Adolescent brain development and underage drinking in the United States: Identifying risks of alcohol use in college populations

Harvard Review of Psychiatry

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 189-200

  Silveri, Marisa M ^a  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescence; Brain development; Emerging adulthood; Heavy episodic drinking; Minimum legal drinking age

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL;

ADOLESCENCE; ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT; ADULTHOOD; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALCOHOL INTOXICATION; ALCOHOLISM; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN MATURATION; BRAIN REGION; CHILD PSYCHIATRY; COGNITION; COLLEGE STUDENT; COMORBIDITY; DECISION MAKING; DEPRESSION; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; FAMILY HISTORY; FRONTAL LOBE; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER; GENETIC RISK; GROUPS BY AGE; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE; LEARNING; LONG TERM POTENTIATION; MEMORY; MENTAL DISEASE; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROIMAGING; NONHUMAN; PANIC; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECALL; RESPONSIBILITY; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEDATION; SPATIAL MEMORY; UNITED STATES; WORKING MEMORY;

ADOLESCENT; AGE FACTORS; ALCOHOL DRINKING; ALCOHOL-INDUCED DISORDERS, NERVOUS SYSTEM; ALCOHOLISM; BINGE DRINKING; BRAIN; CHILD; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DECISION MAKING; ETHANOL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PUBLIC POLICY; RISK FACTORS; STUDENTS; UNITED STATES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84865337559     PISSN: 10673229     EISSN: 14657309     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/10673229.2012.714642     Document Type: Review

References (164)

1. Hingson RW, Heeren T, Winter MR. Age of alcoholdependence onset: associations with severity of dependence and seeking treatment. Pediatrics 2006;118:755-63.
2. Brown SA, McGue M, Maggs J, et al. A developmental perspective on alcohol and youths 16 to 20 years of age. Pediatrics 2008;121 suppl 4:S290-310.
3. Witt ED. Research on alcohol and adolescent brain development: opportunities and future directions. Alcohol 2010;44:119-24.
4. Windle M, Spear LP, Fuligni AJ, et al. Transitions into underage and problem drinking: developmental processes and mechanisms between 10 and 15 years of age. Pediatrics 2008;121 suppl 4:S273-89.
5. Bates ME, Labouvie EW. Adolescent risk factors and the prediction of persistent alcohol and drug use into adulthood. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1997;21:944-50. (Pubitemid 27355697)
6. Johnston LD, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG, Schulenberg JE. Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2010, vol. 1: Secondary school students. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, 2011.
7. Arnett JJ. Emerging adulthood. A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. Am Psychol 2000;55:469-80.
8. Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL. Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. JAMA 2004;291:1238-45. (Pubitemid 38541668)
9. Substance Abuse andMentalHealth Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. Results from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, vol. 1: Summary of national findings. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, 2010.
10. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism council approves definition of binge drinking. NIAAA Newsletter;2004;winter. http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Newsletter/ winter2004/ Newsletter Number3.pdf
11. Timberlake DS, Hopfer CJ, Rhee SH, et al. College attendance and its effect on drinking behaviors in a longitudinal study of adolescents. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007;31: 1020-30. (Pubitemid 46776169)
12. White AM, Kraus CL, Swartzwelder H. Many college freshmen drink at levels far beyond the binge threshold. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006;30:1006-10. (Pubitemid 43823262)
13. Hingson RW, Zha W, Weitzman ER. Magnitude of and trends in alcohol-related mortality and morbidity among U.S. college students ages 18-24, 1998-2005. J Stud Alcohol Drugs Suppl 2009;(suppl 16):12-20.
14. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. Results from the 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, vol. 1: Summary of national findings. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, 2002.
15. Knight JR, Wechsler H, Kuo M, Seibring M, Weitzman ER, Schuckit MA. Alcohol abuse and dependence among U.S. college students. J Stud Alcohol 2002;63:263-70. (Pubitemid 34651262)
16. Grant BF, Dawson DA. Age at onset of alcohol use and its association with DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey. J Subst Abuse 1997;9:103-10. (Pubitemid 29381588)
17. Hingson RW, Heeren T, Winter MR. Age at drinking onset and alcohol dependence: age at onset, duration, and severity. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006;160:739-46.
