Behavioural phenotypes and special educational needs: Is aetiology important in the classroom?

Journal of Intellectual Disability Research

Volumn 56, Issue 10, 2012, Pages 929-946

  Reilly, C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Behavioural phenotypes; Down syndrome; Fragile X; Prader Willi syndrome; VCFS; Williams syndrome

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; AUTISM; AUTISM SCREENING QUESTIONNAIRE; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; COGNITION; DOWN SYNDROME; FRAGILE X SYNDROME; HEALTH CARE NEED; HUMAN; INTELLECTUAL IMPAIRMENT; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; INTERVENTION STUDY; LEARNING; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PARENTAL ATTITUDE; PHENOTYPE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRADER WILLI SYNDROME; PREVALENCE; PROBABILITY; QUESTIONNAIRE; SHORT TERM MEMORY; SOCIAL COGNITION; SOCIAL COMMUNICATION QUESTIONNAIRE; SPECIAL EDUCATION; TEACHER; VELOCARDIOFACIAL SYNDROME; WILLIAMS BEUREN SYNDROME;

CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR DISORDERS; DIGEORGE SYNDROME; DOWN SYNDROME; EDUCATION OF INTELLECTUALLY DISABLED; FRAGILE X SYNDROME; HUMANS; INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY; PHENOTYPE; PRADER-WILLI SYNDROME; SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICES; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR DISORDERS; STUDENTS; WILLIAMS SYNDROME;

EID: 84866341231     PISSN: 09642633     EISSN: 13652788     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2012.01542.x     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. Abbeduto L. & Keller-Bell Y. (2002) Review of genetics and mental retardation syndromes: a new look at behavior and interventions. American Journal of Mental Retardation 107, 412-4.
2. Alferink L. A. & Farmer-Dougan V. (2010) Brain-(not) based education: dangers of misunderstanding and misapplication of neuroscience research. Exceptionality 18, 42-52.
3. Antshel K. M., Fremont W., Roizen N. J., Sphrintzen R., Higgins A. M., Dhamoon B. A. etal. (2006) ADHD, major depressive disorder, and simple phobias are prevalent psychiatric conditions in youth with velocardiofacial syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 45, 596-603.
4. Antshel K. M., Freemont W. & Kates W. R. (2008) The neurocognitive phenotype in Velo-cardio-facial syndrome: a developmental perspective. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 14, 43-51.
5. Backes M., Genç B., Schrek J., Dorfler W., Lehmkuhl G. & Von Gotard A. (2000) Cognitive and behavioral profile of fragile X boys: correlations to molecular data. American Journal of Medical Genetics 95, 150-6.
6. Becerra A. M., John A. E., Peregrine E. & Mervis C. B. (2008) Reading Abilities of 9-17-Year-Olds with Williams Syndrome: Impact of Reading Method. Symposium on Research in Child Language Disorders, Madison, WI.
7. Belser R. C. & Sudhalter V. (2001) Conversational characteristics of children with fragile X syndrome: repetitive speech. American Journal of Mental Retardation 106, 128-38.
8. Berument S. K., Rutter M., Lord C., Pickles A. & Bailey A. (1999) Autism screening questionnaire: diagnostic validity. The British Journal of Psychiatry 175, 444-51.
9. Blackhurst A. E. & Berndine W. H. (1993) An Introduction to Special Education. HarperCollins, New York.
10. Blomberg S., Rosander M. & Andersson G. (2006) Fears, hyperacusis and musicality in Williams syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities 27, 668-80.
11. Braden M. (2002) Academic Interventions. In: Fragile X Syndrome: Diagnosis, Treatment and Research, 3rd edn. (eds R. J. Hagerman & P. J. Hagerman ), pp. 428-64. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.
12. Braden M. L. & Riley K. (2006) Educational strategies. The UK Fragile X Society Family Conference, Belfast, 11 November 2006.
13. Brown-Chidsey R. & Steege M. W. (2005) Response to Intervention: Principles and Strategies for Effective Practice. Guildford Press, New York.
