Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: A patient-centered approach: Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)

Diabetes Spectrum

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 154-171

  Inzucchi, Silvio E ^a   Bergenstal, Richard M ^b   Buse, John B ^c   Diamant, Michaela ^d   Ferrannini, Ele ^e   Nauck, Michael ^f   Peters, Anne L ^g   Tsapas, Apostolos ^h   Wender, Richard ⁱ   Matthews, David R ^j,k,l  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b INTERNATIONAL DIABETES CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^e UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

^f DIABETESZENTRUM BAD LAUTERBERG   (Germany)

^g UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^h ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

ⁱ THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^j CHURCHILL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^k Queen Mary University of London and Barts NIHR BRC NHS Trust National Institute for Health and Care Research   (United Kingdom)

^l UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACARBOSE; ALOGLIPTIN; BROMOCRIPTINE; COLESEVELAM; EXENDIN 4; GLIBENCLAMIDE; GLICLAZIDE; GLIMEPIRIDE; GLIPIZIDE; INSULIN DETEMIR; INSULIN GLARGINE; INSULIN GLULISINE; INSULIN LISPRO; LINAGLIPTIN; LIRAGLUTIDE; METFORMIN; MIGLITOL; NATEGLINIDE; PRAMLINTIDE; REPAGLINIDE; SAXAGLIPTIN; SITAGLIPTIN; VILDAGLIPTIN; VOGLIBOSE;

ABDOMINAL CRAMP; ACIDOSIS; ACUTE PANCREATITIS; ANGIONEUROTIC EDEMA; BARIATRIC SURGERY; BLADDER CANCER; BLINDNESS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELL FUNCTION; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE; CONSTIPATION; CYANOCOBALAMIN DEFICIENCY; DIABETIC PATIENT; DIARRHEA; DIETARY INTAKE; DIZZINESS; EDEMA; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; FATIGUE; FATOGUE; FATTY LIVER; FLATULENCE; FRACTURE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GENETIC DIFFERENCE; GLUCONEOGENESIS; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HEALTH CARE; HEART FAILURE; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERPLASIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; HYPOXIA; INSULIN RELEASE; INSULIN TREATMENT; KIDNEY DISEASE; LACTIC ACIDOSIS; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MENTAL DISEASE; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; NEUROPATHY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NOTE; OBESITY; RETINOPATHY; RHINITIS; SELF MONITORING; SIDE EFFECT; SYNCOPE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; URTICARIA; WEIGHT GAIN;

EID: 84865606440     PISSN: 10409165     EISSN: 19447353     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2337/diaspect.25.3.154     Document Type: Note

References (134)

1. Bolen S, Feldman L, Vassy J, et al. Systematic review: comparative effectiveness and safety of oral medications for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 2007;147:386-399 (Pubitemid 351664540)
2. Bergenstal RM, Bailey CJ, Kendall DM. Type 2 diabetes: assessing the relative risks and benefits of glucose-lowering medications. Am J Med 2010;123:374.e9-374.e18
3. Nyenwe EA, Jerkins TW, Umpierrez GE, Kitabchi AE. Management of type 2 diabetes: evolving strategies for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 2011;60:1-23
4. Nolan JJ. Consensus guidelines, algorithms and care of the individual patient with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2010;53:1247-1249
5. Blonde L. Current antihyperglycemic treatment guidelines and algorithms for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 2010;123(Suppl.):S12-S18
6. Greenfield S, Billimek J, Pellegrini F, et al. Comorbidity affects the relationship between glycemic control and cardiovascular outcomes in diabetes: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2009;151:854-860
7. Matthews DR, Tsapas A. Four decades of uncertainty: landmark trials in glycaemic control and cardiovascular outcome in type 2 diabetes. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2008;5:216-218
