with high fat diet-induced obesity Behav. Brain Res. 188 2008 250 254
51. T. Ishizuka, M. Murakami, and A. Yamatodani Involvement of central histaminergic systems in modafinil-induced but not methylphenidate-induced increases in locomotor activity in rats Eur. J. Pharmacol. 578 2008 209 215
52. T. Ishizuka, T. Murotani, and A. Yamatodani Modanifil activates the histaminergic system through the orexinergic neurons Neurosci. Lett. 483 2010 193 196
53. T. Ishizuka, Y. Sakamoto, T. Sakurai, and A. Yamatodani Modafinil increases histamine release in the anterior hypothalamus of rats Neurosci. Lett. 339 2003 143 146
54. P. Jenner, B.Y. Zeng, L.A. Smith, R.K. Pearce, B. Tel, L. Chancharme, and G. Moachon Antiparkinsonian and neuroprotective effects of modafinil in the mptp-treated common marmoset Exp. Brain Res. 133 2000 178 188
55. E.Y. Joo, D.W. Seo, W.S. Tae, and S.B. Hong Effect of modafinil on cerebral blood flow in narcolepsy patients Sleep 31 2008 868 873
56. E.Y. Joo, W.S. Tae, K.Y. Jung, and S.B. Hong Cerebral blood flow changes in man by wake-promoting drug, modafinil: a randomized double blind study J. Sleep Res. 17 2008 82 88
57. K.S. Kee, M.F. Green, J. Mintz, and J.S. Brekke Is emotion processing a predictor of functional outcome in schizophrenia? Schizophr. Bull. 29 2003 487 497
58. W.D. Killgore, S.A. McBride, D.B. Killgore, and T.J. Balkin The effects of caffeine, dextroamphetamine, and modafinil on humor appreciation during sleep deprivation Sleep 29 2006 841 847
59. D. Kim Practical use and risk of modafinil, a novel waking drug Environ. Health Toxicol. 27 2012 e2012007
60. Y.K. Kim, I.Y. Yoon, Y.K. Shin, S.S. Cho, and S.E. Kim Modafinil-induced hippocampal activation in narcolepsy Neurosci. Lett. 422 2007 91 96
61. T.M. Korotkova, B.P. Klyuch, A.A. Ponomarenko, J.S. Lin, H.L. Haas, and O.A. Sergeeva Modafinil inhibits rat midbrain dopaminergic neurons through D2-like receptors Neuropharmacology 52 2007 626 633
62. S.W. Lewis, T.R. Barnes, L. Davies, R.M. Murray, G. Dunn, K.P. Hayhurst, A. Markwick, H. Lloyd, and P.B. Jones Randomized controlled trial of effect of prescription of clozapine versus other second-generation antipsychotic drugs in resistant schizophrenia Schizophr. Bull. 32 2006 715 723
63. J.S. Lin, Y. Hou, and M. Jouvet Potential brain neuronal targets for amphetamine-, methylphenidate-, and modafinil-induced wakefulness, evidenced by c-fos immunocytochemistry in the cat Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93 1996 14128 14133
64. J.S. Lin, K. Sakai, and M. Jouvet Hypothalamo-preoptic histaminergic projections in sleep-wake control in the cat Eur. J. Neurosci. 6 1994 618 625
65. B.K. Madras, Z. Xie, Z. Lin, A. Jassen, H. Panas, L. Lynch, R. Johnson, E. Livni, T.J. Spencer, A.A. Bonab, G.M. Miller, and A.J. Fischman Modafinil occupies dopamine and norepinephrine transporters in vivo and modulates the transporters and trace amine activity in vitro J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 319 2006 561 569
66. M. Marshall, S. Lewis, A. Lockwood, R. Drake, P. Jones, and T. Croudace Association between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in cohorts of first-episode patients: a systematic review Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 62 2005 975 983
67. M. Minzenberg, A.J. Watrous, J.H. Yoon, J. Nunez del Prado, S. Ursu, J.D. Ragland, and C.S. Carter Modafinil effects on prefrontal cortex during cognitive control in schizophrenia: a pharmaco-fMRI study S. Bulletin, International Congress on Schizophrenia Research 2009 Oxford San Diego, California, USA 183
