Blood pressure control at rest and during exercise in obese children and adults

Journal of Obesity

Volumn 2012, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Dipla, Konstantina ^a   Nassis, George P ^b   Vrabas, Ioannis S ^a  

^a ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADRENERGIC SYSTEM; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BODY COMPOSITION; CHILDHOOD OBESITY; EXERCISE; HUMAN; OBESITY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRESSORECEPTOR REFLEX; REVIEW; SYMPATHETIC FUNCTION;

EID: 84866233505     PISSN: 20900708     EISSN: 20900716     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2012/147385     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. American College of Sports Medicine, Acsm's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription 2010 Philadelphia, Pa, USA Wolters Clover Lippincott Williams & Willkins
2. Pescatello L. S., Franklin B. A., Fagard R., Farquhar W. B., Kelley G. A., Ray C. A., American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and hypertension. Medicine and science in sports and exercise 2004 36 3 533 553 2-s2.0-3242810652
3. Miyai N., Arita M., Miyashita K., Morioka I., Shiraishi T., Nishio I., Blood pressure response to heart rate during exercise test and risk of future hypertension. Hypertension 2002 39 3 761 766 2-s2.0-0036200497 10.1161/hy0302.105777 (Pubitemid 34252871)
4. Filipovsky J., Ducimetiere P., Safar M. E., Prognostic significance of exercise blood pressure and heart rate in middle-aged men. Hypertension 1992 20 3 333 339 2-s2.0-0026714670
5. Mundal R., Kjeldsen S. E., Sandvik L., Erikssen G., Thaulow E., Erikssen J., Exercise blood pressure predicts cardiovascular mortality in middle-aged men. Hypertension 1994 24 1 56 62 2-s2.0-0028360455 (Pubitemid 24195404)
6. Mundal R., Kjeldsen S. E., Sandvik L., Erikssen G., Thaulow E., Erikssen J., Exercise blood pressure predicts mortality from myocardial infarction. Hypertension 1996 27 3 I 324 329 2-s2.0-0029964507 (Pubitemid 26082074)
7. Miyai N., Arita M., Morioka I., Takeda S., Miyashita K., Ambulatory blood pressure, sympathetic activity, and left ventricular structure and function in middle-aged normotensive men with exaggerated blood pressure response to exercise. Medical Science Monitor 2005 11 10 CR478 CR484 2-s2.0-26944436281 (Pubitemid 41482733)
8. Cunningham D. A., Rechnitzer P. A., Howard J. H., Donner A. P., Exercise training of men at retirement: a clinical trial. Journals of Gerontology 1987 42 1 17 23 2-s2.0-0023140442 (Pubitemid 17227174)
9. Somers V. K., Conway J., Coats A., Isea J., Sleight P., Postexercise hypotension is not sustained in normal and hypertensive humans. Hypertension 1991 18 2 211 215 2-s2.0-0025826623
10. Figueroa A., Baynard T., Fernhall B., Carhart R., Kanaley J. A., Impaired postexercise cardiovascular autonomic modulation in middle-aged women with type 2 diabetes. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 2007 14 2 237 243 2-s2.0-34247472734 10.1097/HJR.0b013e32801da10d (Pubitemid 46650079)
11. Sawada S. S., Lee I. M., Muto T., Matuszaki K., Blair S. N., Cardiorespiratory fitness and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: prospective study of Japanese men. Diabetes Care 2003 26 10 2918 2922 2-s2.0-0141557774 10.2337/diacare.26.10.2918 (Pubitemid 37205569)
12. Sawada S., Tanaka H., Funakoshi M., Shindo M., Kono S., Ishiko T., Five year prospective study on blood pressure and maximal oxygen uptake. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 1993 20 7-8 483 487 2-s2.0-0027198092 (Pubitemid 23209807)
