Overview of biomass pretreatment for cellulosic ethanol production

International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 51-68

  Zheng, Yi ^a   Pan, Zhongli ^a,b   Zhang, Ruihong ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b WESTERN REGIONAL RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Cellulose; Cellulosic ethanol; Enzymatic hydrolysis; Fermentation; Hemicellulose; Lignin; Lignocellulosic biomass; Pretreatment

Indexed keywords

EID: 84865276754     PISSN: 19346344     EISSN: 19346352     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3965/j.issn.1934-6344.2009.03.051-068     Document Type: Article

References (185)

1. BiofuelsDigest, 2008. http://biofuelsdigest.com/blog2/2008/01/09/us-ethanol-production-capacity-to-increase-to-133-billion-gallons-in-2008/. Accessed on [2009-9-1].
2. McKendry P. Energy production from biomass (part 1):overview of biomass. Bioresour Technol, 2002; 83: 37-46.
3. Saha B C. Alpha.-L-Arabinofuranosidases: biochemistry, molecular biology and application in biotechnology. Biotechnol Adv, 2000; 18(5): 403-423.
4. Wingren A, Galbe M, Roslander C, et al. Effect of reductionin yeast and enzyme concentrations in a simultaneoussaccharification-and-fermentation-based bioethanol process. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2005; 122: 485-499.
5. Schell D J, Farmer J, Newman M, et al. Dilute sulfuric acidpretreatment of corn stover in pilot-scale reactor-investigation of yields, kinetics, and enzymatic digestibilitiesof solids. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2003; 105: 69-85.
6. Mosier N S, Wyman C, Dale B, et al. Features ofpromising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosicbiomass. Bioresour Technol, 2005; 96: 673-686.
7. Mosier N S, Hendrickson R, Dreschel R, et al. Principlesand economics of pretreating cellulose in water for ethanolproduction, Paper No. 103, BIOT Division, 225th AmericanChemical Society Meeting, New Orleans, 2003, March.
8. Mosier N S, Hendrickson R, Welch G, et al. Corn fiberpretreatment scale-up and evaluation in an industrial corn toethanol facility. Paper No. 6A-04, 25th Symposium onBiotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals, Breckenridge, CO,2003.
9. Chang V, Holtzapple M. Fundamental factors affectingbiomass enzymatic reactivity. Appl Biochem Biotechnol,2000; 84/86: 5-37.
10. Aristidou A, Penttila M. Metabolic engineering applicationsto renewable resource utilization. Curr Opin Biotechnol,2000; 11: 187-198.
11. Bothast R J, Nichols N N, Dien B S, et al. Biocatalysts forproduction of bioethanol. Society of Industrial MicrobiologyAnnual Meeting, 2002, paper No. 12-1.
12. Dien B S, Cotta M A, Jeffries T W. Bacteria engineered forfuel ethanol production: Current status. Appl MicrobiolBiotechnol, 2003; 63: 258-266.
13. Ruohonen L, Aristidou A, Frey A D, et al. Expression ofVitreoscilla hemoglobina improves the metabolismo ofxylose in recombinant yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiaeunder low oxygen conditions. Enzyme Microb Technol,2006; 39: 6-14.
14. Sues A, Millati R, Edebo L, et al. Ethanol production fromhexoses, pentoses, and dilute-acid hydrolyzate by Mucorindicus. FEMS Yeast Res, 2005; 5: 669-676.
15. Lynd L R, Weimer P J, van Zyl W H, et al. Microbialcellulose utilization: fundamentals and biotechnology. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 2002; 66: 506-577.
16. Gulati M, Westgate P J, Brewer M, et al. Sorptive recoveryof dilute ethanol from distillation column bottoms stream. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 1996; 57/58: 103-119.
17. Ladisch M R, Voloch M, Hong J, et al. Cornmeal adsorberfor dehydrating ethanol vapors. I&EC Process Des Dev,1984; 23: 437-443.
18. Ladisch M R, Dyck K. Dehydration of ethanol: newapproach gives positive energy balance. Science, 1979; 205:898-900.
19. Onuki S, Koziel K A, van Leeuwen J, et al. Ethanolproduction, purification, and análisis techniques: a review. ASABE, paper No. 085136, Providence, RI. 2008.
20. Wyman C E. Cellulosic ethanol: A unique sustainable liquidtransportation fuel. MRS Bull, 2008; 33: 381-383.
21. Mansfield S D, Mooney C, Saddler J N. Substrates andenzyme characteristics that limit cellulose hydrolysis. Biotechnol Prog, 1999, 15: 804-816.
