Probiotics for infectious diseases: More drugs, less dietary supplementation

International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents

Volumn 40, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 288-296

  Kotzampassi, Katerina ^a   Giamarellos Bourboulis, Evangelos J ^b,c  

^a ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Greece)

^c JENA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Germany)

Author keywords

Antibiotic associated diarrhoea; Clostridium difficile; Critically ill; Probiotics; Sepsis

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; BACTERIOCIN; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CLINDAMYCIN; METRONIDAZOLE; PLACEBO; PROBIOTIC AGENT; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; VANCOMYCIN;

ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS; ANTIBIOTIC ASSOCIATED DIARRHEA; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIAL TRANSLOCATION; BIFIDOBACTERIUM ANIMALIS; BIFIDOBACTERIUM LONGUM; CATHETER INFECTION; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; DIARRHEA; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; ESCHERICHIA COLI; GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTION; HOSPITAL ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; HUMAN; IMMUNOMODULATION; INFECTION; INFECTION PREVENTION; INTENSIVE CARE; INTESTINE FLORA; LACTOBACILLUS; LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS; LACTOBACILLUS BULGARICUS; LACTOBACILLUS CASEI; LACTOBACILLUS DELBRUECKII; LACTOBACILLUS PARACASEI; LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM; LACTOBACILLUS RHAMNOSUS; LACTOBACILLUS SPOROGENES; LEUCONOSTOC MESENTEROIDES; NONHUMAN; PEDIOCOCCUS; PEDIOCOCCUS PENTOSACEUS; POSTOPERATIVE INFECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSEUDOMONAS INFECTION; REVIEW; ROTAVIRUS; SACCHAROMYCES BOULARDII; STREPTOCOCCUS THERMOPHILUS; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA;

EID: 84866013989     PISSN: 09248579     EISSN: 18727913     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.06.006     Document Type: Short Survey

References (89)