13. Alvarez G. E., Halliwill J. R., Ballard T. P., Beske S. D., Davy K. P., Sympathetic neural regulation in endurance-trained humans: fitness vs. fatness. Journal of Applied Physiology 2005 98 2 498 502 2-s2.0-12344312562 10.1152/japplphysiol.01020.2004 (Pubitemid 40129957)
14. Carletti L., Rodrigues A. N., Perez A. J., Vassallo D. V., Blood pressure response to physical exertion in adolescents: influence of overweight and obesity. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia 2008 91 1 25 30 2-s2.0-48249155811 10.1590/S0066-782X2008001300004
15. Dipla K., Zafeiridis A., Koidou I., Geladas N., Vrabas I. S., Altered hemodynamic regulation and reflex control during exercise and recovery in obese boys. American Journal of Physiology 2010 299 6 H2090 H2096 2-s2.0-78649729927 10.1152/ajpheart.00087.2010
16. Matsukawa K., Central command: control of cardiac sympathetic and vagal efferent nerve activity and the arterial baroreflex during spontaneous motor behaviour in animals. Experimental Physiology 2012 97 20 28
17. Williamson J. W., Fadel P. J., Mitchell J. H., New insights into central cardiovascular control during exercise in humans: a central command update. Experimental Physiology 2006 91 1 51 58 2-s2.0-33645052461 10.1113/expphysiol. 2005.032037
18. Mitchell J. H., Kaufman M. P., Iwamoto G. A., The exercise pressor reflex: its cardiovascular effects, afferent mechanisms, and central pathways. Annual Review of Physiology 1983 45 229 242 2-s2.0-0020652321
19. Joyner M. J., Baroreceptor function during exercise: resetting the record. Experimental Physiology 2006 91 1 27 36 2-s2.0-33645063454 10.1113/expphysiol.2005.032102
20. Kaufman M. P., Waldrop T. G., Rybicki K. J., Ordway G. A., Mitchell J. H., Effects of static and rhythmic twitch contractions on the discharge of group iii and iv muscle afferents. Cardiovascular Research 1984 18 663 668 (Pubitemid 15202682)
21. Kaufman M. P., Hayes S. G., The exercise pressor reflex. Clinical Autonomic Research 2002 12 6 429 439 2-s2.0-0036992077 10.1007/s10286-002-0059-1 (Pubitemid 36207667)
22. O'Leary D. S., Autonomic mechanisms of muscle metaboreflex control of heart rate. Journal of Applied Physiology 1993 74 4 1748 1754 2-s2.0-0027229165 (Pubitemid 23133470)
23. O'Leary D. S., Heart rate control during exercise by baroreceptors and skeletal muscle afferents. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1996 28 2 210 217 2-s2.0-0030046861 10.1097/00005768-199602000-00009 (Pubitemid 26067692)
24. Nowak M., Holm S., Biering-Sorensen F., Secher N. H., Friberg L., 'Central command' and insular activation during attempted foot lifting in paraplegic humans. Human Brain Mapping 2005 25 2 259 265 2-s2.0-19544369136 10.1002/hbm.20097 (Pubitemid 40734092)
25. Nowak M., Olsen K. S., Law I., Holm S., Paulson O. B., Secher N. H., Command-related distribution of regional cerebral blood flow during attempted handgrip. Journal of Applied Physiology 1999 86 3 819 824 2-s2.0-0032979986 (Pubitemid 29117999)
26. Fadel P. J., Arterial baroreflex control of the peripheral vasculature in humans: rest and exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2008 40 12 2055 2062 2-s2.0-62849126048 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318180bc80
27. Kaufman M. P., Rybicki K. J., Waldrop T. G., Mitchell J. H., Effect on arterial pressure of rhythmically contracting the hindlimb muscles of cats. Journal of Applied Physiology Respiratory Environmental and Exercise Physiology 1984 56 5 1265 1271 2-s2.0-0021257461 (Pubitemid 14101739)