8. Skyler JS, Bergenstal R, Bonow RO, et al.; American Diabetes Association; American College of Cardiology Foundation; American Heart Association. Intensive glycemic control and the prevention of cardiovascular events: implications of the ACCORD, ADVANCE, and VA diabetes trials: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and a scientific statement of the American College of Cardiology Foundation and the American Heart Association. Diabetes Care 2009;32:187-192
9. Yudkin JS, Richter B, Gale EA. Intensified glucose control in type 2 diabetes - whose agenda? Lancet 2011;377:1220-1222
10. Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, et al.; American Diabetes Association; European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Medical management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetologia 2009;52:17-30
11. IDF Clinical Guidelines Task Force. Global Guideline for Type 2 Diabetes. Brussels, International Diabetes Federation, 2005
12. Rodbard HW, Jellinger PS, Davidson JA, et al. Statement by an American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology consensus panel on type 2 diabetes mellitus: an algorithm for glycemic control. Endocr Pract 2009;15:540-559
13. Berard LD, Booth G, Capes S, Quinn K, Woo V. Canadian Diabetes Association 2008 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada. Canadian Journal of Diabetes 2008;32:S1-S201
14. NICE. Type 2 Diabetes: The Management of Type 2 Diabetes: NICE Clinical Guideline 87. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2009
15. Home P, Mant J, Diaz J, Turner C; Guideline Development Group. Management of type 2 diabetes: summary of updated NICE guidance. BMJ 2008;336:1306-1308 (Pubitemid 351839637)
16. Davidson JA. Incorporating incretin-based therapies into clinical practice: differences between glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors. Mayo Clin Proc 2010;85(Suppl.):S27-S37
17. DeFronzo RA. Current issues in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Overview of newer agents: where treatment is going. Am J Med 2010;123(Suppl.):S38-S48
18. Murad MH, Shah ND, Van Houten HK, et al. Individuals with diabetes preferred that future trials use patient-important outcomes and provide pragmatic inferences. J Clin Epidemiol 2011;64:743-748
19. Glasgow RE, Peeples M, Skovlund SE. Where is the patient in diabetes performance measures? The case for including patient-centered and self-management measures. Diabetes Care 2008;31:1046-1050
20. Ismail-Beigi F, Moghissi E, Tiktin M, Hirsch IB, Inzucchi SE, Genuth S. Individualizing glycemic targets in type 2 diabetes mellitus: implications of recent clinical trials. Ann Intern Med 2011;154: 554-559
21. Mullan RJ, Montori VM, Shah ND, et al. The diabetes mellitus medication choice decision aid: a randomized trial. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:1560-1568
22. Schernthaner G, Barnett AH, Betteridge DJ, et al. Is the ADA/EASD algorithm for the management of type 2 diabetes (January 2009) based on evidence or opinion? A critical analysis. Diabetologia 2010;53:1258-1269
23. Gandhi GY, Murad MH, Fujiyoshi A, et al. Patient-important outcomes in registered diabetes trials. JAMA 2008;299:2543-2549 (Pubitemid 351787210)
24. Smith RJ, Nathan DM, Arslanian SA, Groop L, Rizza RA, Rotter JI. Individualizing therapies in type 2 diabetes mellitus based on patient characteristics: what we know and what we need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:1566-1574
25. Committee on Quality of Health Care in America: Institute of Medicine. Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. Washington, DC, The National Academies Press, 2001
26. Guyatt GH, Haynes RB, Jaeschke RZ, et al.; Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: XXV. Evidence-based medicine: principles for applying the Users' Guides to patient care. JAMA 2000;284:1290-1296
27. Tsapas A, Matthews DR. N of 1 trials in diabetes: making individual therapeutic decisions. Diabetologia 2008;51:921-925
28. Shah ND, Mullan RJ, Breslin M, Yawn BP, Ting HH, Montori VM. Translating comparative effectiveness into practice: the case of diabetes medications. Med Care 2010;48(Suppl.):S153-S158
29. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ 2000;321:405-412 (Pubitemid 30609442)
30. Turner RC, Holman RR, Cull CA, et al.; UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998;352:837-853
31. UKPDS Group. UK Prospective Diabetes Study VIII: study design, progress and performance. Diabetologia 1991;34:877-890
32. Turner RC, Holman RR, Cull CA, et al.; UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 1998;352:854-865
33. Holman RR, Paul SK, BethelMA, Matthews DR, Neil HA. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1577-1589
34. Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al.; Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2545-2559
35. Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al.; ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2560-2572 (Pubitemid 351831357)
36. Turnbull FM, Abraira C, Anderson RJ, Byington RP, Chalmers JP, Duckworth WC, et al. Intensive glucose control and macrovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2009;52:2288-2298. Erratum 52:2470
37. Ferrannini E, Gastaldelli A, Miyazaki Y, Matsuda M, Mari A, DeFronzo RA. Beta-cell function in subjects spanning the range from normal glucose tolerance to overt diabetes: a new analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:493-500 (Pubitemid 40116699)
38. Nauck MA. Incretin-based therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus: properties, functions, and clinical implications. Am J Med 2011;124(Suppl.):S3- S18
39. Ferrannini E. The stunned beta cell: a brief history. Cell Metab 2010;11:349-352
40. Nauck MA. Unraveling the science of incretin biology. Am J Med 2009;122 (Suppl.):S3-S10
41. Groop LC, Ferrannini E. Insulin action and substrate competition. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;7:1007-1032 (Pubitemid 23332522)
42. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2011. Diabetes Care 2011;34(Suppl. 1):S11-S61
43. Akalin S, Berntorp K, Ceriello A, et al.; Global Task Force on Glycaemic Control. Intensive glucose therapy and clinical implications of recent data: a consensus statement from the Global Task Force on Glycaemic Control. Int J Clin Pract 2009;63:1421-1425
44. Lee SJ, Eng C. Goals of glycemic control in frail older patients with diabetes. JAMA 2011;305:1350-1351
45. Ahmed MH, Byrne CD. Current treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetes Obes Metab 2009;11:188-195
46. May C, Montori VM, Mair FS. We need minimally disruptive medicine. BMJ 2009;339:b2803
47. Anderson JW, Kendall CW, Jenkins DJ. Importance of weight management in type 2 diabetes: review with meta-analysis of clinical studies. J Am Coll Nutr 2003;22:331-339 (Pubitemid 37254901)
48. Klein S, Sheard NF, Pi-Sunyer X, et al.; American Diabetes Association; North American Association for the Study of Obesity; American Society for Clinical Nutrition. Weight management through lifestyle modification for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: rationale and strategies: a statement of the American Diabetes Association, the North American Association for the Study of Obesity, and the American Society for Clinical Nutrition. Diabetes Care 2004; 27:2067-2073 (Pubitemid 38989258)
49. Bantle JP, Wylie-Rosett J, Albright AL, et al.; American Diabetes Association. Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2008;31(Suppl. 1):S61-S78
50. Elmer PJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, et al.; PREMIER Collaborative Research Group. Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on diet, weight, physical fitness, and blood pressure control: 18-month results of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2006;144:485-495 (Pubitemid 46780671)
51. Gordon NF, Salmon RD, Franklin BA, et al. Effectiveness of therapeutic lifestyle changes in patients with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and/or hyperglycemia. Am J Cardiol 2004;94:1558-1561 (Pubitemid 40268463)
52. Wing RR, Tate DF, Gorin AA, Raynor HA, Fava JL. A self-regulation program for maintenance of weight loss. N Engl J Med 2006;355:1563-1571 (Pubitemid 44547807)