18. Giedd JN, Snell JW, Lange N, et al. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of human brain development: ages 4-18. Cereb Cortex 1996;6:551-60. (Pubitemid 26278180)
19. Jernigan TL, Trauner DA, Hesselink JR, Tallal PA. Maturation of human cerebrum observed in vivo during adolescence. Brain 1991;114:2037-49.
20. Pfefferbaum A, Mathalon DH, Sullivan EV, Rawles JM, Zipursky RB, Lim KO. A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study of changes in brain morphology from infancy to late adulthood. Arch Neurol 1994;51:874-87. (Pubitemid 24286042)
21. Sullivan EV, Pfefferbaum A, Rohlfing T, Baker FC, Padilla ML, Colrain IM. Developmental change in regional brain structure over 7 months in early adolescence: comparison of approaches for longitudinal atlas-based parcellation. Neuroimage 2011;57:214-24.
22. Gogtay N, Thompson PM. Mapping gray matter development: implications for typical development and vulnerability to psychopathology. Brain Cogn 2009;72:6-15.
23. Bennett CM, Baird AA. Anatomical changes in the emerging adult brain: a voxel-based morphometry study. Hum Brain Mapp 2006;27:766-77. (Pubitemid 44412052)
24. Anderson V. Assessing executive functions in children: biological, psychological, and developmental considerations. Pediatr Rehabil 2001;4:119-36.
25. Klenberg L, Korkman M, Lahti-Nuuttila P. Differential development of attention and executive functions in 3- to 12-yearold Finnish children. Dev Neuropsychol 2001;20:407-28. (Pubitemid 34106516)
26. Rosso IM, Young AD, Femia LA, Yurgelun-Todd DA. Cognitive and emotional components of frontal lobe functioning in childhood and adolescence. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1021:355-62. (Pubitemid 38879646)
27. Williams BR, Ponesse JS, Schachar RJ, Logan GD, Tannock R. Development of inhibitory control across the life span. Dev Psychol 1999;35:205-13.
28. Casey BJ, Giedd JN, Thomas KM. Structural and functional brain development and its relation to cognitive development. Biol Psychol 2000;54:241-57.
29. Giedd JN, Blumenthal J, JeffriesNO, et al. Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study. Nat Neurosci 1999;2:861-3. (Pubitemid 30602596)
30. Sowell ER, Thompson PM, Tessner KD, Toga AW. Mapping continued brain growth and gray matter density reduction in dorsal frontal cortex: inverse relationships during postadolescent brain maturation. J Neurosci 2001;21:8819-29. (Pubitemid 33054846)
31. Sowell ER, Thompson PM, Toga AW. Mapping changes in the human cortex throughout the span of life. Neuroscientist 2004;10:372-92. (Pubitemid 38971216)
32. Arnett J. Reckless behavior in adolescence-a developmental perspective. Dev Rev 1992;12:339-73.
33. Trimpop RM, Kerr JH, Kirkcaldy BD. Comparing personality constructs of risk-taking behavior. Pers Individ Dif 1999;26:237-54.
34. Dempster FN. The rise and fall of the inhibitory mechanism- toward a unified theory of cognitive-development and aging. Dev Rev 1992;12:45-75.
35. Durston S, Casey BJ. What have we learned about cognitive development from neuroimaging? Neuropsychologia 2006;44:2149-57. (Pubitemid 43993992)
36. Silveri MM, Rohan ML, Pimentel PJ, Gruber SA, Rosso IM, Yurgelun-Todd DA. Sex differences in the relationship between white matter microstructure and impulsivity in adolescents. Magn Reson Imaging 2006;24:833-41. (Pubitemid 44205390)
37. Marczinski CA, FillmoreMT. Clubgoers and their trendy cocktails: implications of mixing caffeine into alcohol on information processing and subjective reports of intoxication. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;14:450-8. (Pubitemid 44789966)
38. Curry K, Stasio MJ. The effects of energy drinks alone and with alcohol on neuropsychological functioning. Hum Psychopharmacol 2009;24:473-81.