28. Kaufman M. P., Rybicki K. J., Discharge properties of group III and IV muscle afferents: their responses to mechanical and metabolic stimuli. Circulation Research 1987 61 4 I60 65 2-s2.0-0023426041
29. Victor R. G., Bertocci L. A., Pryor S. L., Nunnally R. L., Sympathetic nerve discharge is coupled to muscle pH during exercise in humans. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1988 82 4 1301 1305 2-s2.0-0023798485
30. Sinoway L. I., Wroblewski K. J., Prophet S. A., Ettinger S. M., Gray K. S., Whisler S. K., Miller G., Moore R. L., Glycogen depletion-induced lactate reductions attenuate reflex responses in exercising humans. American Journal of Physiology 1992 263 5 H1499 H1505 2-s2.0-0026438855
31. Rotto D. M., Stebbins C. L., Kaufman M. P., Reflex cardiovascular and ventilatory responses to increasing H+ activity in cat hindlimb muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology 1989 67 1 256 263 2-s2.0-0024363135 (Pubitemid 19196477)
32. Fischer M., Schäfer S. S., Effects of changes in pH on the afferent impulse activity of isolated cat muscle spindles. Brain Research 2005 1043 1-2 163 178 2-s2.0-18044371021 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.02.059 (Pubitemid 40603384)
33. Hayes S. G., Kindig A. E., Kaufman M. P., Blockade of acid sensing ion channels attenuates the exercise pressor reflex in cats. Journal of Physiology 2007 581 3 1271 1282 2-s2.0-34249987336 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.129197 (Pubitemid 46887993)
34. Esler M., Lambert G., Vaz M., Thompson J., Kaye D., Kalff V., Kelly M., Turner A., Jennings G., Central nervous system monoamine neurotransmitter turnover in primary and obesity-related human hypertension. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension 1997 19 5-6 577 590 2-s2.0-0030761874 (Pubitemid 27321689)
35. Grassi G., Cattaneo B. M., Seravalle G., Colombo M., Cavagnini F., Mancia G., Obesity and the sympathetic nervous system. Blood Pressure, Supplement 1996 5 1 43 46 2-s2.0-0030330218 (Pubitemid 26145370)
36. Heart rate variability. Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Task force of the european society of cardiology and the north american society of pacing and electrophysiology. European Heart Journal 1996 17 354 381
37. Tulppo M. P., Makikallio T. H., Takala T. E., Seppanen T., Huikuri H. V., Quantitative beat-to-beat analysis of heart rate dynamics during exercise. American Journal of Physiology 1996 271 H244 H252
38. Davy K. P., Orr J. S., Sympathetic nervous system behavior in human obesity. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2009 33 2 116 124 2-s2.0-56949098667 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.05.024
39. Bray G. A., Obesitya state of reduced sympathetic activity and normal or high adrenal activity (the autonomic and adrenal hypothesis revisited). International Journal of Obesity 1990 14 3 77 91 2-s2.0-0025606389
40. Davy K. P., Halle J. E., Obesity and hypertension: two epidemics or one? American Journal of Physiology 2004 286 5 R803 R813 2-s2.0-1942423626 10.1152/ajpregu.00707.2003 (Pubitemid 38506821)
41. Rumantir M. S., Vaz M., Jennings G. L., Collier G., Kaye D. M., Seals D. R., Wiesner G. H., Brunner-La Rocca H. P., Esler M. D., Neural mechanisms in human obesity-related hypertension. Journal of Hypertension 1999 17 8 1125 1133 2-s2.0-0032796681 10.1097/00004872-199917080-00012 (Pubitemid 29389560)
42. Vaz M., Jennings G., Turner A., Cox H., Lambert G., Esler M., Regional sympathetic nervous activity and oxygen consumption in obese normotensive human subjects. Circulation 1997 96 10 3423 3429 2-s2.0-0030774228 (Pubitemid 27513415)