53. Boulé NG, Haddad E, Kenny GP, Wells GA, Sigal RJ. Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. JAMA 2001;286:1218-1227 (Pubitemid 33015552)
54. Bailey CJ, Turner RC. Metformin. N Engl J Med 1996;334:574-579 (Pubitemid 126537875)
55. Lamanna C, Monami M, Marchionni N, Mannucci E. Effect of metformin on cardiovascular events and mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011;13:221-228
56. Bryan J, Crane A, Vila-Carriles WH, Babenko AP, Aguilar-Bryan L. Insulin secretagogues, sulfonylurea receptors and K(ATP) channels. Curr Pharm Des 2005; 11:2699-2716 (Pubitemid 41051879)
57. Kahn SE, Haffner SM, Heise MA, et al.; ADOPT Study Group. Glycemic durability of rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapy. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2427-2443 (Pubitemid 44903747)
58. Gerich J, Raskin P, Jean-Louis L, Purkayastha D, Baron MA. PRESERVE-β: two-year efficacy and safety of initial combination therapy with nateglinide or glyburide plus metformin. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2093-2099 (Pubitemid 41242450)
59. Yki-Järvinen H. Thiazolidinediones. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1106-1118
60. Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ, et al.; PROactive investigators. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macro-Vascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:1279-1289 (Pubitemid 41416583)
61. Nissen SE, Wolski K. Rosiglitazone revisited: an updated meta-analysis of risk for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med 2010;170:1191-1201
62. Lewis JD, Ferrara A, Peng T, et al. Risk of bladder cancer among diabetic patients treated with pioglitazone: interim report of a longitudinal cohort study. Diabetes Care 2011;34:916-922
63. Drucker DJ, Nauck MA. The incretin system: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes. Lancet 2006; 368:1696-1705 (Pubitemid 46048557)
64. Deacon CF. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a comparative review. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011;13:7-18
65. Van de Laar FA, Lucassen PL, Akkermans RP, van de Lisdonk EH, de Grauw WJ. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors for people with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting blood glucose. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(Issue 4)CD005061. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005061.pub2
66. Fonseca VA, Handelsman Y, Staels B. Colesevelam lowers glucose and lipid levels in type 2 diabetes: the clinical evidence. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010;12:384-392
67. DeFronzo RA. Bromocriptine: a sympatholytic, D2-dopamine agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011;34:789-794
68. Singh-Franco D, Robles G, Gazze D. Pramlintide acetate injection for the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther 2007;29:535-562 (Pubitemid 47016638)
69. Peters A. Incretin-based therapies: review of current clinical trial data. Am J Med 2010;123(Suppl.):S28-S37
70. Bennett WL, Maruthur NM, Singh S, et al. Comparative effectiveness and safety of medications for type 2 diabetes: an update including new drugs and 2-drug combinations. Ann Intern Med 2011;154:602-613
71. Jabbour S. Primary care physicians and insulin initiation: multiple barriers, lack of knowledge or both? Int J Clin Pract 2008;62:845-847 (Pubitemid 351691493)
72. Bergenstal RM, Johnson M, Powers MA, et al. Adjust to target in type 2 diabetes: comparison of a simple algorithm with carbohydrate counting for adjustment of mealtime insulin glulisine. Diabetes Care 2008;31:1305-1310
73. Cryer PE. Hypoglycaemia: the limiting factor in the glycaemic management of Type I and Type II diabetes. Diabetologia 2002;45:937-948 (Pubitemid 34762188)
74. Holman RR, Farmer AJ, Davies MJ, et al.; 4-T Study Group. Three-year efficacy of complex insulin regimens in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1736-1747