39. Cleary K, Levine DA, Hoffman RS. Adolescents and young adults presenting to the emergency department intoxicated from a caffeinated alcoholic beverage: a case series. Ann Emerg Med 2011;59:67-9.
40. White AM, Kraus CL, Flom JD, et al. College students lack knowledge of standard drink volumes: implications for definitions of risky drinking based on survey data. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005;29:631-8. (Pubitemid 40547867)
41. Carey KB, Hustad JT. Are retrospectively reconstructed blood alcohol concentrations accurate? Preliminary results from a field study. J Stud Alcohol 2002;63:762-6. (Pubitemid 36042325)
42. Hagman BT, Cohn AM, Noel NE, Clifford PR. Collateral informant assessment in alcohol use research involving college students. J Am Coll Health 2010;59:82-90.
43. Borsari B, Muellerleile P. Collateral reports in the college setting: a meta-analytic integration. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009;33:826-38.
44. Little P, Kuhn C, Wilson WA, Swartzwelder HS. Differential effects of ethanol in adolescent and adult rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996;20:1346-51. (Pubitemid 26393934)
45. Silveri MM, Spear LP. Decreased sensitivity to the hypnotic effects of ethanol early in ontogeny. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998;22:670-6. (Pubitemid 28242474)
46. Silveri MM, Spear LP. Ontogeny of rapid tolerance to the hypnotic effects of ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999;23: 1180-4. (Pubitemid 29352804)
47. Linsenbardt DN, Moore EM, Gross CD, Goldfarb KJ, Blackman LC, Boehm SL 2nd. Sensitivity and tolerance to the hypnotic and ataxic effects of ethanol in adolescent and adult C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009;33:464-76.
48. Hollstedt C, Olsson O, Rydberg U. Effects of ethanol on the developing rat: II. Coordination as measured by the tiltingplane test. Med Biol 1980;58:164-8. (Pubitemid 11161879)
49. Silveri MM, Spear LP. Acute, rapid, and chronic tolerance during ontogeny: observations when equating ethanol perturbation across age. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001;25:1301-8. (Pubitemid 32868338)
50. Ristuccia RC, Spear LP. Adolescent ethanol sensitivity: hypothermia and acute tolerance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1021:445-7. (Pubitemid 38879662)
51. Silveri MM, Spear LP. Ontogeny of ethanol elimination and ethanol-induced hypothermia. Alcohol 2000;20:45-53. (Pubitemid 30058348)
52. Swartzwelder HS, Richardson RC, Markwiese-Foerch B, Wilson WA, Little PJ. Developmental differences in the acquisition of tolerance to ethanol. Alcohol 1998;4:311-4. (Pubitemid 28205101)
53. Broadwater M, Varlinskaya EI, Spear LP. Different chronic ethanol exposure regimens in adolescent and adult male rats: effects on tolerance to ethanol-induced motor impairment. Behav Brain Res 2011;225:358-62.
54. Matthews DB, Tinsley KL, Diaz-Granados JL, Tokunaga S, Silvers JM. Chronic intermittent exposure to ethanol during adolescence produces tolerance to the hypnotic effects of ethanol in male rats: a dose-dependent analysis. Alcohol 2008;42:617-21.
55. Schwandt ML, Higley JD, Suomi SJ, Heilig M, Barr CS. Rapid tolerance and locomotor sensitization in ethanol-naive adolescent rhesus macaques. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008;32:1217-28.
56. Silveri MM, Spear LP. The effects of NMDA and GABAA pharmacological manipulations on acute and rapid tolerance to ethanol during ontogeny. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004;28:884-94. (Pubitemid 38780566)
57. Silvers JM, Tokunaga S, Mittleman G, Matthews DB. Chronic intermittent injections of high-dose ethanol during adolescence produce metabolic, hypnotic, and cognitive tolerance in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2003;27: 1606-12. (Pubitemid 37280743)
58. Varlinskaya EI, Spear LP. Ontogeny of acute tolerance to ethanol-induced social inhibition in Sprague-Dawley rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006;30:1833-44. (Pubitemid 44630085)
59. Varlinskaya EI, Spear LP. Chronic tolerance to the social consequences of ethanol in adolescent and adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2007;29:23-30. (Pubitemid 46205156)
60. Chung CS, Wang J, Wehman M, Rhoads DE. Severity of alcohol withdrawal symptoms depends on developmental stage of Long-Evans rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2008;89:137-44.
