Esophageal cancer: Associated factors with special reference to the Kashmir Valley

Tumori

Volumn 98, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 191-203

  Rasool, Sabha ^a   Ganai, Bashir A ^a   Sameer, A Syed ^b   Masood, Akbar ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KASHMIR   (India)

^b SHER I KASHMIR INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

Author keywords

Esophageal cancer; Kashmir; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

APC PROTEIN; CYCLIN D1; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; GROWTH FACTOR; MATRILYSIN; MYC PROTEIN; NITROSAMINE; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN MDM2; PROTEIN P15; PROTEIN P16; PROTEIN P53; RAS PROTEIN; RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN; SURVIVIN; TRACE ELEMENT; VITAMIN; XENOBIOTIC AGENT;

ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI GENE; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; BCL 2 GENE; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER INCIDENCE; CHRONIC DISEASE; CYCLIN D1 GENE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR GENE; ESOPHAGEAL CANCER RELATED GENE 1 GENE; ESOPHAGITIS; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; FOOD CONTAMINATION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HUMAN; INDIA; MATRILYSIN GENE; MDM2 GENE; NONHUMAN; ONCOGENE MYC; ONCOGENE RAS; P15 GENE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SURVIVIN GENE; TOBACCO; TUMOR GENE; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE; WART VIRUS; WATER CONTAMINATION; XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM; ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; APOPTOSIS; CHEMICALLY INDUCED DISORDER; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; ESOPHAGUS TUMOR; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; HEALTH; INCIDENCE; ONCOGENE; PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SMOKING; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; TEA; VIRUS INFECTION;

ALCOHOL DRINKING; ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; APOPTOSIS; CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; CHRONIC DISEASE; ESOPHAGEAL NEOPLASMS; ESOPHAGITIS; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FOOD HABITS; GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INDIA; NITROSAMINES; ONCOGENES; PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; RISK FACTORS; SMOKING; TEA; TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS; WORLD HEALTH; XENOBIOTICS;