75. Hermansen K, Davies M, Derezinski T, Martinez Ravn G, Clauson P, Home P. A 26-week, randomized, parallel, treat-totarget trial comparing insulin detemir with NPH insulin as add-on therapy to oral glucose-lowering drugs in insulin-naive people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29:1269-1274 (Pubitemid 44125921)
76. Riddle MC. The Treat-to-Target Trial and related studies. Endocr Pract 2006; 12(Suppl. 1):71-79 (Pubitemid 44963617)
77. Rosenstock J, Davies M, Home PD, Larsen J, Koenen C, Schernthaner G. A randomised, 52-week, treat-to-target trial comparing insulin detemir with insulin glargine when administered as add-on to glucose-lowering drugs in insulin-naive people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2008;51:408-416
78. Simonson GD, Cuddihy RM, Reader D, Bergenstal RM. International Diabetes Center treatment of type 2 diabetes glucose algorithm. Diabetes Management 2011;1:175-189
79. Gross JL, Kramer CK, Leitão CB, et al.; Diabetes and Endocrinology Meta-analysis Group (DEMA). Effect of antihyperglycemic agents added to metformin and a sulfonylurea on glycemic control and weight gain in type 2 diabetes: a network metaanalysis. Ann Intern Med 2011;154:672-679
80. Karagiannis T, Paschos P, Paletas P, Matthews DR, Tsapas A. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes mellitus in the clinical setting: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2012;344:e1369
81. Cryer PE. Severe iatrogenic hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2007;3:4-5 (Pubitemid 46006601)
82. Loke YK, Kwok CS, Singh S. Comparative cardiovascular effects of thiazolidinediones: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ 2011;342:d1309
83. Kendall DM, Riddle MC, Rosenstock J, et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin and a sulfonylurea. Diabetes Care 2005;28:1083-1091 (Pubitemid 40616617)
84. Zinman B,Gerich J, Buse JB, et al.; LEAD-4 Study Investigators. Efficacy and safety of the human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide in combination with metformin and thiazolidinedione in patients with type 2 diabetes (LEAD-4Met1TZD). Diabetes Care 2009;32:1224-1230
85. Roberts VL, Stewart J, Issa M, Lake B, Melis R. Triple therapy with glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled by metformin and a thiazolidinedione: results of a 30-week, randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled, parallel-group study. Clin Ther 2005;27:1535-1547 (Pubitemid 41739490)
86. Bell DS, Dharmalingam M, Kumar S, Sawakhande RB. Triple oral fixed-dose diabetes polypill versus insulin plus metformin efficacy demonstration study in the treatment of advanced type 2 diabetes (TrIED study-II). Diabetes Obes Metab 2011;13:800-805
87. Rosenstock J, Sugimoto D, Strange P, Stewart JA, Soltes-Rak E, Dailey G. Triple therapy in type 2 diabetes: insulin glargine or rosiglitazone added to combination therapy of sulfonylurea plus metformin in insulin-naive patients. Diabetes Care 2006;29:554-559 (Pubitemid 44115353)
88. Yki-JärvinenH, Juurinen L, Alvarsson M, et al. Initiate Insulin by Aggressive Titration and Education (INITIATE): a randomized study to compare initiation of insulin combination therapy in type 2 diabetic patients individually and in groups. Diabetes Care 2007;30:1364-1369
89. Davies M, Storms F, Shutler S, Bianchi-Biscay M, Gomis R; ATLANTUS Study Group. Improvement of glycemic control in subjects with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes: comparison of two treatment algorithms using insulin glargine. Diabetes Care 2005;28:1282-1288 (Pubitemid 40756686)
90. Garber AJ. The importance of titrating starting insulin regimens in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2009;11(Suppl. 5):10-13
91. Owens DR, Luzio SD, Sert-Langeron C, Riddle MC. Effects of initiation and titration of a single pre-prandial dose of insulin glulisine while continuing titrated insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes: a 6-month 'proof-of-concept' study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011;13:1020-027