22. McMillan J D. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. In:Himmel M. E, Baker J O, Overend R P (Ed.), editors. Enzymatic Conversion of Biomass for Fuels Production. Washington, DC: ACS Symp Ser. ACS, 1994; 566: 292-324.
23. Kim S, Holtzapple M T, Lime pretreatment and enzymatichydrolysis of corn stover. Bioresour Technol, 2005; 96:1994-2006.
24. Kim S, Holtzapple M T. Effect of structural features onenzyme digestibility of corn stover. Bioresour Technol, 2006;97: 583-591.
25. Yang B, Wyman C E. Effect of xylan and lignin removal bybatch and flowthrowgh pretreatment on the enzymaticdigestibility of corn stover cellulose. Biotechnol Bioeng,2004; 86: 88-98.
26. Zhu L, Dwyer J P O, Chang V S, et al. Structural featuresaffecting biomass enzymatic digestibility. Bioresour Technol,2008; 99: 3817-3828.
27. Hsu T-A. Pretreatment of biomass. In: Wyman C E (Ed.), editor. Handbook on Bioethanol, Production and Utilization. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis, 1996; pp. 179-212.
28. National Research Council. Committee on BiobasedIndustrial Products, Biobased Industrial Products-Prioritiesfor Research and Commercialization. National AcademyPress, 1999.
29. Palmqvist E, Hahn-Hagerdal B. Fermentation oflignocellulosic hydrolyzates. II: inhibitors and mechanismsof inhibition. Bioresour Technol, 2000; 74: 25-33.
30. Wyman C E. Biomass ethanol: technical progress, opportunities, and commercial challenges. Annu Rev EnergyEnv, 1999; 24: 189-226.
31. Chandra R P, Bura R, Mabee W E, et al. Substratepretreatment: the key to effective enzymatic hydrolysis oflignocellulosics? Adv Biochem Engin/Biotechnol, 2007; 108:67-93.
32. Weil J R, Sarikaya A, Rau S-L, et al. Pretreatment of yellowpoplar sawdust by pressure cooking in water. Appl BiochemBiotechnol, 1997; 68: 21-40.
33. Cantarella M, Cantarella L, Gallifuoco A, et al. Effect ofinhibitors released Turing steam-explosion treatment ofpoplar wood on subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis and SSF. Biotechnol Progr, 2004; 20: 200-206.
34. Garcia-Aparicio M P, Ballesteros I, Gonzalez A, et al. Effectof inhibitors released during steam-explosion pretreatmentof barley straw on enzymatic hydrolysis. Appl BiochemBiotechnol, 2006; 129: 278-288.
35. Ballesteros I, Ballesteros M, Manzanares P, et al. Dilutesulfuric acid pretreatment of cardoon for etanol production. Biochem Eng J, 2008; 42: 84-91.
36. Negro M J, Manzanares P, Oliva J M, et al. Changes invarious physical/Chemicals parameters of Pinus pinasterwood after steam explosion pretreatment. BiomassBioenergy, 2003; 25: 301-308.
37. Wright J D. Ethanol from biomass by enzymatic hydrolysis. Chem Eng Prog, 1988; 84: 62-74.
38. Ballesteros I, Oliva J M, Negro M J, et al. Enzymatichydrolysis of steam exploded herbaceous agricultural waste(Brassica carinata) at different particle sizes. ProcessBiochem, 2002; 38: 187-192.
39. Grous W R, Converse A O, Grethlein H E. Effect of steamexplosion pretreatment on pore size and enzymatichydrolysis of poplar. Enzyme Microb Technol, 1986; 8: 274-280.
40. Michalowicz G, Toussaint B, Vignon M R. Ultrastructural-changing in poplar cell wall during steamexplosion treatment. Holzforschung, 1991; 45: 175-179.
41. Biermann C J, Schultz, T P, McGinnis G D J. Rapid steamhydrolysis/extraction of mixed hardwoods as a biomasspretreatment. Wood Chem Technol, 1984; 4(1): 111-128.
42. Brownell H H, Yu E K C, Saddler J N. Steam explosionpretreatment of wood: effect of chip size, acid moisturecontent, and pressure drop. Biotechnol Bioeng, 1986; 28:792-801.
43. Excoffier G, Toussaint B, Vignon M R. Saccharification ofsteam-exploded poplar wood. Biotech Bioeng, 1991; 38:1308-1317.
44. Heitz M, Capek-Menard E, Koeberle P G, et al. Fractionation of Populus tremuloides in the pilot plant scale:optimization of steam pretreament conditions using STAKEII technology. Bioresour Technol, 1991; 35: 23-32.