EID: 84864877306     PISSN: 03008916     EISSN: 20382529     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1700/1088.11929     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. Qian ZX: Investigations on esophageal cancer in the province of Xinjiang (in Chinese): Collected papers of the second symposium on esophageal carcinoma. Chinese Acad Med Sci, 74-78, 1960.
2. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P: Global cancer statistics, (2002). CA Cancer J Clin, 55: 74-108, 2005.
3. Gregory G, Ginsberg, David E, Fleisher: Gastrointestinal and liver disease 8th ed, Vol I, Tumors Esophagus, 44: 949-978, 2006.
4. Zhou J, Zhao L Q, Xiong MM, Wang X Q, Yang G R, Qiu ZL, Wu M, Kiu ZH: Gene expression profiles at different stages of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol, 9: 9-15, 2003. (Pubitemid 36131269)
5. Leonhardt H, Cardoso MC: DNA methylation, nuclear structure, gene expression and cancer. J Cell Biochem Supp, 35: 78-83, 2000.
6. Stathopoulos GP, Tsiaras N: Epidemiology and pathogenesis of esophageal cancer: management and its controversial results. Oncol Rep, 10: 449-454, 2003.
7. Zhao Y, Wang R, Fan D: The molecular mechanism of esophageal cancer. EXCLI J, 5: 79-92, 2003.
8. Brown LM, Hoover R, Silverman D, Baris D, Hayes R, Swanson GM, Schoenberg J, Greenberg R, Liff J, Schwartz A, Dosemeci M, Pottern L, Fraumeni JF Jr: Excess incidence of squamous cell esophageal cancer among US Black men: role of social class and other risk factors. Am J Epidemiol, 153: 114-122, 2001. (Pubitemid 32063186)
9. Khan NA, Teli MA, Haq MM, Bhat GM, Lone MM, Afroz F: A survey of risk factors in carcinoma esophagus in the valley of Kashmir, Northern India. J Can Res Ther, 7: 15-18, 2011.
10. World Cancer Research Fund: Food, Nutrition and the prevention of cancer: A global perspective. Washington DC: World Cancer Research Fund, IARC, p. 125, 1997.
11. Wu M, Zhao J K, Hu X S, Wang P H, Qin Y, Lu YC, Yang J, Liu A M, Mu D L, Veer P V: Association of smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary factors with esophageal cancer in high and low risk areas of Jiangsu Province, China. World J Gastroenterol, 12: 1686-1693, 2006.
12. Whelan SL, Parkin DM, Masuyer E: Histograms depicting rates of cancer age standardized to the world population by site and sex, In: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Patterns of cancer. Patterns of Cancer in Five Continenet. Lyon, IARC Scientific Publications No. 102, 1990.
13. Van Sandick JW, Van Lanschot JJ, Tytgat GN, Offerhaus GJ, Obertop H: Barrett esophagus and adenocarcinoma: an overview of epidemiologic, conceptual and clinical issues. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl, 234: 51-60, 2001. (Pubitemid 33070912)
14. Reed PI, Johnston BJ: The changing incidence of esophageal cancer. Endoscopy Supplement, 25: 606-608, 1993.
15. Blot WJ, McLaughin JK: The changing epidemiology of esophageal cancer. Semin Oncol, 26: 2-8, 1999. (Pubitemid 29529530)
16. Pearson FG, Cooper JD, Deslauriers J, Rice TW, Ginsberg RJ, Hiebert CA, Patterson GA, et al: Thoracic Surgery. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, 2002.
17. Pickens A, Orringer M: Geographical distribution and racial disparsity in esophageal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg, 76: S1367-S1369. 2003. (Pubitemid 37204779)
18. He YT, Hou J, Chen ZF, Song GH, Qiao CY, Meng FS, Ji HX, Chen C: Study on the esophageal cancer incidence and mortality rate from 1974-2002 in Cixian, China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi, 27: 127-31, 2006. [Chinese].
19. Blot WJ, Devesa SS, Kneller RW, Fraumeni JF Jr: Rising incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. JAMA, 265: 1287-1289, 1999.
20. Powell J, McConkey: Increasing incidence of adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia and adjacent sites. Br J Cancer, 62: 440-443, 1990. (Pubitemid 20292843)
21. Powell J, McConkey: The rising trends in esophageal adenocarcinoma and gastric cardia. E J Cancer Prev, 1: 265-269, 1992.