61. Doremus-Fitzwater TL, Spear LP. Developmental differences in acute ethanol withdrawal in adolescent and adult rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007;31:1516-27. (Pubitemid 47319665)
62. Slawecki CJ, Roth J, Gilder A. Neurobehavioral profiles during the acute phase of ethanol withdrawal in adolescent and adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Behav Brain Res 2006;170:41-51.
63. Varlinskaya EI, Spear LP. Acute ethanol withdrawal (hangover) and social behavior in adolescent and adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004;28:40-50. (Pubitemid 38114022)
64. Morris SA,KelsoML, LiputDJ, Marshall SA,Nixon K. Similar withdrawal severity in adolescents and adults in a rat model of alcohol dependence. Alcohol 2010;44:89-98.
65. Pyapali GK, Turner DA, Wilson WA, Swartzwelder HS. Age and dose-dependent effects of ethanol on the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation. Alcohol 1999;19: 107-11. (Pubitemid 29467507)
66. Swartzwelder HS, Wilson WA, Tayyeb MI. Age-dependent inhibition of long-term potentiation by ethanol in immature versus mature hippocampus. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1995;19:1480-5. (Pubitemid 26005697)
67. Markwiese BJ, Acheson SK, Levin ED, Wilson WA, Swartzwelder HS. Differential effects of ethanol on memory in adolescent and adult rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998;22:416-21. (Pubitemid 28208964)
68. Sircar R, Basak AK, Sircar D. Repeated ethanol exposure affects the acquisition of spatial memory in adolescent female rats. Behav Brain Res 2009;202:225-31.
69. Yttri EA, Burk JA, Hunt PS. Intermittent ethanol exposure in adolescent rats: dose-dependent impairments in trace conditioning. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004;28:1433-6. (Pubitemid 39390463)
70. Sircar R, SircarD. Adolescent rats exposed to repeated ethanol treatment show lingering behavioral impairments. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005;29:1402-10. (Pubitemid 41243364)
71. Acheson SK, Ross EL, Swartzwelder HS.Age-independent and dose-response effects of ethanol on spatial memory in rats. Alcohol 2001;23:167-75. (Pubitemid 32619081)
72. Brown SA, Tapert SF, Granholm E, Delis DC. Neurocognitive functioning of adolescents: effects of protracted alcohol use. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000;24:164-71. (Pubitemid 30117417)
73. Squeglia LM, Spadoni AD, Infante MA,Myers MG, Tapert SF. Initiating moderate to heavy alcohol use predicts changes in neuropsychological functioning for adolescent girls and boys. Psychol Addict Behav 2009;23:715-22.
74. Schulteis G, Archer C, Tapert SF, Frank LR. Intermittent binge alcohol exposure during the periadolescent period induces spatial working memory deficits in young adult rats. Alcohol 2008;42:459-67.
75. McClain JA, Morris SA, Deeny MA, et al. Adolescent binge alcohol exposure induces long-lasting partial activation of microglia. Brain Behav Immun 2011;25 suppl 1:S120-8.
76. Nixon K, Crews FT. Binge ethanol exposure decreases neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus. J Neurochem 2002;83:1087-93. (Pubitemid 35397118)
77. Obernier JA, White AM, Swartzwelder HS, Crews FT. Cognitive deficits and CNS damage after a 4-day binge ethanol exposure in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002;72: 521-32. (Pubitemid 34450852)
78. Crews FT, Nixon K. Mechanisms of neurodegeneration and regeneration in alcoholism. Alcohol Alcohol 2009;44:115-27.
79. HuntWA. Are binge drinkers more at risk of developing brain damage? Alcohol 1993;10:559-61. (Pubitemid 24012686)
80. Bava S, Tapert SF. Adolescent brain development and the risk for alcohol and other drug problems. Neuropsychol Rev 2010;20:398-413.
