메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 287, Issue 34, 2012, Pages 28986-29002

A novel dominant hyperekplexia mutation Y705C alters trafficking and biochemical properties of the presynaptic glycine transporter GlyT2

(23)  Giménez, Cecilio a,b,c   Pérez Siles, Gonzalo a,b   Martínez Villarreal, Jaime a,b,c   Arribas González, Esther a,c   Jiménez, Esperanza a,b,c   Núñe, Enrique a,b,c   De Juan Sanz, Jaime a,b,c   Fernández Sánchez, Enrique a   García Tardón, Noemí a,b,c   Ibáñez, Ignacio a   Romanelli, Valeria b,d   Nevado, Julián b,d   James, Victoria M e   Topf, Maya f   Chung, Seo Kyung g   Thomas, Rhys H g   Desviat, Lourdes R a   Aragón, Carmen a,b,c   Zafra, Francisco a,b,c   Rees, Mark I g   more..


Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUDITORY STIMULI; BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES; CELL SURFACE EXPRESSION; CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS; DNA SEQUENCING; GLYCINE RECEPTOR; IN-VIVO; INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY; PRESYNAPTIC; SECRETORY PATHWAYS; SURFACE EXPRESSION; TRANS-MEMBRANE DOMAINS; TRANSPORT FUNCTION; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 84865220395     PISSN: 00219258     EISSN: 1083351X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M111.319244     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (33)

References (55)
  • 1
    • 19244375508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure, function and regulation of glycine neurotransporters
    • Aragón, C., and López-Corcuera, B. (2003) Structure, function and regulation of glycine neurotransporters. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 479, 249-262
    • (2003) Eur. J. Pharmacol. , vol.479 , pp. 249-262
    • Aragón, C.1    López-Corcuera, B.2
  • 2
    • 10744221393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inactivation of the glycine transporter 1 gene discloses vital role of glial glycine uptake in glycinergic inhibition
    • Gomeza, J., Hülsmann, S., Ohno, K., Eulenburg, V., Szöke, K., Richter, D., and Betz, H. (2003) Inactivation of the glycine transporter 1 gene discloses vital role of glial glycine uptake in glycinergic inhibition. Neuron 40, 785-796
    • (2003) Neuron , vol.40 , pp. 785-796
    • Gomeza, J.1    Hülsmann, S.2    Ohno, K.3    Eulenburg, V.4    Szöke, K.5    Richter, D.6    Betz, H.7
  • 3
    • 19544382900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glycine transporters. Crucial roles of pharmacological interest revealed by gene deletion
    • Aragón, C., and López-Corcuera, B. (2005) Glycine transporters. Crucial roles of pharmacological interest revealed by gene deletion. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 26, 283-286
    • (2005) Trends Pharmacol. Sci. , vol.26 , pp. 283-286
    • Aragón, C.1    López-Corcuera, B.2
  • 4
    • 0242544067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deletion of the mouse glycine transporter 2 results in a hyperekplexia phenotype and postnatal lethality
    • DOI 10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00673-1
    • Gomeza, J., Ohno, K., Hülsmann, S., Armsen, W., Eulenburg, V., Richter, D. W., Laube, B., and Betz, H. (2003) Deletion of the mouse glycine transporter 2 results in a hyperekplexia phenotype and postnatal lethality. Neuron 40, 797-806 (Pubitemid 37431039)
    • (2003) Neuron , vol.40 , Issue.4 , pp. 797-806
    • Gomeza, J.1    Ohno, K.2    Hulsmann, S.3    Armsen, W.4    Eulenburg, V.5    Richter, D.W.6    Laube, B.7    Betz, H.8
  • 5
    • 0142059881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glycine transporter isoforms in the mammalian central nervous system: Structures, functions and therapeutic promises
    • Gomeza, J., Ohno, K., and Betz, H. (2003) Glycine transporter isoforms in the mammalian central nervous system. Structures, functions and therapeutic promises. Curr. Opin. Drug Discov. Devel. 6, 675-682 (Pubitemid 37287936)
    • (2003) Current Opinion in Drug Discovery and Development , vol.6 , Issue.5 , pp. 675-682
    • Gomeza, J.1    Ohno, K.2    Betz, H.3
  • 6
    • 49849098981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The genetics of hyperekplexia. More than startle!