43. Coppack S. W., Horowitz J. F., Paramore D. S., Cryer P. E., Royal H. D., Klein S., Whole body, adipose tissue, and forearm norepinephrine kinetics in lean and obese women. American Journal of Physiology 1998 275 5 E830 E834 2-s2.0-0031729856
44. Alvarez G. E., Beske S. D., Ballard T. P., Davy K. P., Sympathetic neural activation in visceral obesity. Circulation 2002 106 20 2533 2536 2-s2.0-0037069321 10.1161/01.CIR.0000041244.79165.25 (Pubitemid 35340687)
45. Jones P. P., Snitker S., Skinner J. S., Ravussin E., Gender differences in muscle sympathetic nerve activity: effect of body fat distribution. American Journal of Physiology 1996 270 2 E363 E366 2-s2.0-0029976407
46. Prior L. J., Eikelis N., Armitage J. A., Davern P. J., Burke S. L., Montani J. P., Barzel B., Head G. A., Exposure to a high-fat diet alters leptin sensitivity and elevates renal sympathetic nerve activity and arterial pressure in rabbits. Hypertension 2010 55 4 862 868 2-s2.0-77950507182 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.141119
47. Shinohara E., Kihara S., Yamashita S., Yamane M., Nishida M., Arai T., Kotani K., Nakamura T., Takemura K., Matsuzawa Y., Visceral fat accumulation as an important risk factor for obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in obese subjects. Journal of Internal Medicine 1997 241 1 11 18 2-s2.0-8044235821 (Pubitemid 27051198)
48. Vgontzas A. N., Does obesity play a major role in the pathogenesis of sleep apnoea and its associated manifestations via inflammation, visceral adiposity, and insulin resistance? Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry 2008 114 4 211 223 2-s2.0-54349097277 10.1080/13813450802364627
49. Lam J. C. M., Xu A., Tam S., Khong P. L., Yao T. J., Lam D. C. L., Lai A. Y. K., Lam B., Lam K. S. L., Ip M. S. M., Hypoadiponectinemia is related to sympathetic activation and severity of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 2008 31 12 1721 1727 2-s2.0-57349137161
50. Abbas A., Szczepaniak L. S., Tuncel M., McGavock J. M., Huet B., Fadel P. J., Wang Z., Arbique D., Victor R., Vongpatanasin W., Adiposity-independent sympathetic activity in black men. Journal of Applied Physiology 2010 108 6 1613 1618 2-s2.0-77953161942 10.1152/japplphysiol.00058.2010
51. Alvarez G. E., Ballard T. P., Beske S. D., Davy K. P., Subcutaneous obesity is not associated with sympathetic neural activation. American Journal of Physiology 2004 287 1 H414 H418 2-s2.0-1942517065 10.1152/ajpheart.01046.2003 (Pubitemid 38802379)
52. Paolisso G., Manzella D., Rizzo M. R., Barbieri M., Varricchio G., Gambardella A., Varricchio M., Effects of insulin on the cardiac autonomic nervous system in insulin-resistant states. Clinical Science 2000 98 2 129 136 2-s2.0-0033952415 (Pubitemid 30105519)
53. Emdin M., Gastaldelli A., Muscelli E., Macerata A., Natali A., Camastra S., Ferrannini E., Hyperinsulinemia and autonomic nervous system dysfunction in obesity: effects of weight loss. Circulation 2001 103 4 513 519 2-s2.0-0035969993 (Pubitemid 32116235)
54. Engeli S., Sharma A. M., The renin-angiotensin system and natriuretic peptides in obesity-associated hypertension. Journal of Molecular Medicine 2001 79 1 21 29 2-s2.0-0035089472 10.1007/s001090000144 (Pubitemid 32250020)
55. Boustany C. M., Bharadwaj K., Daugherty A., Brown D. R., Randall D. C., Cassis L. A., Activation of the systemic and adipose renin-angiotensin system in rats with diet-induced obesity and hypertension. American Journal of Physiology 2004 287 4 R943 R949 2-s2.0-4644307190 10.1152/ajpregu.00265.2004 (Pubitemid 39280483)