81. Oscar-Berman M. Learning and memory deficits in detoxified alcoholics. NIDA Res Monogr 1990;101:136-55.
82. Oscar-Berman M. Neuropsychological vulnerabilities in chronic alcoholism. In: Noronha A, Eckardt M,Warren K, eds. Review of NIAAA's neuroscience and behavioral research portfolio. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, 2000.
83. Oscar-Berman M, Marinkovic K. Alcoholism and the brain: an overview. Alcohol Res Health 2003;27:125-33. (Pubitemid 39406793)
84. Parsons OA, Nixon SJ. Cognitive functioning in sober social drinkers: a review of the research since 1986. J Stud Alcohol 1998;59:180-90. (Pubitemid 28106606)
85. Oscar-Berman M, Ellis RJ. Cognitive deficits related to memory impairments in alcoholism. Recent Dev Alcohol 1987;5:59-80.
86. Oscar-Berman M, Marinkovic K. Alcohol: effects on neurobehavioral functions and the brain. Neuropsychol Rev 2007;17:239-57. (Pubitemid 47498181)
87. Fillmore MT, Marczinski CA, Bowman AM. Acute tolerance to alcohol effects on inhibitory and activational mechanisms of behavioral control. J Stud Alcohol 2005;66:663-72. (Pubitemid 41407304)
88. Goudriaan AE, Grekin ER, Sher KJ. Decision making and binge drinking: a longitudinal study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007;31:928-38. (Pubitemid 46776165)
89. Hartley DE, Elsabagh S, File SE. Binge drinking and sex: effects on mood and cognitive function in healthy young volunteers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2004;78:611-9. (Pubitemid 38901028)
90. Marczinski CA, Combs SW, FillmoreMT. Increased sensitivity to the disinhibiting effects of alcohol in binge drinkers. Psychol Addict Behav 2007;21:346-54. (Pubitemid 47488761)
91. Sher KJ, Martin ED, Wood PK, Rutledge PC. Alcohol use disorders and neuropsychological functioning in first-year undergraduates. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 1997;5:304-15. (Pubitemid 27346456)
92. Townshend JM, Duka T. Binge drinking, cognitive performance and mood in a population of young social drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005;29:317-25. (Pubitemid 40446122)
93. Weissenborn R, Duka T. Acute alcohol effects on cognitive function in social drinkers: their relationship to drinking habits. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003;165:306-12. (Pubitemid 36197606)
94. Harris GJ, Jaffin SK, Hodge SM, et al. Frontal white matter and cingulum diffusion tensor imaging deficits in alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008;32:1001-13. (Pubitemid 351733083)
95. Jang DP, Namkoong K, Kim JJ, et al. The relationship between brain morphometry and neuropsychological performance in alcohol dependence. Neurosci Lett 2007;428:21-6. (Pubitemid 47633807)
96. Makris N, Oscar-Berman M, Jaffin SK, et al. Decreased volume of the brain reward system in alcoholism. Biol Psychiatry 2008;64:192-202.
97. Paulus MP, Tapert SF, Pulido C, Schuckit MA. Alcohol attenuates load-related activation during a working memory task: relation to level of response to alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006;30:1363-71. (Pubitemid 44114687)
98. Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV, Mathalon DH, Lim KO. Frontal lobe volume loss observed withmagnetic resonance imaging in older chronic alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1997;21:521-9. (Pubitemid 27217197)
99. Sullivan EV, Pfefferbaum A. Neurocircuitry in alcoholism: a substrate of disruption and repair. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005;180:583-94. (Pubitemid 41317855)
100. Tapert SF, Brown GG, Baratta MV, Brown SA. fMRI BOLD response to alcohol stimuli in alcohol dependent young women. Addict Behav 2004;29:33-50. (Pubitemid 37518226)
101. Yan P, Li CS. Decreased amygdala activation during risk taking in non-dependent habitual alcohol users: a preliminary fMRI study of the stop signal task. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2009;35:284-9.
102. Li CS, Luo X, Yan P, Bergquist K, Sinha R. Altered impulse control in alcohol dependence: neural measures of stop signal performance. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009;33:740-50.