68. M.J. Minzenberg, A.J. Watrous, J.H. Yoon, S. Ursu, and C.S. Carter Modafinil shifts human locus coeruleus to low-tonic, high-phasic activity during functional MRI Science 322 2008 1700 1702
69. M.J. Minzenberg, J.H. Yoon, and C.S. Carter Modafinil modulation of the default mode network Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 215 2011 23 31
70. T. Mochizuki, A. Yamatodani, K. Okakura, A. Horii, N. Inagaki, and H. Wada Circadian rhythm of histamine release from the hypothalamus of freely moving rats Physiol. Behav. 51 1992 391 394
71. S. Morein-Zamir, D.C. Turner, and B.J. Sahakian A review of the effects of modafinil on cognition in schizophrenia Schizophr. Bull. 33 2007 1298 1306
72. K.T. Mueser, R. Doonan, D.L. Penn, J.J. Blanchard, A.S. Bellack, P. Nishith, and J. DeLeon Emotion recognition and social competence in chronic schizophrenia J. Abnorm. Psychol. 105 1996 271 275
73. U. Muller, N. Steffenhagen, R. Regenthal, and P. Bublak Effects of modafinil on working memory processes in humans Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 177 2004 161 169
74. E. Murillo-Rodriguez, R. Haro, M. Palomero-Rivero, D. Millan-Aldaco, and R. Drucker-Colin Modafinil enhances extracellular levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and increases wakefulness in rats Behav. Brain Res. 176 2007 353 357
75. S.E. Murphy, R. Norbury, U. O'Sullivan, P.J. Cowen, and C.J. Harmer Effect of a single dose of citalopram on amygdala response to emotional faces Br. J. Psychiatry 194 2009 535 540
76. T.L. Nguyen, Y.H. Tian, I.J. You, S.Y. Lee, and C.G. Jang Modafinil-induced conditioned place preference via dopaminergic system in mice Synapse 65 2011 733 741
77. 2O PET study International Congress of Schizophrenia Research 2007 Schizophrenia Bulletin Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA 381
78. S.D. Philibin, D.M. Walentiny, S.A. Vunck, A.J. Prus, H.Y. Meltzer, and J.H. Porter Further characterization of the discriminative stimulus properties of the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine in C57BL/6 mice: role of 5-HT(2A) serotonergic and alpha (1) adrenergic antagonism Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 203 2009 303 315
79. C. Pierard, P. Liscia, J.N. Philippin, N. Mons, T. Lafon, F. Chauveau, P. Van Beers, I. Drouet, A. Serra, J.C. Jouanin, and D. Beracochea Modafinil restores memory performance and neural activity impaired by sleep deprivation in mice Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 88 2007 55 63
80. J.M. Pierre, J.H. Peloian, D.A. Wirshing, W.C. Wirshing, and S.R. Marder A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of modafinil for negative symptoms in schizophrenia J. Clin. Psychiatry 68 2007 705 710
81. R. Pigeau, P. Naitoh, A. Buguet, C. McCann, J. Baranski, M. Taylor, M. Thompson, and K. Mac II Modafinil, d-amphetamine and placebo during 64 hours of sustained mental work. I. Effects on mood, fatigue, cognitive performance and body temperature J. Sleep Res. 4 1995 212 228
82. C.S. Price, and F.B. Taylor A retrospective chart review of the effects of modafinil on depression as monotherapy and as adjunctive therapy Depress. Anxiety 21 2005 149 153
83. R. Pukrop, S. Ruhrmann, F. Schultze-Lutter, A. Bechdolf, A. Brockhaus-Dumke, and J. Klosterkotter Neurocognitive indicators for a conversion to psychosis: comparison of patients in a potentially initial prodromal state who did or did not convert to a psychosis Schizophr. Res. 92 2007 116 125
84. D. Purves, G.J. Augustine, D. Fitzpatrick, W.C. Hall, A. LaMantia, J.O. McNamara, and S.M. Williams Neuroscience 2004 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Massachusetts USA 773 p.