45. Brandon S K, Eiteman M A, Patel K, et al. Hydrolysis ofTifton 85 bermudagrass in a pressurizea batch hot waterreactor. J Chem Technol Biotechnol, 2008; 83: 505-512.
46. Dien B S, Li X L, Iten L B, et al. Enzymatic saccharificationof hot-water pretreated corn fiber for production ofmonosaccharides. Enzyme Microb Technol, 2006; 39: 1137-1144.
47. Negro M J, Manzanares P, Ballesteros I, et al. Hydrothermalpretreatment conditions to enhance ethanol production frompoplar biomass. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2003; 105: 87-100.
48. Rogalinski T, Ingram T, Brunner G J. Hydrolysis oflignocellulosic biomass in water under elevated temperaturesand pressures. J Supercrit Fluids, 2008; 47: 54-63.
49. Van Walsum G P, Allen S G, Spenser M J, et al. Conversionof lignocellulosics pretreated with liquid hot water to ethanol. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 1996; 57/58: 157-170.
50. Allen S G, Schulman D, Lichwa J, et al. A comparisonbetween hot liquid water and steam fractionation of cornfiber. Ind Eng Chem Res, 2001; 40: 2934-2941.
51. Laser M, Schulman D, Allen S G, et al. A comparison ofliquid hot water and steam pretreatments of sugar canebagasse for conversion to ethanol. Bioresour Technol, 2002;81: 33-44.
52. Perez J A, Gonzalez A, Oliva J M, et al. Effect of processvariables on liquid hot water pretreatment of wheat straw forbioconversion to fuel-ethanol in a batch reactor. J ChemTechnol Biotechnol, 2007; 82: 929-938.
53. Perez J A, Ballesteros I, Ballesteros M, et al. Optimizationliquid hot water pretreatment conditions to enhance sugarrecovery from wheat straw for fuel-ethanol production. Fuel,2008; 87: 3640-3647.
54. nd InternationalConference on the Properties of Water and Steam; White H J(Ed.), editor. New York: Begell House, 1996; pp. 24-32.
55. Rivers D B, Emert G H. Lignocellulose pretreatment: acomparison of wet and dry ball attrition. Biotech Lett, 1987,9: 365-368.
56. Yoshida M, Liu Y, Uchida S, et al. Effects of cellulosecrystallinity, hemicellulose, and lignin on the enzymatichydrolysis of Miscanthus sinensis to monosaccharides. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2008; 72: 805-810.
57. Ryu D D, Lee S B, Tassinari T, et al. Effect of compressionmilling on cellulose structure and enzymatic hydrolysiskinetics. Biotechnol Bioeng, 1982; 24: 1047-1067.
58. Tassinari T, Macy C. Differential speed two roll millpretreatment of cellulosic materials for enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotech Bioeng, 1977; 19: 1321-1330.
59. Schurz J. Studies on the enzymatic hydrolysis of phytomassby cellulase from Trichoderma reesei. Holzforschung, 1986;40: 225-232.
60. Horton G L, Rivers D B, Emert G H. Preparation ofcellulosics for enzymatic conversion. Ind Eng Chern ProdRes Dev, 1980; 79: 422-429.
61. Zhang W, Liang M, Lu C. Morphological and structuraldevelopment of hardwood cellulose duringmechanochemical pretreatment in solid state through panmilling. Cellulose, 2007; 14: 447-456.
62. Fan L T, Lee Y, Gharpuray M M. The nature oflignocellulosics and their pretreatments for enzymatichydrolysis. Adv Biochem Eng, 1982; 23: 157-187.
63. Mandels M, Hontz L, Nystrom J. Enzymatic hydrolysis ofwaste cellulose. Biotechnol Bioeng, 1974; 16: 1471-1493.
64. Mais U, Esteghlalian A R, Saddler J N, et al. Enhancing theenzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic materials usingsimultaneous ball milling. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2002;98: 815-832.
65. Ryu S K, Lee J M. Bioconversion of waste cellulose byusing an attrition bioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng, 1983; 25:53-65.
66. Millet M A, Baker A J, Satter L D. Physical and chemicalpretreatments for enhancing cellulose saccharification. Biotech Bioeng Symp, 1976; 6: 125-153.
67. Yang C P, Shen Z Q, Yu G C, et al. Effect and aftereffect ofgamma radiation pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis ofwheat straw. Bioresour Technol, 2008; 99: 6240-6245.