103. Bednarski SR, Erdman E, Luo X, Zhang S, Hu S, Li CS. Neural processes of an indirect analog of risk taking in young nondependent adult alcohol drinkers-an fMRI study of the stop signal task. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2012;36: 768-79.
104. Karch S, Jager L, Karamatskos E, et al. Influence of trait anxiety on inhibitory control in alcohol-dependent patients: simultaneous acquisition of ERPs and BOLD responses. J Psychiatr Res 2008;42:734-45. (Pubitemid 351636098)
105. Buhler M, Mann K. Alcohol and the human brain: a systematic review of different neuroimaging methods. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011;35:1771-93.
106. Meyerhoff DJ, Durazzo TC, Ende G. Chronic alcohol consumption, abstinence and relapse: brain protonmagnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in animals and humans. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2011 Jun 19 [Epub ahead of print].
107. Tapert SF, Brown SA. Neuropsychological correlates of adolescent substance abuse: four-year outcomes. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 1999;5:481-93.
108. DeBellis MD, Clark DB, Beers SR, et al. Hippocampal volume in adolescent-onset alcohol use disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:737-44. (Pubitemid 30249652)
109. Tapert SF, Schweinsburg AD, Barlett VC, et al. Blood oxygen level dependent response and spatial working memory in adolescents with alcohol use disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004;28:1577-86. (Pubitemid 39390481)
110. McQueeny T, Schweinsburg BC, Schweinsburg AD, et al. Altered white matter integrity in adolescent binge drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009;33:1278-85.
111. Schweinsburg AD, McQueeny T, Nagel BJ, Eyler LT, Tapert SF. A preliminary study of functional magnetic resonance imaging response during verbal encoding among adolescent binge drinkers. Alcohol 2010;44:111-7.
112. Squeglia LM, Schweinsburg AD, Pulido C, Tapert SF. Adolescent binge drinking linked to abnormal spatial working memory brain activation: differential gender effects. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011;35:1831-41.
113. De Bellis MD, Narasimhan A, Thatcher DL, Keshavan MS, Soloff P, Clark DB. Prefrontal cortex, thalamus, and cerebellar volumes in adolescents and young adults with adolescent-onset alcohol use disorders and comorbid mental disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005;29: 1590-600 (Pubitemid 41395608)
114. Nagel BJ, Schweinsburg AD, Phan V, Tapert SF. Reduced hippocampal volume among adolescents with alcohol use disorders without psychiatric comorbidity. Psychiatry Res 2005;139:181-90. (Pubitemid 41116662)
115. Medina KL, McQueeny T, Nagel BJ, Hanson KL, Schweinsburg AD, Tapert SF. Prefrontal cortex volumes in adolescents with alcohol use disorders: unique gender effects. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008;32:386-94. (Pubitemid 351301001)
116. Meyerhoff DJ, Blumenfeld R, Truran D, et al. Effects of heavy drinking, binge drinking, and family history of alcoholism on regional brain metabolites. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004;28:650-61. (Pubitemid 38506901)
117. Adinoff B. Neurobiologic processes in drug reward and addiction. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2004;12:305-20. (Pubitemid 40144218)
118. Koob GF, Volkow ND. Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010;35:217-38.
119. Yucel M, Lubman DI, Solowij N, Brewer WJ. Understanding drug addiction: a neuropsychological perspective. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2007;41:957-68. (Pubitemid 350120825)
120. Yucel M, Lubman DI. Neurocognitive and neuroimaging evidence of behavioural dysregulation in human drug addiction: implications for diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Drug Alcohol Rev 2007;26:33-9.
121. Chung T, Martin CS. What were they thinking? Adolescents' interpretations of DSM-IV alcohol dependence symptom queries and implications for diagnostic validity. Drug Alcohol Depend 2005;80:191-200 (Pubitemid 41427633)
122. Chung T, Martin CS, Winters KC, Langenbucher JW. Assessment of alcohol tolerance in adolescents. J Stud Alcohol 2001;62:687-95. (Pubitemid 33021408)
123. SchuckitMA, Smith TL, Hesselbrock V, et al. Clinical implications of tolerance to alcohol in nondependent young drinkers. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2008;34:133-49. (Pubitemid 351302174)
124. Koob GF, Ahmed SH, Boutrel B, et al. Neurobiological mechanisms in the transition from drug use to drug dependence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2004;27:739-49. (Pubitemid 38199606)
125. Koob GF, Volkow ND. Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009;35:217-38.
126. Biederman J, Faraone SV, Monuteaux MC, Feighner JA. Patterns of alcohol and drug use in adolescents can be predicted by parental substance use disorders. Pediatrics 2000;106:792-7.