    • Harvey, R. J., Topf, M., Harvey, K., and Rees, M. I. (2008) The genetics of hyperekplexia. More than startle!. Trends Genet. 24, 439-447
    • (2008) Trends Genet. , vol.24 , pp. 439-447
    • Harvey, R.J.1    Topf, M.2    Harvey, K.3    Rees, M.I.4
  • 7
    • 0019225609 scopus 로고
    • Startle disease or hyperexplexia. Further delineation of the syndrome
    • Andermann, F., Keene, D. L., Andermann, E., and Quesney, L. F. (1980) Startle disease or hyperekplexia. Further delineation of the syndrome. Brain 103, 985-997 (Pubitemid 11209255)
    • (1980) Brain , vol.103 , Issue.4 , pp. 985-997
    • Andermann, F.1    Keene, D.2    Andermann, E.3    Quesney, L.F.4
  • 13
    • 24644470065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • --dependent neurotransmitter transporters
    • DOI 10.1038/nature03978
    • Yamashita, A., Singh, S. K., Kawate, T., Jin, Y., and Gouaux, E. (2005) Crystal structure of a bacterial homologue of Na+/Cl--dependent neurotransmitter transporters. Nature 437, 215-223 (Pubitemid 41294479)
    • (2005) Nature , vol.437 , Issue.7056 , pp. 215-223
    • Yamashita, A.1    Singh, S.K.2    Kawate, T.3    Jin, Y.4    Gouaux, E.5
  • 16
    • 0036713510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human non-synonymous SNPs: Server and survey
    • Ramensky, V., Bork, P., and Sunyaev, S. (2002) Human non-synonymous SNPs. Server and survey. Nucleic Acids Res. 30, 3894-3900 (Pubitemid 35012462)
    • (2002) Nucleic Acids Research , vol.30 , Issue.17 , pp. 3894-3900
    • Ramensky, V.1    Bork, P.2    Sunyaev, S.3
  • 17
    • 0027136282 scopus 로고
    • Comparative protein modelling by satisfaction of spatial restraints
    • DOI 10.1006/jmbi.1993.1626
    • Sali, A., and Blundell, T. L. (1993) Comparative protein modelling by satisfaction of spatial restraints. J. Mol. Biol. 234, 779-815 (Pubitemid 24007801)
    • (1993) Journal of Molecular Biology , vol.234 , Issue.3 , pp. 779-815
    • Sali, A.1    Blundell, T.L.2
  • 19
    • 2542477977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The second intracellular loop of the glycine transporter 2 contains crucial residues for glycine transport and phorbol ester-induced regulation
    • Fornés, A., Núñez, E., Aragón, C., and López-Corcuera, B. (2004) The second intracellular loop of the glycine transporter 2 contains crucial residues for glycine transport and phorbol ester-induced regulation. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 22934-22943
    • (2004) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.279 , pp. 22934-22943
    • Fornés, A.1    Núñez, E.2    Aragón, C.3    López-Corcuera, B.4
  • 23
    • 45349108457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trafficking properties and activity regulation of the neuronal glycine transporter GLYT2 by protein kinase C
    • Fornés, A., Núñez, E., Alonso-Torres, P., Aragón, C., and López-Corcuera, B. (2008) Trafficking properties and activity regulation of the neuronal glycine transporter GLYT2 by protein kinase C. Biochem. J. 412, 495-506
    • (2008) Biochem. J. , vol.412 , pp. 495-506
    • Fornés, A.1    Núñez, E.2    Alonso-Torres, P.3    Aragón, C.4    López-Corcuera, B.5
  • 24
    • 81055156729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endocytosis of the neuronal glycine transporter GLYT2. Role of membrane rafts and protein kinase C-dependent ubiquitination
    • de Juan-Sanz, J., Zafra, F., López-Corcuera, B., and Aragón, C. (2011) Endocytosis of the neuronal glycine transporter GLYT2. Role of membrane rafts and protein kinase C-dependent ubiquitination. Traffic 12, 1850-1867
    • (2011) Traffic , vol.12 , pp. 1850-1867
    • De Juan-Sanz, J.1    Zafra, F.2    López-Corcuera, B.3    Aragón, C.4
  • 26
    • 0035910514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of N-glycosylation in transport to the plasma membrane and sorting of the neuronal glycine transporter GLYT2
    • Martínez-Maza, R., Poyatos, I., López-Corcuera, B., Núñez, E., Giménez, C., Zafra, F., and Aragón, C. (2001) The role of N-glycosylation in transport to the plasma membrane and sorting of the neuronal glycine transporter GLYT2. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 2168-2173
    • (2001) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.276 , pp. 2168-2173
    • Martínez-Maza, R.1    Poyatos, I.2    López-Corcuera, B.3    Núñez, E.4    Giménez, C.5    Zafra, F.6    Aragón, C.7