56. Rahmouni K., Correia M. L. G., Haynes W. G., Mark A. L., Obesity-associated hypertension: new insights into mechanisms. Hypertension 2005 45 1 9 14 2-s2.0-11244349747 10.1161/01.HYP.0000151325.83008.b4 (Pubitemid 40066405)
57. Menshikova E. V., Ritov V. B., Toledo F. G., Ferrell R. E., Goodpaster B. H., Kelley D. E., Effects of weight loss and physical activity on skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in obesity. American Journal of Physiology 2005 288 E818 E825 (Pubitemid 40397220)
58. Toledo F. G. S., Watkins S., Kelley D. E., Changes induced by physical activity and weight loss in the morphology of intermyofibrillar mitochondria in obese men and women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2006 91 8 3224 3227 2-s2.0-33747702159 10.1210/jc.2006-0002 (Pubitemid 44271780)
59. Grassi G., Arenare F., Quarti-Trevano F., Seravalle G., Mancia G., Heart rate, sympathetic cardiovascular influences, and the metabolic syndrome. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 2009 52 1 31 37 2-s2.0-67650178028 10.1016/j.pcad.2009.05.007
60. Esler M., Rumantir M., Kaye D., Lambert G., The sympathetic neurobiology of essential hypertension: disparate influences of obesity, stress, and noradrenaline transporter dysfunction? American Journal of Hypertension 2001 14 6 139S 146S 2-s2.0-0034993708 (Pubitemid 32506708)
61. Esler M., Rumantir M., Wiesner G., Kaye D., Hastings J., Lambert G., Sympathetic nervous system and insulin resistance: from obesity to diabetes. American Journal of Hypertension 2001 14 11 304S 309S 2-s2.0-0034755215 (Pubitemid 33033100)
62. Grassi G., Dell'Oro R., Quarti-Trevano F., Scopelliti F., Seravalle G., Paleari F., Gamba P. L., Mancia G., Neuroadrenergic and reflex abnormalities in patients with metabolic syndrome. Diabetologia 2005 48 7 1359 1365 2-s2.0-23944516469 10.1007/s00125-005-1798-z (Pubitemid 41186102)
63. Grassi G., Seravalle G., Colombo M., Bolla G., Cattaneo B. M., Cavagnini F., Mancia G., Body weight reduction, sympathetic nerve traffic, and arterial baroreflex in obese normotensive humans. Circulation 1998 97 20 2037 2042 2-s2.0-0032568488 (Pubitemid 28243666)
64. Negrão C. E., Trombetta I. C., Batalha L. T., Ribeiro M. M., Brandão Rondon M. U. P., Tinucci T., Forjaz C. L. M., Barretto A. C. P., Halpern A., Villares S. M. F., Muscle metaboreflex control is diminished in normotensive obese women. American Journal of Physiology 2001 281 2 H469 H475 2-s2.0-0034892247
65. Kuniyoshi F. H. S., Trombetta I. C., Batalha L. T., Rondon M. U. P. B., Laterza M. C., Gowdak M. M. G., Barretto A. C. P., Halpern A., Villares S. M. F., Lima E. G., Negrão C. E., Abnormal neurovascular control during sympathoexcitation in obesity. Obesity Research 2003 11 11 1411 1419 2-s2.0-1542440504 (Pubitemid 41127364)
66. Karpoff L., Vinet A., Schuster I., Oudot C., Goret L., Dauzat M., Obert P., Perez-Martin A., Abnormal vascular reactivity at rest and exercise in obese boys. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 2009 39 2 94 102 2-s2.0-58649087823 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2008.02068.x
67. Sherman W. M., Katz A. L., Cutler C. L., Withers R. T., Ivy J. L., Glucose transport: locus of muscle insulin resistance in obese Zucker rats. American Journal of Physiology 1988 255 3 E374 E382 2-s2.0-0023732530
68. La Rovere M. T., Specchia G., Mortara A., Schwartz P. J., Baroreflex sensitivity, clinical correlates, and cardiovascular mortality among patients with a first myocardial infarction: a prospective study. Circulation 1988 78 4 I 816 824 2-s2.0-0023794431