14. Brun C., Obiols J. E., Cheema A., O'Connor R., Riddle J., DiMaria M. etal. (1995) Longitudinal IQ changes in fragile X females. Developmental Brain Dysfunction 8, 230-41.
15. Buckley S. (1995) Teaching children with Down syndrome to read and write. In: Down Syndrome: Living Learning in the Community (eds L. Nadel & D. Rosenthal ), pp. 158-69. Wiley-Liss, New York.
16. Butler M. G. (1990) Prader-Willi syndrome: current understanding of cause and diagnosis. American Journal of Medical Genetics 35, 319-32.
17. Campbell L. & Swillen A. (2005) The cognitive spectrum in velo-cardio-facial syndrome. In: Velo-Cardio-Facial Syndrome - A Model for Understanding Microdeletion Disorders (eds K. C. Murphy & P. J. Scambler ), pp. 147-64. Cambridge University press, Cambridge.
18. Campbell L., Daly E., Toal F., Stevens A., Azuma R., Karmiloff-Smith A. etal. (2009) Brain structural differences associated with the behavioural research in Williams syndrome. Brain Research 1258, 96-107.
19. Campbell L., McCabe K., Leadbetter K., Schall U., Loughland C. & Rih D. (2010) Visual scanning of faces in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: attention to the mouth or eyes? Psychiatry Research 177, 211-5.
20. Cassidy S. B. (1997) Prader-Willi syndrome. Journal of Medical Genetics 34, 917-23.
21. Chedd N., Levine K. & Wharton R. H. (2006) Educational considerations for children with Prader-Willi Syndrome. In: Management of Prader-Willi Syndrome, 3rd edn. (eds M. G. Butler, P. D. K. Lee & B. Y. Whitman ), pp. 302-16. Springer, New York.
22. Clifford S., Dissanayke C., Bui Q. M., Huggins R., Tyalor A. K., Loesch D. Z. etal. (2007) Autism spectrum phenotype in males and females with fragile X full mutation and permutation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 37, 738-47.
23. Cohen I. L. (1995) A theoretical analysis of the role of hyperarousal in the learning and behaviour of fragile X males. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 1, 286-91.
24. Cologon K., Cupples L. & Wyver S. (2011) Effects of targeted reading instruction on phonological awareness, phonic decoding and reading comprehension in children with Down syndrome. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 116, 111-29.
25. Cordeiro L., Ballinger E., Hagerman R. & Hessl D. (2011) Clinical assessment of DSM-IV anxiety disorders in fragile X syndrome: prevalence and characterisation. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders 3, 57-67.
26. Cornish K., Swainson R., Cunnington R., Wilding J., Morris P. & Jackson G. (2004) Do women with fragile X syndrome have problems in switching attention: preliminary findings from ERP and fMRI. Brain and Cognition 54, 235-9.
27. Cornish K. M., Munir F. & Cross G. (1998) The nature of the spatial deficit in young females with fragile X syndrome: a neuropsychological and molecular perspective. Neuropsychologia 36, 1239-46.
28. Cornish K. M., Munir F. & Cross G. (1999) Spatial cognition in males with Fragile X syndrome: evidence for a neuropsychological phenotype. Cortex 35, 263-71.
29. Couzens D., Cuskelly M. & Haynes M. (2011) Cognitive development and Down syndrome: age-related change on the Stanford-Binet test (fourth edition). American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 116, 181-204.
30. Cronister A., Hagerman R. J., Wittenberger M. & Amiri K. (1991) Mental impairment in cytogenetically positive fragile X females. American Journal of Medical Genetics 38, 503-4.
31. Cupples L. & Iacono T. (2002) The efficacy of 'whole word' versus 'analytic' reading instruction for children with Down syndrome. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal 15, 549-74.
32. Cutler-Landsman D. (2007) Educating Children with Velo-Cardio-Facial Syndrome. Plural Publishing, San Diego, CA.
33. Deruelle C., Mancini J., Livet M. O., Casse-Perot C. & de Schonene S. (1999) Configural and local processing of faces in children with Williams syndrome. Brain and Cognition 41, 278-98.