68. Youssef B M, Aziz N H. Influence of gamma-irradiation onthe bioconversion of rice straw by Trichoderma viride intosingle cell protein. Cytobios, 1999; 97: 171-183.
69. Imai M, Ikari K, Suzuki I. High-performance hydrolysis ofcellulose using mixed cellulase species and ultrasonicationpretreatment. Biochem Eng J, 2004; 17: 79-83.
70. Nitayavardhana S, Rakshit S K, Grewell D, et al. Ultrasoundpretreatment of cassava chip slurry to enhance sugar releasefor subsequent ethanol production. Biotechnol Bioeng, 2008;101: 487-496.
71. Wojciak A, Pekarovicova A. Enhancement of softwood kraftpulp accessibility for enzymatic hydrolysis by means ofultrasonic irradiation. Cellul Chem Technol, 2001; 35: 361-369.
72. Bak J S, Ko J K, Han Y H, et al. Improved enzymatichydrolysis yield of rice straw using electron beam irradiationpretreatment. Bioresour Technol, 2009; 100: 1285-1290.
73. Shin S J, Sung Y J. Improving enzymatic hydrolysis ofindustrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) by electron beamirradiation. Radiat Phys Chem, 2008; 77: 1034-1038.
74. Zheng Y, Delwiche M. Personal communication atUniversity of California, Davis, CA, USA, 2008.
75. Dunlap C E, Chiang L. C. Cellulose degradation-a commonlink. In: Shuler M L (Ed.), editor. Utilization and Recycle ofAgricultural Wastes and Residues. Boca Raton, FL: CRCPress, 1980; pp. 19-65.
76. Kitchaiya P, Intanakul P, Krairiksh M J. Enhancementofenzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic wastes bymicrowave pretreatment under atmospheric-pressure. JWood Chem Technol, 2003; 23: 217-225.
77. Ma H, Liu W W, Chen X, et al. Enhanced enzymaticsaccharification of rice straw by microwave pretreatment. Bioresour Technol, 2009; 100: 1279-1284.
78. Saha B C, Biswas A, Cotta M A. Microwave pretreatmentenzymatic saccharification and fermentation of wheat strawto ethanol. J Biobased Mater Bioenergy, 2008; 2: 210-217.
79. Zhu S D, Yu Z N, Wu Y X, et al. Enhancing enzymatichydrolysis of rice straw by microwave pretreatment. ChemEng Commun, 2005, 192: 1559-1566.
80. Chang M M, Chou T Y C, Tsao G T. Structure, pretreatmentand hydrolysis of cellulose. Adv Biochem Eng, 1981; 20: 15-42.
81. Lin K W, Ladisch M R, Schaefer D M, et al. Review oneffect of pretreatment on digestibility of cellulosic materials. AIChE Symp, 1981; 207: 102-106.
82. Fein J E, Potts D, Good D, et al. Development of an optimalwood-to-fuel ethanol process utilizing best availabletechnology. Energy Biomass and Waste, 1991; 15: 745-765.
83. Ropare M, Marchal R, Pourquie J, et al. Large scaleenzymatic hydrolysis of agricultural lignocellulosic biomass. Part 1: Pretreatment procedures. Bioresour Technol, 1992;42: 197-204.
84. Morjanoff P J, Gray P P. Optimization of steam explosion asmethod for increasing susceptibility of sugarcane bagasse toenzymatic saccharification. Biotechnol Bioeng, 1987; 29:733-741.
85. Boussaid A, Robinson J, Cai Y J, et al. Fermentability of thehemicellulose-derived sugars from steam-exploded softwood(Douglas fir). Biotechnol Bioeng, 1999; 64: 284-289.
86. 2-catalyzed steamfractionation of aspen chips for bioethahnol production:Optimization of the catalyst impregnation. Ind Eng ChemRes, 2007; 46: 7711-7720.
87. 4 impregnation of softwood prior to steampretreatment on ethanol production. Appl BiochemBiotechnol, 1998; 70/72: 3-15.
88. Puri V P, Mamers H. Explosive pretreatment oflignocellulosic residues with high pressure carbon dioxidefor the production of fermentation substrates. BiotechBioeng, 1983; 25: 3149-3161.
89. Zheng Y Z, Lin H M, Wen J Q, et al. Supercritical carbondioxide explosion as a pretreatment for cellulose hydrolysis. Biotechnol Lett, 1995; 17: 845-850.
90. Zheng Y Z, Lin H M, Tsao G T. Pretreatment for cellulosehydrolysis by carbon dioxide explosion. Biotechnol Progr,1998; 14: 890-896.