69. Skrapari I., Tentolouris N., Perrea D., Bakoyiannis C., Papazafiropoulou A., Katsilambros N., Baroreflex sensitivity in obesity: relationship with cardiac autonomic nervous system activity. Obesity 2007 15 7 1685 1693 2-s2.0-34547944009 10.1038/oby.2007.201 (Pubitemid 47264947)
70. Fardin N. M., Oyama L. M., Campos R. R., Changes in baroreflex control of renal sympathetic nerve activity in high-fat-fed rats as a predictor of hypertension. Obesity. In press
71. Limberg J. K., De Vita M. D., Blain G. M., Schrage W. G., Muscle blood flow responses to dynamic exercise in young obese humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 2010 108 2 349 355 2-s2.0-75749086419 10.1152/japplphysiol.00551.2009
72. Blain G. M., Limberg J. K., Mortensen G. F., Schrage W. G., Rapid onset vasodilatation is blunted in obese humans. Acta Physiologica 2012 205 1 103 112
73. Hodnett B. L., Xiang L., Dearman J., Carter C., Hester R. L., KATP-mediated vasodilation is impaired in obese zucker rats. Microcirculation 2008 15 6 485 494 2-s2.0-49249089740 10.1080/10739680801942240
74. Armstrong M. L., Dua A. K., Murrant C. L., Potassium initiates vasodilatation induced by a single skeletal muscle contraction in hamster cremaster muscle. Journal of Physiology 2007 581 2 841 852 2-s2.0-34249693701 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.130013 (Pubitemid 46831776)
75. Trombetta I. C., Batalha L. T., Rondon M. U. P. B., Laterza M. C., Kuniyoshi F. H. S., Gowdak M. M. G., Barretto A. C. P., Halpern A., Villares S. M. F., Negrão C. E., Weight loss improves neurovascular and muscle metaboreflex control in obesity. American Journal of Physiology 2003 285 3 H974 H982 2-s2.0-0042360161 (Pubitemid 37048150)
76. Tonacio A. C., Trombetta I. C., Rondon M. U. P. B., Batalha L. T., Kuniyoshi F. H. S., Laterza M. C., Suzuki P. H., Gowdak M. M. G., Barretto A. C. P., Halpern A., Villares S. M. F., Negrão C. E., Effects of diet and exercise training on neurovascular control during mental stress in obese women. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2006 39 1 53 62 2-s2.0-30744453987 (Pubitemid 43091528)
77. Straznicky N. E., Grima M. T., Eikelis N., Nestel P. J., Dawood T., Schlaich M. P., Chopra R., Masuo K., Esler M. D., Sari C. I., Lambert G. W., Lambert E. A., The effects of weight loss versus weight loss maintenance on sympathetic nervous system activity and metabolic syndrome components. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011 96 3 E503 E508 2-s2.0-79952300791 10.1210/jc.2010-2204
78. Finley J. P., Nugent S. T., Heart rate variability in infants, children and young adults. Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System 1995 51 2 103 108 2-s2.0-0028836591 10.1016/0165-1838(94)00117-3
79. Pikkujamsa S. M., Makikallio T. H., Sourander L. B., Raiha I. J., Puukka P., Skytta J., Peng C. K., Goldberger A. L., Huikuri H. V., Cardiac interbeat interval dynamics from childhood to senescence: comparison of conventional and new measures based on fractals and chaos theory. Circulation 1999 100 393 399 (Pubitemid 29362410)
80. Lenard Z., Studinger P., Mersich B., Kocsis L., Kollai M., Maturation of cardiovagal autonomic function from childhood to young adult age. Circulation 2004 110 16 2307 2312 2-s2.0-6444225783 10.1161/01.CIR.0000145157.07881.A3 (Pubitemid 39407331)
81. Goulopoulou S., Fernhall B., Kanaley J. A., Developmental changes in hemodynamic responses and cardiovagal modulation during isometric handgrip exercise. International Journal of Pediatrics 2010 2010 11 153780 10.1155/2010/153780