85. D.C. Randall, J.M. Shneerson, K.K. Plaha, and S.E. File Modafinil affects mood, but not cognitive function, in healthy young volunteers Hum. Psychopharmacol. 18 2003 163 173
86. D.C. Randall, A. Viswanath, P. Bharania, S.M. Elsabagh, D.E. Hartley, J.M. Shneerson, and S.E. File Does modafinil enhance cognitive performance in young volunteers who are not sleep-deprived? J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 25 2005 175 179
87. R.N. Rao, and D.D. Shinde Enantioselective separation and determination of adrafinil and modafinil on Chiralcel OJ-H column in rat serum and urine using solid-phase extraction followed by HPLC Biomed. Chromatogr. 23 2009 811 816
88. Y. Rao, Z.W. Liu, E. Borok, R.L. Rabenstein, M. Shanabrough, M. Lu, M.R. Picciotto, T.L. Horvath, and X.B. Gao Prolonged wakefulness induces experience-dependent synaptic plasticity in mouse hypocretin/orexin neurons J. Clin. Invest. 117 2007 4022 4033
89. R. Rasetti, V.S. Mattay, B. Stankevich, K. Skjei, G. Blasi, F. Sambataro, I.C. Arrillaga-Romany, T.E. Goldberg, J.H. Callicott, J.A. Apud, and D.R. Weinberger Modulatory effects of modafinil on neural circuits regulating emotion and cognition Neuropsychopharmacology 35 2010 2101 2109
90. G. Riedel, B. Platt, and J. Micheau Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory Behav. Brain Res. 140 2003 1 47
91. T.W. Robbins Chemistry of the mind: neurochemical modulation of prefrontal cortical function J. Comp. Neurol. 493 2005 140 146
92. T.W. Robbins, and A.F. Arnsten The neuropsychopharmacology of fronto-executive function: monoaminergic modulation Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 32 2009 267 287
93. M.H.D.O. Rosenthal, and S.L.P. Bryant Benefits of adjunct modafinil in an open-label, pilot study in patients with schizophrenia [Article] Clin. Neuropharmacol. 27 1 January/February 2004 38 43
94. T.A. Rugino, and T.C. Copley Effects of modafinil in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an open-label study J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry 40 2001 230 235
95. T.A. Rugino, and T.C. Samsock Modafinil in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Pediatr. Neurol. 29 2003 136 142
96. B.J. Sahakian, G. Malloch, and C.A. Kennard UK strategy for mental health and wellbeing Lancet 375 2010 1854 1855
97. T.E. Scammell, I.V. Estabrooke, M.T. McCarthy, R.M. Chemelli, M. Yanagisawa, M.S. Miller, and C.B. Saper Hypothalamic arousal regions are activated during modafinil-induced wakefulness J. Neurosci. 20 2000 8620 8628
98. J.R. Schwartz, M.T. Nelson, E.R. Schwartz, and R.J. Hughes Effects of modafinil on wakefulness and executive function in patients with narcolepsy experiencing late-day sleepiness Clin. Neuropharmacol. 27 2004 74 79
99. L. Scoriels, J.H. Barnett, G.K. Murray, S. Cherukuru, M. Fielding, F. Cheng, B.R. Lennox, B.J. Sahakian, and P.B. Jones Effects of modafinil on emotional processing in first episode psychosis Biol. Psychiatry 69 2011 457 464
100. L. Scoriels, J.H. Barnett, P.K. Soma, B.J. Sahakian, and P.B. Jones Effects of modafinil on cognitive functions in first episode psychosis Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 220 2012 249 258
101. S. Sevy, M.H. Rosenthal, J. Alvir, S. Meyer, H. Visweswaraiah, H. Gunduz-Bruce, and N.R. Schooler Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of modafinil for fatigue and cognition in schizophrenia patients treated with psychotropic medications J. Clin. Psychiatry 66 2005 839 843
102. S.A. Spence, R.D. Green, I.D. Wilkinson, and M.D. Hunter Modafinil modulates anterior cingulate function in chronic schizophrenia Br. J. Psychiatry 187 2005 55 61
103. C. Sudgen, C.R. Housden, R. Aggarwal, B.J. Sahakian, and A. Darzi Effect of pharmacological enhancement on the cognitive and clinical psychomotor performance of sleep-deprived doctors: a randomized controlled trial Ann. Surg. 255 2 2012 222 227
104. I. Taneja, K. Haman, R.C. Shelton, and D. Robertson A randomized, double-blind, crossover trial of modafinil on mood J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 27 2007 76 79
105. S. Tanganelli, K. Fuxe, L. Ferraro, A.M. Janson, and C. Bianchi Inhibitory effects of the psychoactive drug modafinil on gamma-aminobutyric acid outflow from the cerebral cortex of the awake freely moving guinea-pig. Possible involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine mechanisms Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 345 1992 461 465