22. Vizcaino AP, Moreno V, Lambert R, Parkin DM: Time trends incidence of both major histologic types of esophageal carcinoma in selected countries, 1973-1995. Int J Cancer, 99: 860-868, 2002. (Pubitemid 34575705)
23. Voutilanainen ME, Juhola MT: The changing epidemiology of esophageal cancer in Finland and the impact of the surveillance of Barrett's esophagus in detecting esophageal adenocarcinoma. Dis Esophagus, 18: 221-225, 2005.
24. Phukan RK, Ali MS, Chetia CK, Mahanta J: Betel nut and tobacco chewing; potential risk factors of cancer of the oesophagus in Assam, India. Br J Cancer, 85: 661-667, 2001. (Pubitemid 32929461)
25. National Cancer Registry, Annual report. Indian Council of Medical Research. New Delhi, pp 12-26, 2001-2004.
26. Dhar GM, Shah GN, Naheed B, Hafiza: Epidemiological trend in the distribution of cancer in Kashmir valley. J Epidemiol Comm Health, 47: 290-292, 1993. (Pubitemid 23256203)
27. Khan NA, Lone MM, Fir Afroz, Kharadi MY: Clinicopathological profile of carcinoma esophagus and esophago-gastric junction in Kashmir. JK Practitioner, 11: 182-5, 2004.
28. Khuroo MS, Zargar SA, Mahajan R, Banday MA: High incidence of esophageal and gastric cancer in Kashmir, a population with special reference dietary and personal. Gut, 33: 11-15, 1992.
29. Katiyar S, Dash BC, Thakur V, Guptan RC, Sarin SK, Das BC: P53 tumor suppressor gene mutation and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in esophageal carcinoma from three different endemic geographic regions of India. Cancer Lett, 218: 69-79, 2000. (Pubitemid 40082703)
30. Brunnemann KD, Hoffmann D: Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. LIX: Analysis on nitrosamines in tobacco smokes and polluted indoor environments. IARC Sci Publ, 19: 343, 1978.
31. Hoffmann D, Adams JD, Drunnemann KD, Hetch SS: Formation, occurrence and carcinogenicity of nitrosamines in tobacco smoke. Am Cancer Soc Sympos, 174: 247, 1981.
32. Warwick GP, Harington JS: Some aspects of the epidemiology and etiology of esophageal cancer with particular emphasis on the Transkei, South Africa. Adv Cancer Res, 17: 81, 1973.
33. Li MN, Cheng SJ: Etiology of carcinoma of esophagus. In: Carcinoma of the Esophagus and Gastric Cardia, Huang GJ, Wu YK (Eds), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p 26, 1984.
34. Doll R, Peto R: The cause of cancer. J Natl Cancer, 66: 1191-1308, 1981.
35. Blot WJ: Esophageal cancer trends and risk factors. Semin Oncol, 21: 403, 1994.
36. Stoner GD, Adams C, Kresty LA, Amin SG, Desai D, Hecht SS, Murphy SE, Morse MA: Enhancement of esophageal carcinogenesis in male F344 rats by dietary phenylhexyl isothiocyanate. Carcinogenesis, 16: 2473-2476, 1995.
37. Sturgis EM, Dahlstrom KR, Guan Y, Eicher SA, Strom SS, Spitz MR, Wei Q: Alcohol dehydrogenase 3 genotype is not associated with risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and pharynx. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev, 10: 273-275, 2001. (Pubitemid 34288541)
38. Li MH, Ji C, Cheng SJ: Occurrence of nitroso compounds in fungi contaminated food: a review. Nutr Cancer, 8: 63, 1984.
39. Lu S: Urinary excretion of N-nitrosoamine acids and nitrate by inhabitants of high and low risk areas for esophageal cancer in Northern China: endogenous formation of nitrosoproline and its inhibition by vitamin C. Cancer Res, 46: 1485, 1986.
40. Kumar R, Mende P, Tricker AR, Siddiqi M, Preussmann R: Increased exposure to dietary amines and nitrate in a population at a high risk of esophageal and gastric cancer in Kashmir (India). Carcinogenesis, 13: 1331-1335, 1992.
41. Amer MH, Yazigi AE, Mohamed A H, Mohamed M A: Water contamination and esophageal cancer at Gassim Region, Saudi Arabia. Gastroenterology, 98: 1141, 1990.
42. Swann PF: The possible role of nitrosamines in the link between alcohol consumption and esophageal cancer in man. Toxicol Pathol, 12: 357, 1984.
43. Yang CS: Research on esophageal cancer in China: a review. Cancer Res, 40: 26-33, 1980.
44. Li M H, Ji C, Cheng SJ: Occurrence of nitroso compounds in fungi-contaminated foods: a review. Nutr Cancer, 8: 63-69, 1986. (Pubitemid 16141645)