1. M.E. Sanders Impact of probiotics on colonizing microbiota of the gut J Clin Gastroenterol 45 Suppl. 2011 S115 S119
2. C.M. Galdeano, A. de Moreno de LeBlanc, G. Vinderola, M.E. Bonet, and G. Perdigon Proposed model: mechanisms of immunomodulation induced by probiotic bacteria Clin Vaccine Immunol 14 2007 485 492
3. E. Isolauri, S. Salminen, and A.C. Ouwehand Microbial-gut interactions in health and disease. Probiotics Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 18 2004 299 313
4. R. Fuller Probiotics in man and animals J Appl Bacteriol 66 1989 365 378
5. J. Schrezenmeir, and M. De Vrese Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics - approaching a definition Am J Clin Nutr 73 2001 361 364
6. S. Salminen, C. Bouley, M.C. Boutron-Ruault, J.H. Cummings, A. Franck, and G.R. Gibson Functional food science and gastrointestinal physiology and function Br J Nutr 80 1998 147 171
7. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO). Health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on evaluation of health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria, 1-4 October 2001, Córdoba, Argentina. p. 19-20.
8. M. de Vrese, and J. Schrezenmeir Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 111 2008 1 66
9. L.V. Hooper, and J.I. Gordon Commensal host-bacterial relationships in the gut Science 292 2001 1115 1118
10. T.A. Oelschlaeger Mechanisms of probiotic actions: a review Int J Med Microbiol 300 2010 57 62
11. S.C. Ng, A.L. Hart, M.A. Kamm, A.J. Stagg, and S.C. Knight Mechanisms of action of probiotics: recent advances Inflamm Bowel Dis 15 2009 300 310
12. M. Maqueda, M. Sánchez-Hidalgo, M. Fernández, M. Montalbán-López, E. Valdivia, and M. Martínez-Bueno Genetic features of circular bacteriocins produced by Gram-positive bacteria FEMS Microbiol Rev 32 2008 2 22
13. M. Nishie, J. Nagao, and K. Sonomoto Antibacterial peptides "bacteriocins": an overview of their diverse characteristics and applications Biocontrol Sci 17 2012 1 16
14. V. Cleusix, C. Lacroix, S. Vollenweider, and G. Le Blay Glycerol induces reuterin production and decreases Escherichia coli population in an in vitro model of colonic fermentation with immobilized human feces FEMS Microbiol Ecol 63 2008 56 64
15. L. Schaefer, T.A. Auchtung, K.E. Hermans, D. Whitehead, B. Borhan, and R.A. Britton The antimicrobial compound reuterin (3-hydroxypropionaldehyde) induces oxidative stress via interaction with thiol groups Microbiology 156 2010 1589 1599
16. C. Grosse, J. Scherer, D. Koch, M. Otto, N. Taudte, and G. Grass A new ferrous iron-uptake transporter, EfeU (YcdN), from Escherichia coli Mol Microbiol 62 2006 120 131
17. C.M. Carey, M. Kostrzynska, S. Ojha, and S. Thompson The effect of probiotics and organic acids on Shiga-toxin 2 gene expression in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 J Microbiol Methods 73 2008 125 132
18. X. Chen, E.G. Kokkotou, N. Mustafa, K.R. Bhaskar, S. Sougioultzis, and M. O'Brien Saccharomyces boulardii inhibits ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation both in vitro and in vivo and protects against Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced enteritis J Biol Chem 281 2006 24449 24454
19. A. Qamar, S. Aboudola, M. Warny, P. Michetti, C. Pothoulakis, and J.T. LaMont et al Saccharomyces boulardii stimulates intestinal immunoglobulin A immune response to Clostridium difficile toxin A in mice Infect Immun 69 2001 2762 2765
20. T.C. Wallace, F. Guarner, K. Madsen, M.D. Cabana, G. Gibson, and E. Hentges Human gut microbiota and its relationship to health and disease Nutr Rev 69 2011 392 403
21. V. Liévin-Le Moal, R. Amsellem, A.L. Servin, and M.H. Coconnier Lactobacillus acidophilus (strain LB) from the resident adult human gastrointestinal microflora exerts activity against brush border damage promoted by a diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli in human enterocyte-like cells Gut 50 2002 803 811
22. S. Resta-Lenert, and K.E. Barrett Live probiotics protect intestinal epithelial cells from the effects of infection with enteroinvasive Escherichia coli Gut 52 2003 988 997
23. A.A. Zyrek, C. Cichon, S. Helms, C. Enders, U. Sonnenborn, and M.A. Schmidt Molecular mechanisms underlying the probiotic effects of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 involve ZO-2 and PKCζ redistribution resulting in tight junction and epithelial barrier repair Cell Microbiol 9 2007 804 816
24. A.J. MacPherson, and N.L. Harris Interaction between commensal intestinal bacteria and the immune system Nat Rev Immunol 4 2004 478 485
25. H.G. Kim, N.R. Kim, M.G. Gim, J.M. Lee, S.Y. Lee, and M.Y. Ko Lipoteichoic acid isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α production in THP-1 cells and endotoxin shock in mice J Immunol 180 2008 2553 2561