106. S. Tanganelli, M. Perez de la Mora, L. Ferraro, J. Mendez-Franco, L. Beani, F.A. Rambert, and K. Fuxe Modafinil and cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid outflow. Modulation by 5-hydroxytryptamine neurotoxins Eur. J. Pharmacol. 273 1995 63 71
107. R.J. Thomas, and K. Kwong Modafinil activates cortical and subcortical sites in the sleep-deprived state Sleep 29 2006 1471 1481
108. M. Touret, M. Sallanon-Moulin, C. Fages, V. Roudier, M. Didier-Bazes, B. Roussel, M. Tardy, and M. Jouvet Effects of modafinil-induced wakefulness on glutamine synthetase regulation in the rat brain Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 26 1994 123 128
109. M. Tsanov, D.G. Lyons, S. Barlow, R.E. Gonzalez Reyes, and S.M. O'Mara The psychostimulant modafinil facilitates water maze performance and augments synaptic potentiation in dentate gyrus Neuropharmacology 59 2010 9 19
110. D.C. Turner, L. Clark, J. Dowson, T.W. Robbins, and B.J. Sahakian Modafinil improves cognition and response inhibition in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Biol. Psychiatry 55 2004 1031 1040
111. D.C. Turner, L. Clark, E. Pomarol-Clotet, P. McKenna, T.W. Robbins, and B.J. Sahakian Modafinil improves cognition and attentional set shifting in patients with chronic schizophrenia Neuropsychopharmacology 29 2004 1363 1373
112. D.C. Turner, T.W. Robbins, L. Clark, A.R. Aron, J. Dowson, and B.J. Sahakian Cognitive enhancing effects of modafinil in healthy volunteers Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 165 2003 260 269
113. A. Ueki, L. Rosen, B. Andbjer, L.F. Agnati, A. Hallstrom, M. Goiny, S. Tanganelli, U. Ungerstedt, and K. Fuxe Evidence for a preventive action of the vigilance-promoting drug modafinil against striatal ischemic injury induced by endothelin-1 in the rat Exp. Brain Res. 96 1993 89 99
114. L.G. Ungerleider, S.M. Courtney, and J.V. Haxby A neural system for human visual working memory Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95 1998 883 890
115. F.J. Urbano, E. Leznik, and R.R. Llinas Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104 2007 12554 12559
116. S.A. van Vliet, E.L. Blezer, M.J. Jongsma, R.A. Vanwersch, B. Olivier, and I.H. Philippens Exploring the neuroprotective effects of modafinil in a marmoset Parkinson model with immunohistochemistry, magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy Brain Res. 1189 2008 219 228
117. N.D. Volkow, J.S. Fowler, J. Logan, D. Alexoff, W. Zhu, F. Telang, G.J. Wang, M. Jayne, J.M. Hooker, C. Wong, B. Hubbard, P. Carter, D. Warner, P. King, C. Shea, Y. Xu, L. Muench, and K. Apelskog-Torres Effects of modafinil on dopamine and dopamine transporters in the male human brain: clinical implications JAMA 301 2009 1148 1154
118. J.K. Walsh, A.C. Randazzo, K.L. Stone, and P.K. Schweitzer Modafinil improves alertness, vigilance, and executive function during simulated night shifts Sleep 27 2004 434 439
119. N.J. Wesensten, G. Belenky, M.A. Kautz, D.R. Thorne, R.M. Reichardt, and T.J. Balkin Maintaining alertness and performance during sleep deprivation: modafinil versus caffeine Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 159 2002 238 247
120. N.J. Wesensten, W.D. Killgore, and T.J. Balkin Performance and alertness effects of caffeine, dextroamphetamine, and modafinil during sleep deprivation J. Sleep Res. 14 2005 255 266
121. J.P. Wisor, and K.S. Eriksson Dopaminergic-adrenergic interactions in the wake promoting mechanism of modafinil Neuroscience 132 2005 1027 1034
122. J.P. Wisor, S. Nishino, I. Sora, G.H. Uhl, E. Mignot, and D.M. Edgar Dopaminergic role in stimulant-induced wakefulness J. Neurosci. 21 2001 1787 1794
123. L.C. Whittkampf, J. Arends, L. Timmerman, and M. Lancel A review of modafinil and armodafinil as an add-on therapy in antipsychotic treated patients with schizophrenia Psychopharmacology 2 2012 93
124. Y.L. Xiao, J.M. Fu, Z. Dong, J.Q. Yang, F.X. Zeng, L.X. Zhu, and B.C. He Neuroprotective mechanism of modafinil on Parkinson disease induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 25 2004 301 305
125. B.Y. Zeng, L.A. Smith, R.K. Pearce, B. Tel, L. Chancharme, G. Moachon, and P. Jenner Modafinil prevents the MPTP-induced increase in GABAA receptor binding in the internal globus pallidus of MPTP-treated common marmosets Neurosci. Lett. 354 2004 6 9