45. Preussmann R: Carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds and their environmental significance. Naturwissenschaften, 71: 25, 1984.
46. Cheng KK, Day NE, Duffy SW, Lam TH, Fok M, Wong J: Pickled vegetables in the aetiology of oesophageal cancer in Hong Kong Chinese. Lancet, 339: 1314-1318, 1992.
47. Jaskiewicz K, Marasas WF, Lazarus C, Beyers AD, van Helden PD: Association of esophageal cytological abnormalities with vitamin and lipotrope deficiencies in populations at risk for esophageal cancer. Anticancer Res, 8: 711-715, 1988.
48. Rogers MAM, Thomas DB, Davis S, Vaughan TL, Nevissi AE: A case control study of elements and cancer of upper aerodigestive tract. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2: 305, 1993.
49. Kapil U, Srivastava M, Nayar D: Vitamin A and esophageal cancer. Trop Gastroenterol, 14: 87, 1993.
50. Holick MF: Vitamin D: Its role in cancer prevention and treatment. Progr Biophysics Molec Biol, 92: 49-59, 2006.
51. van Rensburg SJ, Hall JM, du Bruyn DB: Effects of various dietary staples on esophageal carcinogenesis induced in rats by subcutaneously administered N-nitrosomethyl-benzylamine. J Natl Cancer Inst, 75: 561-566, 1985. (Pubitemid 16255638)
52. Bartsch H, Montesano R: Relevance of nitrosamine to human cancer. Carcinogenesis, 5: 1381-1393, 1984.
53. Dar NA, Mir MA, Salam I, Malik MA, Gulzar GM, Yatoo GN, Aquil A, Shah A: Association between copper excess, zinc deficiency and TP 53 mutation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma from Kashmir valley, India a high risk area. Nutrition Cancer, 60: 1-7, 2008.
54. Van Rensburg SJ: Epidemiologic and dietary evidence for a specific nutritional predisposition to esophageal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst, 67: 243-251, 1981.
55. Stoner GD, Rustogi AK: Biology of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Gastrointest Cancer Biol Diagn, 8: 141-146, 1995.
56. Crespi M, Munoz N, Grassi A, Qiong S, Jing WK, Jien LJ: Precursor lesions of oesophageal cancer in a low-risk population in China: comparison with high-risk populations. Int J Cancer, 34: 599-602, 1984. (Pubitemid 15206998)
57. Lightdale CJ, Zimbalist E, Winawer SJ: Outpatient management of esophageal cancer with endoscopic Nd:YAG laser. Am J Gastroenterol, 82: 46-50, 1987. (Pubitemid 17231683)
58. Chang-Claude J, Wahrendorf J, Liang QS, Rei YG, Muñoz N, Crespi M, Raedsch R, Thurnham DI, Correa P: An epidemiological study of precursor lesions of esophageal cancer among young persons in high risk population in Huixian, China. Cancer Res, 50: 2268-2274, 1990. (Pubitemid 20134480)
59. Siddiqi M, Tricker AR, Preussmann R: The occurrence of preformed N-nitroso compounds in the food samples from a high risk area of esophageal cancer in Kashmir, India. Cancer Lett, 39: 37-43, 1988. (Pubitemid 18077917)
60. Syrjanen KJ: Histological changes identical to those of condylomatous lesions found in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Arch Geschwulstforsch, 52: 283-292, 1982.
61. Fidalgo PO, Cravo ML, Chaves PP, Leitao CN, Mira FC: High prevelance of human papillomavirus in squamous cell carcinoma and matched normal esophageal mucosa. Cancer, 76: 1522-1528, 1995.
62. Turner JR, Shen LH, Crum CP, Dean PJ, Odze RD: Low prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas from North America: analysis by a highly sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction based approach. Hum Pathol, 28: 174-178, 1997. (Pubitemid 27069182)
63. Zur Hausen H: Viruses in human cancer. Science, 254: 1167, 199.
64. Mir MM, Dar JA, Dar NA, Syed AT, Salam I, Lone GN: The sssociation of beta-catenin gene mutations and human papillomavirus in carcinoma of esophagus in a high-risk population of India. Int J Health Sci, 1: 11-14, 2007.
65. Reid BJ, Barrett MT, Galipeau P: Barrett's esophagus: the ordering events that lead to cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev, 5 (suppl 2): 57, 1996.