92. Davidson MB, Raskin P, Tanenberg RJ, Vlajnic A, Hollander P. A stepwise approach to insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and basal insulin treatment failure. Endocr Pract 2011;17:395-403
93. Raccah D. Options for the intensification of insulin therapy when basal insulin is not enough in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008;10(Suppl. 2):76-82
94. Ilag LL, Kerr L, Malone JK, Tan MH. Prandial premixed insulin analogue regimens versus basal insulin analogue regimens in the management of type 2 diabetes: an evidence-based comparison. Clin Ther 2007;29:1254-1270 (Pubitemid 351172223)
95. Avilés-Santa L, Sinding J, Raskin P. Effects of metformin in patients with poorly controlled, insulin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1999;131:182-188 (Pubitemid 29365000)
96. Strowig SM, Raskin P. Combination therapy using metformin or thiazolidinediones and insulin in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2005;7:633-641 (Pubitemid 41601068)
97. Buse JB. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in 2010: individualizing treatment targets in diabetes care. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2011;7:67-68
98. Vilsbøll T, Rosenstock J, Yki-Järvinen H, et al. Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin when added to insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010;12:167-177
99. Del Prato S, Heine RJ, Keilson L, Guitard C, Shen SG, Emmons RP. Treatment of patients over 64 years of age with type 2 diabetes: experience from nateglinide pooled database retrospective analysis. Diabetes Care 2003;26:2075-2080 (Pubitemid 41184255)
100. Booth GL, Kapral MK, Fung K, Tu JV. Relation between age and cardiovascular disease in men and women with diabetes compared with non-diabetic people: a population-based retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2006;368:29-36 (Pubitemid 43947203)
101. Nelson JM, Dufraux K, Cook PF. The relationship between glycemic control and falls in older adults. J AmGeriatr Soc 2007;55:2041-2044 (Pubitemid 350230942)
102. Sluik D, Boeing H, Montonen J, et al. Associations between general and abdominal adiposity and mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Am J Epidemiol 2011;174:22-34
103. Unick JL, Beavers D, Jakicic JM, et al.; Look AHEAD Research Group. Effectiveness of lifestyle interventions for individuals with severe obesity and type 2 diabetes: results from the Look AHEAD trial. Diabetes Care 2011;34:2152-2157
104. Krentz AJ, Bailey CJ. Oral antidiabetic agents: current role in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs 2005;65:385-411 (Pubitemid 40227460)
105. Buchwald H, Estok R, Fahrbach K, et al. Weight and type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery: systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Med 2009;122:248-256.e5
106. Davis TM, Wright AD, Mehta ZM, et al. Islet autoantibodies in clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetes: prevalence and relationship with metabolic control (UKPDS 70). Diabetologia 2005;48:695-702 (Pubitemid 40591225)
107. Park YW, Zhu S, Palaniappan L, Heshka S, Carnethon MR, Heymsfield SB. The metabolic syndrome: prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:427-436 (Pubitemid 36241019)
108. Chen KW, Boyko EJ, Bergstrom RW, et al. Earlier appearance of impaired insulin secretion than of visceral adiposity in the pathogenesis of NIDDM. 5-Year follow-up of initially nondiabetic Japanese-American men. Diabetes Care 1995;18:747-753
109. Kahn SE. The relative contributions of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2003;46:3-19 (Pubitemid 36237741)
110. Malecki MT, Mlynarski W. Monogenic diabetes: implications for therapy of rare types of disease. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008;10:607-616 (Pubitemid 352044290)
111. Nordin C. The case for hypoglycaemia as a proarrhythmic event: basic and clinical evidence. Diabetologia 2010;53:1552-1561
112. Riveline JP, Danchin N, Ledru F, Varroud-Vial M, Charpentier G. Sulfonylureas and cardiovascular effects: from experimental data to clinical use. Available data in humans and clinical applications. Diabetes Metab 2003;29:207-222 (Pubitemid 36807432)