34. Dew-Hughes D. (2004) Educating Children with Fragile X Syndrome. RoutledgeFalmer, London.
35. Dykens E. M. (1995) Measuring behavioral phenotypes: provocations from the 'new genetics. American Journal of Mental Retardation 99, 522-32.
36. Dykens E. M. (1999) Direct effects of mental retardation syndromes: maladaptive behavior and psychopathology. International Review of Research in Mental Retardation 22, 1-23.
37. Dykens E. M. (2000) Annotation: psychopathology in children with intellectual disability. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 41, 407-17.
38. Dykens E. M. & Hodapp R. M. (1997) Treatment issues in genetic mental retardation syndromes. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 28, 263-70.
39. Dykens E. M. & Hodapp R. M. (2001) Research in mental retardation: toward an etiologic approach. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 42, 49-71.
40. Dykens E. M., Hodapp R. M., Walsh K. & Nash L. J. (1992) Profile, correlates, and trajectories of intelligence in Prader-Willi syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 31, 1125-30.
41. Dykens E. M., Hodapp R. M., Ort S. I. & Leckman J. F. (1993) Trajectory of adaptive behaviour in males with fragile X syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 23, 135-45.
42. Dykens E. M., Hodapp R. M. & Evans D. W. (1994) Profiles and development of adaptive behaviour in children with Down syndrome. American Journal of Mental Retardation 98, 580-7.
43. Dykens E. M., Hodapp R. M. & Finucane B. (2000) Genetics and Mental Retardation Syndromes: A New Look at Behaviour and Interventions. Brookes, Baltimore, MD.
44. Einfeld S. (2005) Behaviour problems in children with genetic disorders causing intellectual disabilities. Educational Psychology 25, 341-6.
45. Ekstein S., Weill B., Glick M., Kay B. & Berger I. (2011) Down syndrome and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Journal of Child Neurology 26, 1290-5.
46. Esbensen A. J. & Seltzer M. M. (2011) Accounting for the 'Down Syndrome Advantage'. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 116, 3-15.
47. Feinstein C., Eliez S., Blasey C. & Reiss A. L. (2002) Psychiatric disorders and behavioral problems in children with velocardiofacial syndrome: usefulness as phenotypic indicators of schizophrenia risk. Biological Psychiatry 51, 312-8.
48. Fidler D. J., Hodapp R. M. & Dykens E. M. (2002) Behavioral phenotypes and special education: parent report of educational issues for children with Down syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, and Williams syndrome. The Journal of Special Education 36, 80-8.
49. Fidler D. J., Philofsky A. & Hepburn S. L. (2007) Language phenotypes and intervention planning: bridging research and practice. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 13, 47-57.
50. Fine S. E., Weissman A., Gerdes M., Pinto-Martin J., Zackai E. H., McDonald-McGinn D. M. etal. (2005) Autism spectrum disorders and symptoms in children with molecularly confirmed 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 35, 461-70.
51. Flynt J. & Yule W. (1994) Behavioural phenotyes. In: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Modern Approaches, 3rd edn. (eds M. Rutter, E. Taylor & L. Hersov ), pp. 666-87. Blackwell Scientific, London.
52. Forness S. & Kavale K. (1994) The Balkanization of special education: proliferation of categories for 'new' behavioural disorders. Education and Treatment of Children 17, 215-27.
53. Freund L. S. & Reiss A. L. (1991) Cognitive profiles associated with the fra(X) syndrome in males and females. American Journal of Medical Genetics 38, 542-7.
54. Freund L. S., Reiss A. L. & Abrams M. (1993) Psychiatric disorders associated with fragile X in young females. Pediatrics 91, 321-9.
55. Garner C., Callias M. & Turk J. (1999) Executive function and theory of mind performance of boys with fragile X syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 43, 466-74.