26. D. Rachmilewitz, K. Katakura, F. Karmeli, T. Hayashi, C. Reinus, and B. Rudensky Toll-like receptor 9 signaling mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of probiotics in murine experimental colitis Gastroenterology 126 2004 520 528
27. C. Di Giacinto, M. Marinaro, M. Sanchez, W. Strober, and M. Boirivant Probiotics ameliorate recurrent Th1-mediated murine colitis by inducing IL-10 and IL-10-dependent TGF-β-bearing regulatory cells J Immunol 174 2005 3237 3246
28. A.S. Neish, A.T. Gewirtz, H. Zeng, A.N. Young, M.E. Hobert, and V. Karmali Prokaryotic regulation of epithelial responses by inhibition of IκB-α ubiquitination Science 289 2000 1560 1563
29. S.N. Ukena, A.M. Westendorf, W. Hansen, M. Rohde, R. Geffers, and S. Coldewey The host response to the probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917: specific up-regulation of the proinflammatory chemokine MCP-1 BMC Med Genet 6 2005 43 55
30. L. Zhang, N. Li, R. Caicedo, and J. Neu Alive and dead Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG decrease tumor necrosis factor-α-induced interleukin-8 production in Caco-2 cells J Nutr 135 2005 1752 1756
31. H.H. Smits, A. Engering, D. van der Kleij, E.C. de Jong, K. Schipper, and T.M. van Capel Selective probiotic bacteria induce IL-10-producing regulatory T cells in vitro by modulating dendritic cell function through dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing nonintegrin J Allergy Clin Immunol 115 2005 1260 1267
32. M. Ivec, T. Botić, S. Koren, M. Jakobsen, H. Weingartl, and A. Cencic Interactions of macrophages with probiotic bacteria lead to increased antiviral response against vesicular stomatitis virus Antiviral Res 75 2007 266 274
33. K. Takeda, T. Suzuki, S.I. Shimada, K. Shida, M. Nanno, and K. Okumura Interleukin-12 is involved in the enhancement of human natural killer cell activity by Lactobacillus casei Shirota Clin Exp Immunol 146 2006 109 115
34. G. Dalmasso, F. Cottrez, V. Imbert, P. Lagadec, J.F. Peyron, and P. Rampal Saccharomyces boulardii inhibits inflammatory bowel disease by trapping T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes Gastroenterology 131 2006 1812 1825
35. ® on faecal excretion of secretory immunoglobulin A and human β-defensin 2 in healthy adult volunteers J Nutr 10 2011 138 141
36. V. Stevens, G. Dumyati, L.S. Fine, S.G. Fisher, and E. van Wijngaarden Cumulative antibiotic exposures over time and the risk of Clostridium difficile infection Clin Infect Dis 53 2011 42 48
37. V.G. Loo, A.M. Bourgault, L. Poirier, F. Lamothe, S. Michaud, and N. Turgeon Host and pathogen factors for Clostridium difficile infection and colonization N Engl J Med 365 2011 1693 1703
38. K.C. Carroll, and J.G. Bartlett Biology of Clostridium difficile: implications for epidemiology and diagnosis Annu Rev Microbiol 65 2011 501 521
39. L.V. McFarland Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease Am J Gastroenterol 101 2006 812 822
40. M. Kotowska, P. Albrecht, and H. Szajewska Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in children: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial Aliment Pharmacol Ther 21 2005 583 590
41. N.B.O. Corréa, L.A. Péret Filho, F.J. Penna, F.M.L.S. Lima, and J.R. Nicoli A randomized formula controlled trial of Bifidobacterium lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus for prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in infants J Clin Gastroenterol 39 2005 385 389
42. M. Beausoleil, N. Fortier, S. Guénette, A. L'Ecuyer, M. Savoie, and M. Franco Effect of fermented milk combining Lactobacillus acidophilus CD1285 and Lactobacillus casei in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Can J Gastroenterol 21 2007 732 736
43. M. Ruszczyński, A. Radzikowski, and H. Szajewska Clinical trial: effectiveness of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (strains E/N,Oxy and Pen) in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children Aliment Pharmacol Ther 28 2008 154 161
44. H. Szymański, M. Armańska, K. Kowalsak-Duplaga, and H. Szajewska Bifidobacterium longum PL03, Lactobacillus rhamnosus KL53A, and Lactobacillus plantarum PL02 in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: a randomized controlled pilot trial Digestion 78 2008 13 17
45. M. Hickson, A.L. D'Souza, N. Muthu, T.R. Rogers, S. Want, and C. Rajkumar Use of probiotic Lactobacillus preparation to prevent diarrhoea associated with antibiotics: randomised double blind placebo controls trial BMJ 335 2007 80
46. X.W. Gao, M. Mubasher, C.Y. Fang, C. Reifer, and L.E. Miller Dose-response efficacy of a proprietary probiotic formula of Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 and Lactobacillus casei LBC80R for antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea prophylaxis in adult patients Am J Gastroenterol 105 2010 1636 1641
47. L. Cimperman, G. Bayless, K. Best, A. Diligente, B. Mordaski, and M. Oster A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in hospitalized adults J Clin Gastroenterol 45 2011 785 789