91. Dale B E, Moreira M J. A freeze-explosion technique forincreasing cellulose hydrolysis. Biotech Bioeng Symp, 1982;12: 31-43.
92. Hohberg A I, Aguilera J M, Agosin A, et al. Catalyzed flashpretreatment improves saccharification of pine (Pinusradiata) sawdust. Biomass, 1989; 18: 81-93.
93. Mamers H D, Menz D N J. Explosion pretreatment of Pinusradiate wood chips for the production of fermentationsubstrates. Appita, 1984; 37: 644-649.
94. 2-impregnated mixed softwoods forethanol production. J Chem Technol Biotechnol, 1999; 71:299-308.
95. Clark T A, Mackie K L J. Steam explosion of the soft-woodPinus radiate with sulphur dioxide addition. I. Processoptimization. J Wood Chem Technol, 1987; 7: 373-403.
96. Mackie K L, Brownell H H, West K L. Effect of sulfurdioxide and sulfuric acid on steam explosion of aspenwood. J Wood Chem Technol, 1985; 5: 405-425.
97. Goldstein I R, Pereira H, Pittman L J, et al. The hydrolysisof cellulose with superconcentrated hydrochloric acid. Biotech Bioeng Symp, 1983; 13: 17-25.
98. Vedernikov N, Karlivans V, Roze I, et al. Mechanochemicaldestruction of plant raw materials-polysaccharides inpresence of small amounts of concentrated sulfuric-acid. Sibirskii Khimicheskii Zhurnal, 1991; 5: 67-72.
99. Sivers M V, Zacchi G. A techno-economical comparison ofthree processes for the production of ethanol from pine. Bioresour Technol, 1995; 51: 43-52.
100. Martin C, Alriksson B, Sjode A, et al. Dilute sulfuric acidpretreatment of agricultural and agro-industrial residues forethanol production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2007; 137:339-352.
101. Marzialetti T, Olarte M B V, Sievers C, et al. Dilute acidhydrolysis of Loblolly pine: A comprehensive approach. IndEng Chem Res, 2008; 47: 7131-7140.
102. Sun Y, Cheng J J. Dilute acid pretreatment of rye straw andbermudagrass for ethanol production. Bioresour Technol,2005; 96: 1599-1606.
103. Zheng Y, Zhang R H, Pan Z, et al. Evaluation of differentbiomass materials as feedstock for fermentable sugarproduction. Appli Biochem Biotechnol, 2007; 136/140: 423-435.
104. Zheng Y, Pan Z, Zhang R H, et al. Non-ionic surfactants andnon-catalytic protein treatment on enzymatic hydrolysis ofpretreated Creeping Wild Ryegrass. Appl BiochemBiotechnol, 2008; 146: 231-248.
105. Brink D L. Method of treating biomass material. 1993. U.S. Patent 5,221,357.
106. Brink D L. Method of treating biomass material. 1994. U.S. Patent 5,366,558.
107. Herrera A, Tellez-Luis S J, Ramirez J A, et al. Production ofxylose from sorghum straw using hydrochloric acid. J CerealSci, 2003; 37: 267-274.
108. th ACSNational Meeting, Washington, DC, 1979.
109. Israilides C J, Grant G A, Han Y W. Suga level, fermentability, and acceptability of straw treated withdifferent acids. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1978; 36: 43-46.
110. Um B H, Karim M N, Henk L L. Effect of sulfuric andphosphoric acid pretreatments on enzymatic hydrolysis ofcorn stover. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2003; 105: 115-125.
111. Vazquez M, Oliva M, Tellez-Luis S J, et al. Hydrolysis ofsorghum straw using phosphoric acid: evaluation of furfuralproduction. Bioresour Technol, 2007; 98: 3053-3060.
112. Zhao X B, Wang L, Liu D, et al. Effect of several factors onperacetic acid pretreatment of sugarcane for enzymatichydrolysis. J Chem Technol Biotechnol, 2007; 82: 1115-1121.
113. Zhao X B, Wang L, Liu D, et al. Peracetic acid pretreatmentof sugarcane bagasse for enzymatic hydrolysis: a continuedwork. J Chem Technol Biotechnol, 2008; 83: 950-956.
114. Zhao X B, Zhang L H, Liu D H. Comparative study onchemical pretreatment methods for improving enzymaticdigestibility of crofton weed stem. Bioresour Technol, 2008;99: 3729-3736.
115. Grohmann K, Torget R, Himmel M. Dilute acid pretreatmentof biomass at high solid concentrations. Biotechnol BioengSymp, 1986; 17: 135-151.