56. Gath A. & Gumley D. (1986) Behaviour problems in retarded children with special reference to Down's syndrome. The British Journal of Psychiatry 149, 156-61.
57. Goetz K., Hulme C., Brigstocke S., Carroll J. M., Nasir L. & Snowling M. (2008) Training reading and phoneme awareness skills in children with Down syndrome. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal 21, 395-412.
58. Golding-Kushner K. J., Weller G. & Sphrintzen R. J. (1985) Velo-cardio-facial syndrome: language and psychological profiles. Journal of Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology 5, 259-66.
59. Goodship J., Cross I., Li Ling J. & Wren C. (1998) A population study of chromosome 22q11 deletions in infancy. Archives of Disease in Childhood 79, 348-51.
60. Gothelf D., Presburger G., Levy D., Nahmani A., Burg M., Berant M. etal. (2004) Genetic, developmental, and physical factors associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in patients, with velocardiofacial syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B 126B, 116-21.
61. Green T., Gothelf D., Glaser B., Debbané M., Frisch A., Kotler M. etal. (2009) Psychiatric disorders and intellectual functioning throughout development in velo-cardio-facial syndrome (22q11.2 deletion) syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 48, 1060-8.
62. Hagerman R. J. (1987) Fragile X syndrome. Current Problems in Pediatrics 17, 627-74.
63. Hall S. S. (2009) Treatments for fragile X syndrome: a closer look at the data. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 15, 353-60.
64. Hall S. S., Debernardis G. M. & Reiss A. L. (2006) The acquisition of stimulus equivalence in individuals with fragile X syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 50, 643-51.
65. Hall S. S., Maynes N. P. & Reiss A. L. (2009) Using percentile schedules to increase eye contact duration in children with fragile X syndrome. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 42, 171-6.
66. Hallahan D. P. & Kauffman J. M. (2000) Exceptional Children: Introduction to Special Education, 8th edn. Allyn and Bacon, Needham Heights, MA.
67. Haxby J. V. (1989) Neuropsychological evaluations of adults with Down's syndrome: patterns of selective impairment in non-demented old adults. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research 88, 193-210.
68. Hills-Epstein J. L., Riley K. & Sobesky W. E. (2002) The treatment of emotional and behavioural problems. In: Fragile X Syndrome: Diagnosis, Treatment and Research, 3rd edn. (eds R. J. Hagerman & P. J. Hagerman ), pp. 339-62. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.
69. Hodapp R. M. (1997) Direct and indirect behavioral effects of different genetic disorders of mental retardation. American Journal of Mental Retardation 102, 67-79.
70. Hodapp R. M. (2004) Behavioural phenotypes: going beyond the two group approach. International Review of Research in Mental Retardation 29, 1-30.
71. Hodapp R. M. & Dykens E. M. (2001) Strengthening behavioral research on genetic mental retardation syndromes. American Journal of Mental Retardation 106, 4-15.
72. Hodapp R. M. & Dykens E. M. (2009) Intellectual disabilities and child psychiatry: looking to the future. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 50, 99-107.
73. Hodapp R. M. & Fidler D. J. (1999) Special education and genetics: connections for the 21st century. The Journal of Special Education 33, 130-7.
74. Hodapp R. M., Leckman J. F., Dykens S., Sparrow D., Zelinsky D. & Ort S. I. (1992) K-ABC profiles in children with fragile X syndrome, Down syndrome, and non-specific mental retardation. American Journal of Mental Retardation 97, 39-46.
75. Hodapp R. M., Evans D. & Gray F. L. (1999) Intellectual development in children with Down syndrome. In: Down Syndrome: A Review of Current Knowledge (eds J. A. Rodal, J. Perera & L. Nadel ), pp. 124-32. Whurr Publishers, London.
76. Hodapp R. M., Des Jardin J. L. & Ricci L. A. (2003) Genetic syndromes of Mental Retardation: should they matter for the early interventionist? Infants and Young Children 16, 152-60.