48. P. Pozzoni, A. Riva, A.G. Bellatorre, M. Amigoni, E. Redaelli, and A. Ronchetti Saccharomyces boulardii for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in adult hospitalized patients: a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Am J Gastroenterol 107 2012 922 931
49. B.C. Johnston, J.C. Goldenberg, P.O. Vandvik, X. Sun, and G.H. Guyatt Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric-associated diarrhea Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011 CD004827
50. C.J.M. Koning, D.M.A.E. Jonkers, E.E. Stobberingh, L. Mulder, F.M. Rombouts, and R.W. Stockbrügger The effect of a multispecies probiotic on the intestinal microbiota and bowel movements in healthy volunteers taking the antibiotic amoxicillin Am J Gastroenterol 103 2008 178 189
51. E. Salazar-Lindo, P. Miranda-Langschwagar, M. Campos-Sanchez, E. Chea-Woo, and R.B. Sack Lactobacillus casei strain GG in the treatment of infants with acute watery diarrhea: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial BMC Pediatr 4 2004 18
52. H. Szymański, J. Pejcz, M. Jawień, A. Chmielarczyk, M. Strus, and P.B. Heczko Treatment of acute infectious diarrhea in infants and children with a mixture of three Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains - a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Aliment Pharmacol Ther 23 2006 247 253
53. S. Basu, M. Chatterjee, S. Ganguly, and P.K. Chandra Efficacy of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in acute watery diarrhea in children: a randomised controlled trial J Paediatr Child Health 43 2007 837 842
54. K. Htwe, K.S. Yee, M. Tin, and Y. Vandenplas Effect of Saccharomyces boulardii in the treatment of acute watery diarrhea in Myanmar children: a randomized controlled study Am J Trop Med Hyg 78 2008 214 216
55. J. Henker, M.W. Laas, B.M. Blokhin, V.G. Maydannik, Y.K. Bolbot, and M. Elze Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 versus placebo for treating diarrhea of greater than 4 days duration in infants and toddlers Pediatr Infect Dis J 27 2008 494 499
56. C.G. Teran, C.N. Teran-Escalera, and P. Villaroel Nitazoxanide vs. probiotics for the treatment of acute rotavirus diarrhea in children: a randomized, single-blind, controlled trial in Bolivian children Int J Infect Dis 13 2009 518 523
57. S. Basu, D. Kumar Paul, S. Ganguly, M. Chatterjee, and P. Kumar Chandra Efficacy of high-dose Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in controlling acute watery diarrhea in Indian children: a randomized controlled study J Clin Gastroenterol 43 2009 208 213
58. S. Misra, T.K. Sabui, and N.K. Pal A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of Lactobacillus GG in infantile diarrhea J Pediatr 155 2009 129 132
59. G. Grandy, M. Medina, R. Soria, C.G. Teŕan, and M. Araya Probiotics in the treatment of acute rotavirus diarrhoea. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial using two different probiotic preparations in Bolivian children BMC Infect Dis 10 2010 253
60. P. Dutta, U. Mitra, S. Dutta, K. Rajendran, T.K. Saha, and M.K. Chatterjee Randomized controlled clinical trial of Lactobacillus sporogenes (Bacillus coagulans), used as probiotic in clinical practice, on acute watery diarrhoea in children Trop Med Int Health 16 2011 555 561
61. R.B. Canani, P. Cirillo, G. Terrin, L. Cesarano, M.I. Spagnuolo, and A. De Vicenzo Probiotics for treatment of acute diarrhoea in children: randomised clinical trial of five different preparations BMJ 335 2007 340
62. S.J. Allen, E.G. Martinez, D.V. Gregorio, and L.F. Dans Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010 CD003048
63. C.M. Surawicz, L.V. McFarland, R.N. Greenberg, M. Rubin, R. Fekety, and M.E. Mulligan The search for a better treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile disease: use of high-dose vancomycin combined with Saccharomyces boulardii Clin Infect Dis 31 2000 1012 1017
64. M. Wullt, M.L. Johansson Hagslätt, and I. Odenholt Lactobacillus plantarum 299v for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Scand J Infect Dis 35 2003 365 367
65. N. Rayes, D. Seehofer, S. Hansen, K. Boucsein, A.R. Muller, and S. Serke Early enteral supply of Lactobacillus and fiber versus selective bowel decontamination: a controlled trial in liver transplant recipients Transplantation 74 2002 123 127
66. N. Rayes, D. Seehofer, T. Theruvath, R.A. Schiller, J.M. Langrehr, and S. Jonas Supply of pre- and probiotics reduces bacterial infection rates after liver transplantation - a randomized, double-blind trial Am J Transplant 5 2005 125 130
67. Z. Liu, H. Qin, Z. Yang, Y. Xia, W. Liu, and J. Yang Randomised clinical trial: the effects of perioperative probiotic treatment on barrier function and post-operative infectious complications in colorectal cancer surgery - a double-blind study Aliment Pharmacol Ther 33 2011 50 63