127. Chassin L, Barerra M. Substance use escalation and substance use restraint among adolescent children of alcoholics. Psychol Addict Behav 1993;7:3-20.
128. Clark DB, Cornelius JR, Kirisci L, Tarter RE. Childhood risk categories for adolescent substance involvement: a general liability typology. Drug Alcohol Depend 2005;77:13-21. (Pubitemid 39656095)
129. Hill SY, Shen S, Lowers L, Locke J. Factors predicting the onset of adolescent drinking in families at high risk for developing alcoholism. Biol Psychiatry 2000;48:265-75. (Pubitemid 30645796)
130. McGue M, Iacono WG, Legrand LN, Elkins I. Origins and consequences of age at first drink. II. Familial risk and heritability. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001;25:1166-73. (Pubitemid 32758468)
131. McGue M, Iacono WG, Legrand LN, Malone S, Elkins I. Origins and consequences of age at first drink. I. Associations with substance-use disorders, disinhibitory behavior and psychopathology, and P3 amplitude. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001;25:1156-65. (Pubitemid 32758467)
132. Chassin L, Flora DB, King KM. Trajectories of alcohol and drug use and dependence from adolescence to adulthood: the effects of familial alcoholism and personality. J Abnorm Psychol 2004;113:483-98. (Pubitemid 39431104)
133. Lieb R, Merikangas KR, Hofler M, Pfister H, Isensee B, Wittchen HU. Parental alcohol use disorders and alcohol use and disorders in offspring: a community study. Psychol Med 2002;32:63-78. (Pubitemid 33150504)
134. Milberger S, Faraone SV, Biederman J, ChuMP, Feighner JA. Substance use disorders in high-risk adolescent offspring. Am J Addict 1999;8:211-9. (Pubitemid 29409789)
135. Poon E, Ellis DA, Fitzgerald HE, Zucker RA. Intellectual, cognitive, and academic performance among sons of alcoholics, during the early school years: differences related to subtypes of familial alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000;24: 1020-7. (Pubitemid 30604321)
136. McGrath CE, Watson AL, Chassin L. Academic achievement in adolescent children of alcoholics. J Stud Alcohol 1999;60:18-26. (Pubitemid 29001170)
137. Murphy RT, O'Farrell TJ, Floyd FJ, Connors GJ. School adjustment of children of alcoholic fathers: comparison to normal controls. Addict Behav 1991;16:275-87.
138. Silveri MM, Tzilos GK, Pimentel PJ, Yurgelun-Todd DA. Trajectories of adolescent emotional and cognitive development: effects of sex and risk for drug use. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1021:363-70. (Pubitemid 38879647)
139. Alterman AI, Searles JS,Hall JG. Failure to find differences in drinking behavior as a function of familial risk for alcoholism: a replication. J Abnorm Psychol 1989;98:50-3. (Pubitemid 19068868)
140. Johnson JL, Rolf JE. Cognitive functioning in children from alcoholic and non-alcoholic families. Br J Addict 1988;83:849-57.
141. Schuckit MA, Butters N, Lyn L, Irwin M. Neuropsychologic deficits and the risk for alcoholism. Neuropsychopharmacology 1987;1:45-53. (Pubitemid 19125248)
142. Silveri MM, Tzilos GK, Yurgelun-Todd DA. Relationship between white matter volume and cognitive performance during adolescence: effects of age, sex and risk for drug use. Addiction 2008;103:1509-20.
143. Reich W, Earls F, Frankel O, Shayka JJ. Psychopathology in children of alcoholics. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993;32:995-100
144. Vitaro F, Dobkin PL, Carbonneau R, Tremblay RE. Personal and familial characteristics of resilient sons of male alcoholics. Addiction 1996;91:1161-77. (Pubitemid 26273454)
145. Hanson KL,Medina KL, Nagel BJ, Spadoni AD, Gorlick A, Tapert SF. Hippocampal volumes in adolescents with and without a family history of alcoholism. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2010;36:161-7.