77. Holland A. J., Whittington J. E., Butler J., Webb T., Boer H. & Clarke D. (2003) Behavioural phenotypes associated with specific genetic disorders: evidence from a population-based study of people with Prader-Willi syndrome. Psychological Medicine 33, 141-53.
78. Horsteimer D. (2004) Teaching Math to People with Down Syndrome and Other Hands on Learners. Woodbine House, Bethesda, MA.
79. Howlin P., Davies M. & Udwin O. (1998) Cognitive functioning in adults with Williams syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 39, 163-89.
80. Jones W., Bellugi U., Lai Z., Chiles M., Reilly J., Lincoln A. etal. (2000) Hypersociability: the social and affective phenotype of Williams syndrome. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12, 30-46.
81. Kates W., Antshel J. M., Fremont W. P., Sphrintzen R. J., Strunge L. A., Burnette C. P. etal. (2007) Comparing phenotypes in patients with idiopathic autism to patients with velocardiofacial syndrome (22q11 DS) with and without Autism. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A 143A, 2642-50.
82. Kau A. S. M., Reider E. E., Payne L., Meyer W. A. & Freund L. (2000) Early behaviour signs of psychiatric phenotypes in fragile X syndrome. American Journal of Mental Retardation 105, 266-9.
83. Kaufman A. S. & Kaufman N. L. (1983) Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC). American Guidance Service, Circle Pines, MN.
84. Koenig K., Klin A. & Schultz R. (2005) Deficits in social attribution ability in Prader-Willi syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 34, 573-82.
85. Langthorne P., McGill P. & O'Reilly M. (2007) Incorporating 'motivation' into the functional analysis of challenging behaviour. On the interactive and integrative potential of the motivating operation. Behavior Modification 31, 466-87.
86. Langthorne P., McGill P., O'Reilly M., Lang R., Machalicek W., Chan J. M. etal. (2011) Examining the function of problem behaviour in fragile X syndrome: preliminary experimental analysis. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 116, 65-80.
87. Lee T. H., Blasey C. M., Dyer-Friedman J., Glaser B., Reiss A. & Eliez S. (2005) From research to practice: teacher and Paediatrician awareness of phenotypic traits in neurogenetic syndromes. American Journal of Mental Retardation 110, 100-6.
88. Levy Y. & Antebi V. (2004) Word reading and reading-related skills in Hebrew-speaking adolescents with Williams syndrome. Neurocase 10, 444-51.
89. Levy Y. & Ebstein R. P. (2009) Research review: crossing syndrome boundaries in the search for endophenotypes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 50, 657-68.
90. Leyfer O. T., Woodruff-Borden J., Klein-Tasman B. P., Fricke J. S. & Mervis C. B. (2006) Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in 4 to 16-year-olds with Williams syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B 141B, 615-22.
91. Lowenthal R., Paula C. S., Schwartzman J. S., Brunioni D. & Mercadante M. T. (2007) Prevalence of pervasive developmental disorders in Down's syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 37, 1394-5.
92. Martens M. A., Wilson S. J. & Reutens D. C. (2008) Research review: Williams syndrome: a critical review of the cognitive, behavioral, and neuroanatomical phenotype. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 49, 576-608.
93. Mazzocco M. M. M., Pennington B. F. & Hagerman R. J. (1993) The neurocognitive phenotype of female carriers of Fragile X: additional evidence for specificity. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 14, 328-35.
94. Mervis C. B. & John A. E. (2010) Cognitive and behavioral characteristics of children with Williams syndrome: implications for intervention approaches. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part C 154C, 229-48.
95. Mervis C. B. & Klein-Tasman B. P. (2000) Williams syndrome: cognition, personality, and adaptive behavior. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 6, 148-58.
96. Mervis C. M. & Morris C. A. (2007) Williams syndrome. In: Neurogenetic Developmental Disorders: Variation of Manifestation in Childhood (eds M. M. M. Mazzocco & J. L. Ross ), pp. 199-262. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
97. Miller J. F. (1992) Development of speech and language in children with Down syndrome. In: Down Syndrome: Advances in Medical Care (eds I. T. Lott & E. E. McCoy ), pp. 39-50. Wiley, Chichester.