82. Turley K. R., The chemoreflex in young boys and girls. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2005 26 2 96 101 2-s2.0-14644427865 10.1055/s-2004-821020 (Pubitemid 40321571)
83. Buchheit M., Al-Haddad H., Mendez-Villanueva A., Quod M. J., Bourdon P. C., Effect of maturation on hemodynamic and autonomic control recovery following maximal running exercise in highly trained young soccer players. Frontiers in Physiology 2011 2 69
84. Zafeiridis A., Dalamitros A., Dipla K., Manou V., Galanis N., Kellis S., Recovery during high-intensity intermittent anaerobic exercise in boys, teens, and men. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2005 37 3 505 512 2-s2.0-14844349760 10.1249/01.MSS.0000155394.76722.01 (Pubitemid 40354462)
85. Dipla K., Tsirini T., Zafeiridis A., Manou V., Dalamitros A., Kellis E., Kellis S., Fatigue resistance during high-intensity intermittent exercise from childhood to adulthood in males and females. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2009 106 5 645 653 2-s2.0-67650294114 10.1007/s00421-009-1058-x
86. Buchheit M., Duche P., Laursen P. B., Ratel S., Postexercise heart rate recovery in children: relationship with power output, blood ph, and lactate. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 2010 35 142 150
87. Jamerson K., Julius S., Predictors of blood pressure and hypertension. General principles. American Journal of Hypertension 1991 4 11 598S 602S 2-s2.0-0026321807
88. Ribeiro M. M., Silva A. G., Santos N. S., Guazzelle I., Matos L. N. J., Trombetta I. C., Halpern A., Negrão C. E., Villares S. M. F., Diet and exercise training restore blood pressure and vasodilatory responses during physiological maneuvers in obese children. Circulation 2005 111 15 1915 1923 2-s2.0-17744376824 10.1161/01.CIR.0000161959.04675.5A (Pubitemid 40575729)
89. Lazarova Z., Tonhajzerova I., Trunkvalterova Z., Brozmanova A., Honzikova N., Javorka K., Baumert M., Javorka M., Baroreflex sensitivity is reduced in obese normotensive children and adolescents. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 2009 87 565 571
90. Rocchini A. P., Moorehead C., Katch V., Key J., Finta K. M., Forearm resistance vessel abnormalities and insulin resistance in obese adolescents. Hypertension 1992 19 6 615 620 2-s2.0-0026516475
91. Pausova Z., Abrahamowicz M., Mahboubi A., Syme C., Leonard G. T., Perron M., Richer L., Veillette S., Gaudet D., Paus T., Functional variation in the androgen-receptor gene is associated with visceral adiposity and blood pressure in male adolescents. Hypertension 2010 55 3 706 714 2-s2.0-77149142894 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.146720
92. Lénérd Z., Studinger P., Mersich B., Pavlik G., Kollai M., Cardiovagal autonomic function in sedentary and trained offspring of hypertensive parents. Journal of Physiology 2005 565 3 1031 1038 2-s2.0-21344441023 10.1113/jphysiol.2005.083386 (Pubitemid 40903309)
93. Cavalcante J. W., Cavalcante L. P., Pacheco W. S., de Menezes M. G., Gama Filho C. G., blood pressure responses in children of normotensive and of hypertensive parents treated with pressor stimulus. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia 1997 69 323 326 (Pubitemid 128529829)
94. Legantis C. D., Nassis G. P., Dipla K., Vrabas I. S., Sidossis L. S., Geladas N. D., Role of cardiorespiratory fitness and obesity on hemodynamic responses in children. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. In press