  • 28
    • 72849128417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions and oligomerization of hantavirus glycoproteins
    • Hepojoki, J., Strandin, T., Vaheri, A., and Lankinen, H. (2010) Interactions and oligomerization of hantavirus glycoproteins. J. Virol. 84, 227-242
    • (2010) J. Virol. , vol.84 , pp. 227-242
    • Hepojoki, J.1    Strandin, T.2    Vaheri, A.3    Lankinen, H.4
  • 29
    • 0037007201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ligands act as pharmacological chaperones and increase the efficiency of delta opioid receptor maturation
    • Petäjä-Repo, U. E., Hogue, M., Bhalla, S., Laperrière, A., Morello, J. P., and Bouvier, M. (2002) Ligands act as pharmacological chaperones and increase the efficiency of delta opioid receptor maturation. EMBO J. 21, 1628-1637
    • (2002) EMBO J. , vol.21 , pp. 1628-1637
    • Petäjä-Repo, U.E.1    Hogue, M.2    Bhalla, S.3    Laperrière, A.4    Morello, J.P.5    Bouvier, M.6
  • 30
    • 0031033676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • External cysteine residues in the serotonin transporter
    • DOI 10.1021/bi962256g
    • Chen, J. G., Liu-Chen, S., and Rudnick, G. (1997) External cysteine residues in the serotonin transporter. Biochemistry 36, 1479-1486 (Pubitemid 27074972)
    • (1997) Biochemistry , vol.36 , Issue.6 , pp. 1479-1486
    • Chen, J.-G.1    Liu-Chen, S.2    Rudnick, G.3
  • 31
    • 34247276092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct evidence that two cysteines in the dopamine transporter form a disulfide bond
    • DOI 10.1007/s11010-006-9348-7
    • Chen, R., Wei, H., Hill, E. R., Chen, L., Jiang, L., Han, D. D., and Gu, H. H. (2007) Direct evidence that two cysteines in the dopamine transporter form a disulfide bond. Mol. Cell Biochem. 298, 41-48 (Pubitemid 46605282)
    • (2007) Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry , vol.298 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 41-48
    • Chen, R.1    Wei, H.2    Hill, E.R.3    Chen, L.4    Jiang, L.5    Han, D.D.6    Gu, H.H.7
  • 32
    • 0035886678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutation K448E in the external loop 5 of rat GABA transporter rGAT1 induces pH sensitivity and alters substrate interactions
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.0479c.xd
    • Forlani, G., Bossi, E., Ghirardelli, R., Giovannardi, S., Binda, F., Bonadiman, L., Ielmini, L., and Peres, A. (2001) Mutation K448E in the external loop 5 of rat GABA transporter rGAT1 induces pH sensitivity and alters substrate interactions. J. Physiol. 536, 479-494 (Pubitemid 32976129)
    • (2001) Journal of Physiology , vol.536 , Issue.2 , pp. 479-494
    • Forlani, G.1    Bossi, E.2    Ghirardelli, R.3    Giovannardi, S.4    Binda, F.5    Bonadiman, L.6    Ielmini, L.7    Peres, A.8
  • 33
    • 0038741950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of sodium lithium and proton concentrations on the electrophysiological properties of the four mouse GABA transporters expressed in Xenopus oocytes
    • DOI 10.1016/S0197-0186(03)00032-9
    • Grossman, T. R., and Nelson, N. (2003) Effect of sodium lithium and proton concentrations on the electrophysiological properties of the four mouse GABA transporters expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Neurochem. Int. 43, 431-443 (Pubitemid 36561297)
    • (2003) Neurochemistry International , vol.43 , Issue.4-5 , pp. 431-443
    • Grossman, T.R.1    Nelson, N.2
  • 34
    • 0031754085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zinc potentiation of the glycine receptor chloride channel is mediated by allosteric pathways
    • Lynch, J. W., Jacques, P., Pierce, K. D., and Schofield, P. R. (1998) Zinc potentiation of the glycine receptor chloride channel is mediated by allosteric pathways. J. Neurochem. 71, 2159-2168 (Pubitemid 28491574)
    • (1998) Journal of Neurochemistry , vol.71 , Issue.5 , pp. 2159-2168
    • Lynch, J.W.1    Jacques, P.2    Pierce, K.D.3    Schofield, P.R.4
  • 35
    • 33750978141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperekplexia phenotype of glycine receptor α1 subunit mutant mice identifies Zn2+ as an essential endogenous modulator of glycinergic neurotransmission
    • Hirzel, K., Müller, U., Latal, A. T., Hülsmann, S., Grudzinska, J., Seeliger, M. W., Betz, H., and Laube, B. (2006) Hyperekplexia phenotype of glycine receptor α1 subunit mutant mice identifies Zn2+ as an essential endogenous modulator of glycinergic neurotransmission. Neuron 52, 679-690