146. Hill SY, De Bellis MD, Keshavan MS, et al. Right amygdala volume in adolescent and young adult offspring from families at high risk for developing alcoholism. Biol Psychiatry 2001;49:894-905 (Pubitemid 32493811)
147. Hill SY, Muddasani S, Prasad K, et al. Cerebellar volume in offspring from multiplex alcohol dependence families. Biol Psychiatry 2007;61:41-7. (Pubitemid 44855734)
148. Hill SY,Wang S, Kostelnik B, et al. Disruption of orbitofrontal cortex laterality in offspring from multiplex alcohol dependence families. Biol Psychiatry 2009;65:129-36.
149. Spadoni AD, Norman AL, Schweinsburg AD, Tapert SF. Effects of family history of alcohol use disorders on spatial working memory BOLD response in adolescents. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008;32:1135-45.
150. Schweinsburg AD, Paulus MP, Barlett VC, et al. An FMRI study of response inhibition in youths with a family history of alcoholism. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1021:391-4. (Pubitemid 38879651)
151. Silveri MM, Rogowska J, McCaffrey A, Yurgelun-Todd DA. Adolescents at risk for alcohol abuse demonstrate altered frontal lobe activation during Stroop performance. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011;35:218-28.
152. Rose RJ, Dick DM, Viken RJ, Pulkkinen L, Kaprio J. Genetic and environmental effects on conduct disorder and alcohol dependence symptoms and their covariation at age 14. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004;28:1541-8. (Pubitemid 39390476)
153. Goudriaan AE, Grekin ER, Sher KJ. Decision making and response inhibition as predictors of heavy alcohol use: a prospective study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011;35: 1050-7.
154. Kirisci L, Tarter RE, Vanyukov M, Reynolds M, Habeych M. Relation between cognitive distortions and neurobehavior disinhibition on the development of substance use during adolescence and substance use disorder by young adulthood: a prospective study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004;76: 125-33. (Pubitemid 39370808)
155. Tarter RE, Kirisci L, Habeych M, Reynolds M, Vanyukov M. Neurobehavior disinhibition in childhood predisposes boys to substance use disorder by young adulthood: direct and mediated etiologic pathways. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004;73:121-32. (Pubitemid 38068348)
156. Nasrallah NA, Yang TW, Bernstein IL. Long-term risk preference and suboptimal decision making following adolescent alcohol use. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009;106: 17600-4.
157. Zivin K, Eisenberg D, Gollust SE, Golberstein E. Persistence of mental health problems and needs in a college student population. J Affect Disord 2009;117:180-5.
158. Eisenberg D, Gollust SE, Golberstein E, Hefner JL. Prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and suicidality among university students. Am J Orthopsychiatry 2007;77: 534-42. (Pubitemid 351163204)
159. Gonzalez VM, Reynolds B, Skewes MC. Role of impulsivity in the relationship between depression and alcohol problems among emerging adult college drinkers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2011;19:303-13.
160. Bolton J, Cox B, Clara I, Sareen J. Use of alcohol and drugs to self-medicate anxiety disorders in a nationally representative sample. J Nerv Ment Dis 2006;194:818-25. (Pubitemid 44747902)
161. Carrigan MH, Randall CL. Self-medication in social phobia: a review of the alcohol literature. Addict Behav 2003;28:269-84. (Pubitemid 36164859)
162. Norberg MM, Norton AR, Olivier J, Zvolensky MJ. Social anxiety, reasons for drinking, and college students. Behav Ther 2010;41:555-66.
163. Morris EP, Stewart SH, Ham LS. The relationship between social anxiety disorder and alcohol use disorders: a critical review. Clin Psychol Rev 2005;25:734-60. (Pubitemid 41021838)
164. Koven NS, Heller W, Miller GA. The unique relationship between fear of cognitive dyscontrol and self-reports of problematic drinking. Addict Behav 2005;30:489-99. (Pubitemid 40249403)