98. Moss J. & Howlin P. (2009) Autism spectrum disorders in genetic syndromes: implications for diagnosis, intervention and understanding the wider autism spectrum disorder population. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 53, 852-73.
99. Murphy K. C., Jones L. A. & Owen M. J. (1999) High rates of schizophrenia in adults with velo-cardio-facial syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry 56, 949-5.
100. Niklasson L., Rasmussen P., Óskarsdóttir S. & Gillberg C. (2002) Chromosome 22q.11 deletion syndrome (CATCH22): neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological aspects. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 44, 44-50.
101. Niklasson L., Rasmussen P., Óskarsdóttir S. & Gillberg C. (2005) Attention defecits in children with 22q.11 deletion syndrome. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 47, 803-7.
102. Niklasson L., Rasmussen P., Óskarsdóttir S. & Gillberg C. (2009) Autism, ADHD, mental retardation, and behavior problems in 100 individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities 30, 763-73.
103. O'Brien G. (2002) The clinical relevance of behavioural phenotypes. In: Behavioural Phenotypes in Clinical Practice (ed. G. O'Brien ), pp. 1-12. Mac Keith Press, London.
104. Oelwein P. L. (1995) Teaching Reading to Children with Down Syndrome. A Guide for Parents and Teachers. Woodbine House, Bethesda, MA.
105. Porter M. A. & Coltheart M. (2005) Cognitive heterogeneity in Williams syndrome. Developmental Neuropsychology 27, 275-306.
106. Pueschel S. M., Gallagher P. L., Zartler A. S. & Pezzullo J. C. (1987) Cognitive and learning processes in children with Down syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities 8, 21-37.
107. Radstaake M., Didden R., Bolio M., Lang R., Lancioni G. E. & Curfs L. M. G. (2011) Functional assessment and behavioral treatment of skin picking in a teenage girl with Prader-Willi syndrome. Clinical Case Studies 10, 67-78.
108. Rosner B. A., Hodapp R. M., Fidler D. J., Sagun J. N. & Dykens E. M. (2004) Social competence in persons with Prader-Willi, Williams and Down syndromes. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities 17, 209-17.
109. Rutter M., Bailey A. & Lord C. (2003) The Social Communication Questionnaire. Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles, CA.
110. Saunders S. (1999) Teaching children with fragile X syndrome. British Journal of Special Education 26, 6-79.
111. Scharfenaker S., O'Connor R., Stackhouse T., Braden M. L. & Gray K. (2002) An integrated approach to intervention. In: Fragile X Syndrome: Diagnosis, Treatment and Research, 3rd edn. (eds R. J. Hagerman & P. J. Hagerman ), pp. 363 -427. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.
112. Searcy Y. M., Lincoln A., Rose F., Klima E., Bavar N. & Korenberg J. R. (2004) The relationship between age and IQ in adults with Williams syndrome. American Journal of Mental Retardation 109, 231-6.
113. Semel E. & Rosner S. R. (2003) Understanding Williams Syndrome: Behavioral Patterns and Interventions. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.
114. Sherman S. (2002) Epidemiology. In: Fragile X Syndrome: Diagnosis, Treatment and Research, 3rd edn. (eds R. J. Hagerman & P. J. Hagerman ), pp. 136-68. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.
115. Sherman S. L., Allen E. G., Bean L. H. & Freeman S. B. (2007) Epidemiology of Down syndrome. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 13, 221-7.
116. Shprintzen R. J. (2008) Velo-cardio-facial syndrome: 30 years of study. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 14, 3-10.
117. Starr E. M., Foy J. B., Cramer K. M. & Singh H. (2006) How are schools doing? Parental perceptions of children with autism spectrum disorder, Down syndrome and learning disabilities. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities 41, 315-32.