116. Grohmann K, Torget R W. Two-state dilute acidprehydrolysis of biomass. 1992. U.S. Patent 5, 125, 977.
117. Torget R, Hsu T. Two-temperature dilute-acid prehydrolysisof hardwood xylan using a percolation process. ApplBiochem Biotechnol, 1994; 45/46: 5-21.
118. Abdi N, Hamadache F, Belhocine D, et al. Enzymaticsaccharification of solid residue of olive mill in a batchreactor. Biochem Eng J, 2000; 6: 177-183.
119. Carrillo F, Lis M J, Colom X, et al. Effect of álcalipretreatment on cellulase hydrolyiss of wheat straw: Kineticstudy. Process Biochem, 2005; 40: 3360-3364.
120. Pinto J H, Kamden D P. Comparison of pretreatmentmethods on the enzymatic saccharification of aspen wood. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 1996; 61: 289-297.
121. Silverstein R A, Chen Y, Sharma-Shivappa R R, et al. Acomparision of chemical pretreatment methods forimproving saccharification of cotton stalks. BioresourTechnol, 2007; 98: 3000-3011.
122. Chang V S, Nagwani M, Kim C H, et al. Oxidative limepretreatment of high-lignin biomass-poplar wood andnewspaper. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2001; 94: 1-28.
123. Kaar W E, Holtzapple M T. Using lime pretreatment tofacilitate the enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover. BiomassBioenergy, 2000; 18: 189-199.
124. Foster B L, Dale B E, Doran-Peterson J B. Enzymatichydrolysis of ammonia-treated sugar beet pulp. ApplBiochem Biotechnol, 2001; 91/93: 269-282.
125. Kim T H, Kim J S, Sunwoo C, et al. Pretreatment of cornstover by aqueous ammonia. Bioresour Technol, 2003; 90:39-47.
126. Prior B A, Day D F. Hydrolysis of ammonia-pretreatedsugar cane bagasse with cellulase, beta-glucosidase, andhemicellulase preparations. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2008;146: 151-164.
127. Mishima D, Tateda M, Ike M, et al. Comparative study onChemicals pretreatments to accelerate enzymatic hydrolysisof aquatic macrophyte biomass used in water purificationprocesses. Bioresour Technol, 2006; 97: 2166-2172.
128. Saha B C, Cotta M A. Ethanol production from alkalineperoxide pretreated enzymatically accharified wheat straw. Biotechnol Progr, 2006; 22: 449-453.
129. Saha B C, Cotta M A. Enzymatic saccharification andfermentation of alkaline peroxide retreated rice hulls toethanol. Enzyme Microb Technol, 2007; 41: 528-532.
130. Fan L T, Gharpuray M M, Lee Y-H. Cellulose HydrolysisBiotechnology Monographs. Berlin: Springer, 1987; 57 p.
131. Bjerre A B, Olesen A B, Fernqvist T. Pretreatment of wheatstraw using combined wet oxidation and alkaline hydrolysisresulting in convertible cellulose and hemicellulose. Biotechnol Bioeng, 1996; 49: 568-577.
132. Playne M J. Increased digestibility of bagasse bypretreatment with alkalis and steam explosion. BiotechnolBioeng, 1984; 26: 426-433.
133. Iyer P V, Wu Z-W, Kim S B, et al. Ammonia recycledpercolation process for pretreatment of herbaceous biomass. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 1996; 57/58: 121-132.
134. Kim J S, Lee Y Y, Park S C. Pretreatment of wastepaper andpulp mill sludge by aqueous ammonia and hydrogenperoxide. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2000; 84/86: 129-139.
135. thSymposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals,2002.
136. Mes-Hartree M, Dale B E, Craig W K. Comparison of steamand ammonia pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis ofcellulose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 1988; 29: 462-468.
137. Vlasenko E, Yu-Ding H, Labavitch J M, et al. Enzymatichydrolysis of pretreated rice straw. Bioresour Technol, 1997;57: 109-119.
138. Sun Y, Cheng J J. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials forethanol production: a review. Bioresour Technol, 2002, 83: 1-11.
139. Holtzapple M T, Jun J-H, Ashok G, et al. Ammonia fiberexplosion (AFEX) pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes. American Institute of Chemical Engineers National Meeting, Chicago, IL: 1990.
140. Holtzapple M T, Lundeen J E, Sturgis R, et al. Pretreatmentof lignocellulosic municipal solid-waste by ammonia fiberexplosion (AFEX). Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 1992; 34 (5):5-21.