    • (2006) Neuron , vol.52 , pp. 679-690
    • Hirzel, K.1    Müller, U.2    Latal, A.T.3    Hülsmann, S.4    Grudzinska, J.5    Seeliger, M.W.6    Betz, H.7    Laube, B.8
  • 36
    • 79960504449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zinc in neurotransmission
    • Tóth, K. (2011) Zinc in neurotransmission. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 31, 139-153
    • (2011) Annu. Rev. Nutr. , vol.31 , pp. 139-153
    • Tóth, K.1
  • 37
    • 0036455132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potentiation of inhibitory glycinergic neurotransmission by Zn2+. A synergistic interplay between presynaptic P2X2 and postsynaptic glycine receptors
    • Laube, B. (2002) Potentiation of inhibitory glycinergic neurotransmission by Zn2+. A synergistic interplay between presynaptic P2X2 and postsynaptic glycine receptors. Eur. J. Neurosci. 16, 1025-1036
    • (2002) Eur. J. Neurosci. , vol.16 , pp. 1025-1036
    • Laube, B.1
  • 38
    • 2542493963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2+ inhibits glycine transport by glycine transporter subtype 1b
    • DOI 10.1074/jbc.M312484200
    • Ju, P., Aubrey, K. R., and Vandenberg, R. J. (2004) Zn2+ inhibits glycine transport by glycine transporter subtype 1b. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 22983-22991 (Pubitemid 38685600)
    • (2004) Journal of Biological Chemistry , vol.279 , Issue.22 , pp. 22983-22991
    • Ju, P.1    Aubrey, K.R.2    Vandenberg, R.J.3
  • 40
    • 38949113205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acid sensing ion channels in dorsal spinal cord neurons
    • DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4975-07.2008
    • Baron, A., Voilley, N., Lazdunski, M., and Lingueglia, E. (2008) Acid sensing ion channels in dorsal spinal cord neurons. J. Neurosci. 28, 1498-1508 (Pubitemid 351231523)
    • (2008) Journal of Neuroscience , vol.28 , Issue.6 , pp. 1498-1508
    • Baron, A.1    Voilley, N.2    Lazdunski, M.3    Lingueglia, E.4
  • 41
    • 79961008694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • External Cu2+ inhibits human epithelial Na+ channels by binding at a subunit interface of extracellular domains
    • Chen, J., Myerburg, M. M., Passero, C. J., Winarski, K. L., and Sheng, S. (2011) External Cu2+ inhibits human epithelial Na+ channels by binding at a subunit interface of extracellular domains. J. Biol. Chem. 286, 27436-27446
    • (2011) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.286 , pp. 27436-27446
    • Chen, J.1    Myerburg, M.M.2    Passero, C.J.3    Winarski, K.L.4    Sheng, S.5
  • 42
    • 0037067059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors governing the protonation state of cysteines in proteins: An ab initio/CDM study
    • DOI 10.1021/ja012620l
    • Dudev, T., and Lim, C. (2002) Factors governing the protonation state of cysteines in proteins. An ab initio/CDM study. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 6759-6766 (Pubitemid 34602669)
    • (2002) Journal of the American Chemical Society , vol.124 , Issue.23 , pp. 6759-6766
    • Dudev, T.1    Lim, C.2
  • 43
    • 58149187864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phe27Cys polymorphism alters the maturation and subcellular localization of the human delta opioid receptor
    • Leskelä, T. T., Markkanen, P. M., Alahuhta, I. A., Tuusa, J. T., and Petäjä-Repo, U. E. (2009) Phe27Cys polymorphism alters the maturation and subcellular localization of the human delta opioid receptor. Traffic 10, 116-129
    • (2009) Traffic , vol.10 , pp. 116-129
    • Leskelä, T.T.1    Markkanen, P.M.2    Alahuhta, I.A.3    Tuusa, J.T.4    Petäjä-Repo, U.E.5
  • 44
    • 0035896639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional rescue of the nephrogenic diabetes insipidus-causing vasopressin V2 receptor mutants G185C and R202C by a second site suppressor mutation
    • Schülein, R., Zühlke, K., Krause, G., and Rosenthal, W. (2001) Functional rescue of the nephrogenic diabetes insipidus-causing vasopressin V2 receptor mutants G185C and R202C by a second site suppressor mutation. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 8384-8392
    • (2001) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.276 , pp. 8384-8392