113. Sulistio M, Carothers C, Mangat M, Lujan M, Oliveros R, Chilton R. GLP-1 agonistbased therapies: an emerging new class of antidiabetic drug with potential cardioprotective effects. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2009;11:93-99
114. Hanefeld M, Schaper F. Acarbose: oral anti-diabetes drug with additional cardiovascular benefits. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2008;6:153-163 (Pubitemid 351372584)
115. Gaziano JM, Cincotta AH, O'Connor CM, et al. Randomized clinical trial of quick-release bromocriptine among patients with type 2 diabetes on overall safety and cardiovascular outcomes. Diabetes Care 2010;33:1503-1508
116. Masoudi FA, Inzucchi SE. Diabetes mellitus and heart failure: epidemiology, mechanisms, and pharmacotherapy. Am J Cardiol 2007;99:113B-132B
117. Lago RM, Singh PP, Nesto RW. Congestive heart failure and cardiovascular death in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes given thiazolidinediones: a metaanalysis of randomised clinical trials. Lancet 2007;370:1129-1136 (Pubitemid 47464583)
118. Chaggar PS, Shaw SM, Williams SG. Review article: Thiazolidinediones and heart failure. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2009;6:146-152
119. Tahrani AA, Varughese GI, Scarpello JH, Hanna FW. Metformin, heart failure, and lactic acidosis: is metformin absolutely contraindicated? BMJ 2007;335:508-512 (Pubitemid 47401613)
120. Inzucchi SE, McGuire DK. New drugs for the treatment of diabetes: part II: Incretinbased therapy and beyond. Circulation 2008;117:574-584
121. Huang ES, Liu JY, Moffet HH, John PM, Karter AJ. Glycemic control, complications, and death in older diabetic patients: the Diabetes and Aging Study. Diabetes Care 2011;34:1329-1336
122. Koro CE, Lee BH, Bowlin SJ. Antidiabetic medication use and prevalence of chronic kidney disease among patientswith type 2 diabetes mellitus in the United States. Clin Ther 2009;31:2608-2617
123. Holstein A, Stumvoll M. Contraindications can damage your health - is metformin a case in point? Diabetologia 2005;48:2454-2459 (Pubitemid 41738207)
124. Lipska KJ, Bailey CJ, Inzucchi SE. Use of metformin in the setting of mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency. Diabetes Care 2011; 34:1431-1437
125. Nye HJ, Herrington WG. Metformin: the safest hypoglycaemic agent in chronic kidney disease? Nephron Clin Pract 2011;118:c380-c383
126. Ong JP, Younossi ZM. Epidemiology and natural history of NAFLD and NASH. Clin Liver Dis 2007;11:1-16, vii (Pubitemid 46829973)
127. Musso G, Gambino R, Cassader M, Pagano G. Meta-analysis: natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive tests for liver disease severity. Ann Med 2011;43:617-649
128. Tushuizen ME, Bunck MC, Pouwels PJ, van Waesberghe JH, Diamant M, Heine RJ. Incretin mimetics as a novel therapeutic option for hepatic steatosis. Liver Int 2006;26:1015-1017 (Pubitemid 44323421)
129. Gerstein HC, MillerME, Genuth S, et al.; ACCORD Study Group. Long-term effects of intensive glucose lowering on cardiovascular outcomes. N Engl J Med 2011;364:818-828
130. Bonds DE, Miller ME, Bergenstal RM, et al. The association between symptomatic, severe hypoglycaemia and mortality in type 2 diabetes: retrospective epidemiological analysis of the ACCORD study. BMJ 2010;340:b4909
131. Riddle MC. Counterpoint: Intensive glucose control and mortality in ACCORD - still looking for clues. Diabetes Care 2010;33:2722-2724
132. Berlie HD, Garwood CL. Diabetes medications related to an increased risk of falls and fall-related morbidity in the elderly. Ann Pharmacother 2010;44:712-717
133. Rodbard D. The combinatorics of medications precludes evidence-based algorithms for therapy. Diabetologia 2010;53:2456-2457
134. Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Karasik A, LaaksoM; STOP NIDDM Trial Research Group. Acarbose treatment and the risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: the STOP-NIDDM trial. JAMA 2003;290:486-494 (Pubitemid 37430502)