141. Pan X, Xie D, Kang K-Y, et al. Effect of organosolv ethanolpretreatment variables on physical characteristics of hybridpoplar substrates. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2007; 136/140:367-377.
142. Pan X, Xie D, Yu Y W, et al. The bioconversion ofmountain pine beetle-killed Lodgepole pine to fuel ethanolusing the organosolv process. Biotechnol Bioeng, 2008; 101:39-48
143. Taherzadeh M J, Karimi K. Pretreatment of lignocellulosicwastes to improve ethanol and biogas production: A review. Int J Mol Sci, 2008; 9: 1621-1651.
144. Chum H L, Johnsoon D K, Black S. Organosolvpretreatment for enzymatic-hydrolysis of poplars: 1. enzyme hydrolysis of cellulosic residues. Biotechnol Bioeng,1988; 31: 643-649.
145. Thring R W, Chorent E, Overend R. Recovery of asolvolytic lignin: effects of spent liquor/acid volume ration, acid concentration and temperature. Biomass, 1990; 23: 289-305.
146. Sidiras D, Koukios E. Simulation of acid-catalyzedorganosolv fractionation of wheat straw. Bioresour Technol,2004; 94: 91-98.
147. Aziz S, Sarkanen K. Organosolv pulping-a review. Tappi J,1989; 72: 169-175.
148. Katzen R, Madson P W, Monceaux D A. Use of cellulosicfeedstocks for alcohol production. In: Lyons T P, Murtagh JE, Kelsall D R (Ed.), editors. The Alcohols Textbook. Notingham University Press, 1995; pp. 37-46.
149. Kohlmann K L, Sarikaya A, Westgate P J, et al. Enhancedenzyme activities on hydrated lignocellulosic substrates. In:Saddler J N, Penner M H (Ed.), editors. EnzymaticDegradation of Insoluble Carbohydrates. ACS Publishing,1995; pp. 237-255.
150. Weil J R, Brewer M, Hendrickson R, et al. Continuous pHmonitoring during pretreatment of yellow poplar woodsawdust by pressure cooking in water. Appl BiochemBiotechnol, 1998; 70/72: 99-111.
151. Mosier N S, Hendrickson R, Brewer M, et al. Industrialscale-up of pH-controlled liquid hot water pretreatment ofcorn fiber for fuel ethanol production. Appl BiochemBiotechnol, 2005; 125: 77-97.
152. Mosier N S., Hendrickson R, Ho N, et al. Optimization ofpH controlled liquid hot water pretreatment of corn stover. Bioresour Technol, 2005; 96: 1986-1993.
153. Fukaya Y, Hayashi K, Wada M, et al. Cellulose dissolutionwith polar ionic liquids under mild conditions: requiredfactors for anions. Green Chem, 2008; 10: 44-46.
154. Kosan B, Michels C, Meister F. Dissolution and forming ofcellulose with ionic liquids. Cellulose, 2008; 15: 59-66.
155. Mikkola J P, Kirilin A, Tuuf J C, et al. Ultrasoundenhancement of cellulose processing in ionic liquids: fromdissolution towards functionalization. Green Chem, 2007; 9:1229-1237.
156. Rogers R D. Ionic liquids: Not so green? Chem. Eng. News,2002; 80: 4-5.
157. Rogers R D, Holbrey J D, Spear S K, et al. Ionic liquids asgreen solvents: Engineering bioactive cellulose materials. Abstracts of Papers of the ACS, 2004; 227: U310-U310.
158. Swatloski R P, Spear S K, Holbrey J D, et al. Abstracts ofPapers of the ACS, 2003, 225, U288-U288.
159. Heinze T, Schwikal K, Barthel S. Ionic liquids as reactionmedium in cellulose functionalization. Macromol Biosci,2005; 5: 520-525.
160. Fink H P, Weigel P, Purz H J, et al. Structure formation ofregenerated cellulose materials from NMMO-solutions. JProgr Polym Sci, 2001; 26: 1473-1524.
161. Feng L, Chen Z J. Research progress on dissolution andfunctional modification of cellulose in ionic liquid. J MolLiq, 2008; 142: 1-5.
162. Zhu S D. Perspective used of ionic liquids for the efficientutilization of lignocellulosic materials. J Chem TechnolBiotechnol, 2008; 83: 777-779.
163. Kuo C H, Lee C K. Enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis ofsugarcane bagasse by N-methylmorpholine-N-oxidepretreatment. Bioresour Technol, 2009; 100: 866-871.