68. S. Eguchi, M. Takatsuki, M. Hidaka, A. Soyama, T. Ichikawa, and T. Kanematsu Perioperative synbiotic treatment to prevent infectious complications in patients after elective living donor liver transplantation: a prospective randomized study Am J Surg 201 2011 498 502
69. J. Lata, N. Novotny, V. Pŕibramská, J. Juránkova, P. Frić, and R. Kroupa The effect of probiotics on gut flora, level of endotoxin and Child-Pugh score in cirrhotic patients: results of a double-blind randomized study Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 19 2007 1111 1113
70. M.G.H. Besselink, H.C. van Santvoort, M.A. Boermeester, H. van Goor, H.M. Timmerman, and V.B. Nieuwenhuijs Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Lancet 371 2008 651 659
71. B. Sharma, S. Srivastava, N. Singh, V. Sachdev, S. Kapur, and A. Saraya Role of probiotics on gut permeability and endotoxemia in patients with acute pancreatitis: a double-blind randomized controlled trial J Clin Gastroenterol 45 2011 442 448
72. P.K. Jain, C.E. McNaught, A.D.G. Anderson, J. MacFie, and C.J. Mitchell Influence of synbiotic containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La5, Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and oligofructose on gut barrier function and sepsis in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled trial Clin Nutr 23 2004 467 475
73. K. Kotzampassi, E.J. Giamarellos-Bourboulis, A. Voudouris, P. Kazamias, and E. Eleftheriadis Benefits of a synbiotic formula (Synbiotic 2000Forte) in critically ill trauma patients: results of a randomized controlled trial World J Surg 30 2006 1848 1855
74. C. Forestier, D. Guelon, V. Cluytens, T. Gillart, J. Sirot, and C. De Champs Oral probiotic and prevention of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study in intensive care unit patients Crit Care 12 2008 R69
75. D.J.W. Knight, D. Gardiner, A. Banks, S.E. Snape, V.C. Weston, and S. Bengmark Effect of synbiotic therapy on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Intensive Care Med 35 2009 854 861
76. K. Shimizu, H. Ogura, M. Goto, T. Asahara, K. Nomoto, and M. Morotomi Synbiotics decrease the incidence of septic complications in patients with severe SIRS: a preliminary report Dig Dis Sci 54 2009 1071 1078
77. D. Barraud, C. Blard, F. Hein, O. Marçon, A. Cravoisy, and L. Nace Probiotics in the critically ill patient: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial Intensive Care Med 36 2010 1540 1547
78. L.E. Morrow, M.H. Kollef, and T.B. Casale Probiotic prophylaxis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a blinded, randomized, controlled trial Am J Resp Crit Care Med 182 2010 1058 1064
79. M. Tan, J.C. Zhu, J. Du, L.M. Zhang, and H.H. Yin Effects of probiotics on serum levels of Th1/Th2 cytokine and clinical outcomes in severe traumatic brain-injured patients: a prospective pilot study Crit Care 15 2011 R290
80. E.J. Giamarellos-Bourboulis, S. Bengmark, K. Kanellakopoulou, and K. Kotzampassi Pro- and synbiotics to control inflammation and infection in patients with multiple injuries J Trauma 67 2009 815 821
81. K. Kotzampassi, and E. Eleftheriadis Synbiotics in trauma: of proven benefit or a new fad? S.E. LeClaire, Intensive care units: procedures and mortality rates 2009 Nova Science Publishers Inc. Hauppauge, NY 149 157
82. M.K. Salminen, S. Tynkkyen, H. Rautelin, M. Saxelin, M. Vaara, and P. Ruutu Lactobacillus bacteremia during a rapid increase in probiotic use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in Finland Clin Infect Dis 35 2002 1155 1160
83. M.A. De Groote, D.N. Frank, E. Dowell, M.P. Glode, and N.R. Pace Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG bacteremia associated with probiotic use in a child with short gut syndrome Pediatr Infect Dis J 24 2005 278 280
84. A.N. Kunz, J.M. Noel, and M.P. Fairchok Two cases of Lactobacillus bacteremia, clinical significance, and patient outcome, with special emphasis on probiotic L. rhamnosus GG Clin Infect Dis 38 2004 62 69
85. M.H. Land, K. Rouster-Stevens, C.R. Woods, M.L. Cannon, J. Cnota, and A.K. Shetty Lactobacillus sepsis associated with probiotic therapy Pediatrics 115 2005 178 181
86. D. Ledoux, V.J. Labombardi, and D. Karter Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteraemia after use of probiotic in a patients with AIDS and Hodgkin's disease Int J STD AIDS 17 2006 280 282
87. M.L. Ritchie, and T.N. Romanuk A meta-analysis of probiotic efficacy for gastrointestinal diseases PLoS One 7 2012 e34938
88. D.N. Bajad, C.D. Khedkar, A.R. Sarode, M.R. Patil, and S.D. Kalyankar Standardization of a method for preparation of probiotic acido-bifido-yogurt J Dairying Foods & HS 25 2006 22 27
89. M.H. Floch, W.A. Walker, K. Madsen, M.E. Sanders, G.T. Macfarlane, and H.J. Flint Recommendations for probiotic use - 2011 update J Clin Gastroenterol 45 Suppl. 3 2011 S168 S171