95. Verlohren S., Dubrovska G., Tsang S. Y., Essin K., Luft F. C., Huang Y., Gollasch M., Visceral periadventitial adipose tissue regulates arterial tone of mesenteric arteries. Hypertension 2004 44 3 271 276 2-s2.0-4444224867 10.1161/01.HYP.0000140058.28994.ec (Pubitemid 39167221)
96. Dangardt F., Osika W., Volkmann R., Gan L. M., Friberg P., Obese children show increased intimal wall thickness and decreased pulse wave velocity. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging 2008 28 5 287 293 2-s2.0-49849083869 10.1111/j.1475-097X.2008.00806.x
97. Felber-Dietrich D., Ackermann Liebrich U., Schindler C., Barthelemy J. C., Brandli O, Gold DR, Knopfli B, Probst-Hensch NM, Roche F, Tschopp JM, von Eckardstein A, Gaspoz JM, Effect of physical activity on heart rate variability in normal weight, overweight and obese subjects: results from the sapaldia study. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2008 104 557 565
98. Hamburg N. M., McMackin C. J., Huang A. L., Shenouda S. M., Widlansky M. E., Schulz E., Gokce N., Ruderman N. B., Keaney J. F., Vita J. A., Physical inactivity rapidly induces insulin resistance and microvascular dysfunction in healthy volunteers. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2007 27 12 2650 2656 2-s2.0-36349029675 10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.153288 (Pubitemid 350158918)
99. Kelly A. S., Wetzsteon R. J., Kaiser D. R., Steinberger J., Bank A. J., Dengel D. R., Inflammation, insulin, and endothelial function in overweight children and adolescents: the role of exercise. Journal of Pediatrics 2004 145 6 731 736 2-s2.0-9744226459 10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.08.004 (Pubitemid 39586608)
100. Nassis G. P., Papantakou K., Skenderi K., Triandafillopoulou M., Kavouras S. A., Yannakoulia M., Chrousos G. P., Sidossis L. S., Aerobic exercise training improves insulin sensitivity without changes in body weight, body fat, adiponectin, and inflammatory markers in overweight and obese girls. Metabolism 2005 54 11 1472 1479 2-s2.0-27344456029 10.1016/j.metabol.2005.05.013 (Pubitemid 41527017)
101. Watts K., Beye P., Siafarikas A., Davis E. A., Jones T. W., O'Driscoll G., Green D. J., Exercise training normalizes vascular dysfunction and improves central adiposity in obese adolescents. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2004 43 10 1823 1827 2-s2.0-2342664831 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.01.032 (Pubitemid 38622522)
102. Abbott R. A., Harkness M. A., Davies P. S. W., Correlation of habitual physical activity levels with flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery in 5-10 year old children. Atherosclerosis 2002 160 1 233 239 2-s2.0-0036147350 10.1016/S0021-9150(01)00566-4 (Pubitemid 34076659)
103. Hopkins N. D., Stratton G., Tinken T. M., McWhannell N., Ridgers N. D., Graves L. E. F., George K., Cable N. T., Green D. J., Relationships between measures of fitness, physical activity, body composition and vascular function in children. Atherosclerosis 2009 204 1 244 249 2-s2.0-67349152321 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.09.004
104. Prado D. M., Silva A. G., Trombetta I. C., Ribeiro M. M., Guazzelli I. C., Matos L. N., Santos M. S., Nicolau C. M., Negrão C. E., Villares S. M., Exercise training associated with diet improves heart rate recovery and cardiac autonomic nervous system activity in obese children. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2010 31 12 860 865 2-s2.0-78650513541 10.1055/s-0030-1267158
105. Harrell J. S., Jessup A., Greene N., Changing our future: obesity and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2006 21 4 322 330 2-s2.0-33748648794