164. Dadi A P, Schall C A, Varanasi S. Enhancement of cellulosesaccharification kinetics using an ionic liquid pretreatmentstep. Biotechnol Bioeng, 2006; 95: 904-910.
165. Dadi A P, Schall C A, Varanasi S. Mitigation of celluloserecalcitrance to enzymatic hydrolyis by ionic liquidpretreatment. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2007; 137: 407-421.
166. Liu L Y, Chen H Z. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosematerials treated with ionic liquid [BMIM]Cl. Chin Sci Bull,2006; 51: 2432-2436.
167. Swatloski R P, Spear S K, Holbrey J D, et al. Dissolution ofcellulose with ionic liquids. J Am Chem Soc, 2002; 124:4974-4975.
168. Wu J, Zhang J, He J, et al. Homogeneous acetylation ofcellulose in a new ionic liquid. Biomacromolecules, 2004; 5:266-268.
169. Zhang H, Wu J, Zhang J, et al. 1-Allyl-3-methylimidazoliumchloride room temperature ionic liquid: A new and powerfulnonderivatizing solvent for cellulose. Macromolecules, 2005;38: 8272-8277.
170. Kurakake M, Ide N, Komaki T. Biological pretreatment withtwo bacterial strains for enzymatic hydrolysis of office paper. Curr Microbiol, 2007; 54: 424-428.
171. Lee J W, Gwak K S, Park J Y, et al. Biological pretreatmentof softwood Pinus densiflora by three white rot fungi. JMicrobiol, 2007; 45: 485-491.
172. Singh P, Suman A, Tiwari P, et al. Biological pretreatmentof sugarcane trash for its conversion to fermentable sugars. World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2008; 24: 667-673.
173. Schurz J. Bioconversion of Cellulosic Substances intoEnergy Chemicals and Microbial Protein Symp. Proc.;Ghose, T. K.; Ed.; New Delhi, IIT: Delhi, 1978; pp. 37.
174. Ander P, Eriksson K.-E. Lignin degradation and utilizationby microorganisms. In: Bull M J (Ed.), editor. Progress inIndustrial Microbiology. Amsterdam: Vol. 14, Elsevier,1978; pp. 1-58.
175. Hwang S S, Lee S J, Kim H K, et al. Biodegradation andsaccharification of wood chips of Pinus strobus andLiriodendron tulipifera by white rot fungi. J MicrobiolBiotechnol, 2008; 18: 1819-1825.
176. Keller F A, Hamilton J E, Nguyen Q A. Microbialpretreatment of biomass-potential for reducing severity ofthermochemical biomass pretreatment. Appl BiochemBiotechnol, 2003; 105: 27-41.
177. Zhang X Y, Yu H B, Huang H Y, et al. Evaluation ofbiological pretreatment with white rot fungi for theenzymatic hydrolysis of bamboo culms. Int BiodeteriorBiodegrad, 2007; 60: 159-164.
178. Zhang X Y, Xu C Y, Wang H X J. Pretreatment of bambooresidues with Coriolus versicolor for enzymatic hydrolysis. JBiosci Bioeng, 2007; 104: 149-151.
179. Kerem Z, Friesem D, Hadar Y. Lignocellulose degradationduring solid-state fermentation" Pleurotus ostreatus versusPhanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbiol,1992; 58: 1121-1127.
180. Kirk T K, Tien M, Johnsrud S C, et al. Lignin degradingactivity of Phanerochaete chrysosporium burds:Comparision of cellulase-negative and other strains. EnzymeMicrob Technol, 1986; 8: 75-80.
181. Kuhar S, Nair L M, Kuhad R C. Pretreatment oflignocellulosic material with fungi capable of higher lignindegradation and lower carbohydrate degradation improvessubstrate acid hydrolysis and the eventual conversion toethanol. Can J Microbiol, 2008; 54: 305-313.
182. Shi J, Chinn M S, Sharma-Shivappa R R. Microbialpretreatment of cotton stalks by solid state cultivation ofPhanerochaete chrysosporium. Bioresour Technol, 2008; 99:6556-6564.
183. Iogen Corporation, 2009. http://www.iogen.ca/cellulosic_ethanol/what_is_ethanol/process.html. Accessed on [2009-9-2]
184. Yang B, Wyman C E. Pretreatment: the key to unlockinglow-cost cellulosic ethanol. Biofuels Bioprod Bioref, 2008; 2:26-40.
185. Drapcho C M, Nhuan N P, Walker T H. Ethanol production. Biofuels Engineering Process Technology. New York:McGraw-Hill, 2008; 158-174 p.