118. Stauder J. E., Brinkman M. J. & Curfs L. M. G. (2002) Multi-modal P3 deflation of event related brain activity in Prader-Willi syndrome. Neuroscience Letters 327, 99-102.
119. Stokes J. V. & Luiselli J. K. (2009) Applied behavior analysis assessment and intervention for health threatening self-injury in an adult with Prader-Willisyndrome. Clinical Case Studies 8, 38-47.
120. Stromme P., Bjornstad M. D. & Ramstad M. D. (2002) Prevalence estimation of Williams syndrome. Journal of Child Neurology 17, 269-71.
121. Swillen A., Vanputte L., Cracco J., Maes B., Ghesquiere P., Devriendt K. etal. (1997) Neuropsychological, learning and psychosocial profile of primary school aged children with the velo-cardio-facial syndrome (22q11 deletion): evidence for a nonverbal learning disability? Child Neuropsychology 5, 230-41.
122. Symons F. J., Clark R. D., Roberts J. P. & Bailey D. B. (2001) Classroom behaviour of elementary school-age boys with fragile X syndrome. The Journal of Special Education 34, 194-202.
123. Udwin O., Yule W. & Howlin P. (2007) Williams Syndrome. Guidelines for Teachers. The Williams Syndrome Foundation, Tonbridge.
124. Van der Molen M. J. W., Huizanga M., Huizenga H. M., Ridderinkhof K. R., Van der Molen M. W., Hamel B. J. C. etal. (2010) Profiling fragile X syndrome in males: strengths and weaknesses in cognitive abilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities 31, 426-39.
125. Veltman M. W. M., Thompson R. J., Roberts S. E., Thomas N. S., Whittington J. & Bolton P. (2004) Prader-Willi syndrome: a study comparing deletion and uniparental disomy cases with reference to autism spectrum disorders. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 13, 42-50.
126. de Vries B. B. A., Wiegers A. M., Smits A. P. T., Mohkamsing S., Duivenvoorden H. J., Fryns J. P. etal. (1996) Mental status of females with the FMR1 gene full mutation. American Journal of Medical Genetics 58, 1025-32.
127. Wang Y. K., Samos C. H., Peoples R., Perez-Jurado L. A., Nusse R. & Francke U. (1997) A novel human homologue of the Drosophilia frizzled wnt receptor gene binds wingless protein and is in the Williams syndrome deletion at 7q11.23. Human Molecular Genetics 6, 465-72.
128. Whitman B. Y. & Jackson K. (2006) Tools for Psychological and Behavioural Management. In: Management of Prader-Willi Syndrome, 3rd edn. (eds M. G. Butler, P. D. K. Lee & B. Y. Whitman ), pp. 317-43. Springer, New York.
129. Whittington J. & Holland T. (2004) Prader-Willi Syndrome. Development and Manifestations. University Press, Cambridge.
130. Wigren M. & Hansen S. (2005) ADHD symptoms and insistence on sameness in Prader-Willi syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 49, 449-56.
131. Woodcock K. A., Oliver C. & Humphreys G. W. (2009) Task switching deficits and repetitive behaviour in genetic neurodevelopmental disorders: data from children with Prader-Willi syndrome chromosome 15q11-q13 deletion and boys with fragile X syndrome. Cognitive Neuropsychology 26, 172-94.
132. Woodcock K. A., Humphreys G. W., Oliver C. & Hansen P. C. (2010) Neural correlates of task switching in paternal 15q11-q13 deletion Prader-Willi syndrome. Brain Research 1363, 128-42.
133. Woodcock R. W. & Johnson M. B. (1990) Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery-Revised. Riverside, Itasca, IL.
134. York A., Von Fraunhofer N., Turk J. & Sedgwick P. (1999) Fragile X syndrome, Down's syndrome and autism: awareness and knowledge amongst special educators. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 43, 314-24.
135. Zwaigenbaum L., Dick P., Handley-Derry M., Malone M. & Jacobson S. (2006) 'N of 1' trails of methylphenidate in two children with Williams syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities 18, 45-58.