    • Schülein, R.1    Zühlke, K.2    Krause, G.3    Rosenthal, W.4
  • 46
    • 84856225222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • X-ray structures of LeuT in substrate-free outward-open and apo inward-open states
    • Krishnamurthy, H., and Gouaux, E. (2012) X-ray structures of LeuT in substrate-free outward-open and apo inward-open states. Nature 481, 469-474
    • (2012) Nature , vol.481 , pp. 469-474
    • Krishnamurthy, H.1    Gouaux, E.2
  • 48
    • 67649405075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protein ionizable groups. pK values and their contribution to protein stability and solubility
    • Pace, C. N., Grimsley, G. R., and Scholtz, J. M. (2009) Protein ionizable groups. pK values and their contribution to protein stability and solubility. J. Biol. Chem. 284, 13285-13289
    • (2009) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.284 , pp. 13285-13289
    • Pace, C.N.1    Grimsley, G.R.2    Scholtz, J.M.3
  • 49
    • 0346463086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular Determinants of Proton Modulation of Glycine Receptors
    • DOI 10.1074/jbc.M307684200
    • Chen, Z., Dillon, G. H., and Huang, R. (2004) Molecular determinants of proton modulation of glycine receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 876-883 (Pubitemid 38082607)
    • (2004) Journal of Biological Chemistry , vol.279 , Issue.2 , pp. 876-883
    • Chen, Z.1    Dillon, G.H.2    Huang, R.3
  • 50
    • 0033921196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular basis for proton regulation of glycine transport by glycine transporter subtype 1b
    • Aubrey, K. R., Mitrovic, A. D., and Vandenberg, R. J. (2000) Molecular basis for proton regulation of glycine transport by glycine transporter subtype 1b. Mol. Pharmacol. 58, 129-135 (Pubitemid 30452535)
    • (2000) Molecular Pharmacology , vol.58 , Issue.1 , pp. 129-135
    • Aubrey, K.R.1    Mitrovic, A.D.2    Vandenberg, R.J.3
  • 51
    • 0042926849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ASICs. Signaling molecules? Modulators?
    • Krishtal, O. (2003) The ASICs. Signaling molecules? Modulators? Trends Neurosci. 26, 477-483
    • (2003) Trends Neurosci. , vol.26 , pp. 477-483
    • Krishtal, O.1
  • 52
    • 34548813656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure of acid-sensing ion channel 1 at 1.9 Å resolution and low pH
    • DOI 10.1038/nature06163, PII NATURE06163
    • Jasti, J., Furukawa, H., Gonzales, E. B., and Gouaux, E. (2007) Structure of acid-sensing ion channel 1 at 1.9 Å resolution and low pH. Nature 449, 316-323 (Pubitemid 47443482)
    • (2007) Nature , vol.449 , Issue.7160 , pp. 316-323
    • Jasti, J.1    Furukawa, H.2    Gonzales, E.B.3    Gouaux, E.4
  • 53
    • 0023473445 scopus 로고
    • Rapid extracellular pH transients related to synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal slices
    • DOI 10.1016/0006-8993(87)91678-7
    • Krishtal, O. A., Osipchuk, Y. V., Shelest, T. N., and Smirnoff, S. V. (1987) Rapid extracellular pH transients related to synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal slices. Brain Res. 436, 352-356 (Pubitemid 18003573)
    • (1987) Brain Research , vol.436 , Issue.2 , pp. 352-356
    • Krishtal, O.A.1    Osipchuk, Y.V.2    Shelest, T.N.3    Smirnoff, S.V.4
  • 54
    • 0142125326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • + modulation of glycinergic response in rat sacral dorsal commissural neurons
    • DOI 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.047324
    • Li, Y. F., Wu, L. J., Li, Y., Xu, L., and Xu, T. L. (2003) Mechanisms of H+ modulation of glycinergic response in rat sacral dorsal commissural neurons. J. Physiol. 552, 73-87 (Pubitemid 37265469)
    • (2003) Journal of Physiology , vol.552 , Issue.1 , pp. 73-87
    • Li, Y.-F.1    Wu, L.-J.2    Li, Y.3    Xu, L.4    Xu, T.-L.5
  • 55
    • 4544236080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2+ ions: Modulators of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity
    • DOI 10.1177/1073858404263463
    • Smart, T. G., Hosie, A. M., and Miller, P. S. (2004) Zn 2+ ions. Modulators of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity. Neuroscientist 10, 432-442 (Pubitemid 39244580)
    • (2004) Neuroscientist , vol.10 , Issue.5 , pp. 432-442
    • Smart, T.G.1    Hosie, A.M.2    Miller, P.S.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.