66. Barrett MT, Sanchez CA, Galipeau PC, Neshat K, Emond M, Reid BJ: Determination of the frequency of loss of the heterozygosity in esophageal adenocarcinoma by cell sorting, whole genome amplification and microsatellite polymorphism. Oncogene, 12: 1873, 1996.
67. Blount PL, Galipeau PC, Sanchez CA: 17p allelic loss in diploid cells of patients with Barrett's esophagus who develop aneuploidy. Cancer Res, 54: 2292, 1996.
68. Barrett MT, Sanchez CA, Prevo LJ, Wong DJ, Galipeau PC, Paulson TG, Rabinovitch PS, Reid BJ: Evolution of the neoplastic cell lineages in Barrett esophagus. Nat Genet, 22: 106-109, 1999. (Pubitemid 29214816)
69. Van Dekken H, Geelen E, Dinjens WN: Epidemiologic and dietary evidence for a specific nutritional predisposition to esophageal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst, 67: 243, 1999.
70. Pack SD, Karkera JD, Zhuang Z: Molecular cytogenetic fingerprinting of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by comparative genomic hybridization reveals a considerable pattern of chromosomal alterations. Genes Chromosomes Cancer, 25: 160, 1999.
71. Lepage C, Bouvier AM, Manfredi S, Coatmeur O, Cheynel N, Faivre J: Trends in incidence and management of esophageal adenocarcinoma in a well-defined population. Gastroenterol Clin Biol, 29: 1258-1263, 2005. (Pubitemid 43170257)
72. Schrump DS, Nguyen DM: Novel molecular targeted therapy for esophageal cancer. J Surg Oncol, 92: 257-261, 2005. (Pubitemid 41779307)
73. Hainaut P, Soussi T, Shomer B, Hollstein M, Greenblatt M, Hovig E, Harris CC, Montesano R: Database of p53 gene somatic mutation in human tumors and cell lines: updated compilation and future prospects. Nucleic Acids Res, 25: 151-157, 1997. (Pubitemid 27303173)
74. Robert V, Michael P, Flaman JM, Chiron A, Martin C, Charbonnier F, Paillot B, Frebourg T: High frequency in esophageal cancers of p53 alterations inactivating the regulations of genes involved in cell cycle and apoptosis. Carcinogenesis, 21: 563-565, 2000. (Pubitemid 30214007)
75. Wang LD, Chen H: Alterations of tumor suppressor gene p53-Rb system and human esophageal carcinogenesis. Shijie Huaren XiaoHua Zazhi, 9: 367-371. 2002.
76. Kihara C, Seki T, Furukawa Y, Yamana H, Kimura Y, van Schaardenburgh P, Hirata K, Nakamura Y: Mutations in zinc-binding domains of p53 as a prognostic marker of esophageal cancer patients. Jpn J Cancer Res, 91: 190-198, 2000. (Pubitemid 30130749)
77. Mir MM, Dar JA, Dar NA, Gachhait S, Zargar SA, Ahangar AG, Bamezie RN: P53 mutation profile of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus in Kashmir (India): a high incidence area. Int J Cancer, 116: 62-68, 2005. (Pubitemid 40827755)
78. Murtaza I, Mushtaq D, Margoob M A, Dutt A, Wani NA, Ahmad I, Bhat ML: A study on p53 gene alterations in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and their correlation to common dietary risk factors among population of the Kashmir valley. World J Gastroenterol, 12: 4033-4037, 2006. (Pubitemid 44097114)
79. Retnisdottir I, Massague J: The subcellular locations of p15 (ink4b) and p27 (kip1) coordinate their inhibitory interactions with cdk4 and cdk2. Genes Dev, 11: 492-583, 1997.
80. Tanaka H, Shimada Y, Inamara M, Shibagaki I, Ishizaki K: Multiple types of aberrations in the p16 (INK4a) and the p15 (INK4b) genes in 30 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Int J Cancer, 70: 437-442, 1997. (Pubitemid 27107272)
81. Xing EP, Nie Y, Wang D- L, Yang G-Y, Yang CS: Abberant methylation of p16 INK4a and deletion of p15 INK 4bare frequent events in human esophageal cancer in Linxian, China. Carcinogenesis, 20: 77-88, 1999
82. Salam I, Hussain S, Mir MM, Dar NA, Abdullah S, Sidiqqi MA, Lone RA, Zargar SA, Sharma S, Hedau S, Basir SF, Bharti AC, Das BC: Aberrant promoter methylation and reduced expression of p16 gene in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma from Kashmir valley: a high risk area. Mol Cell Biochem, 9: 173-177, 2009.
83. Ikeguchi M, Sakatani T, Ueta T, Kaibara N: Cyclin D1 expression and retinoblastoma gene protein (pRB) expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 127: 531-536, 2001. (Pubitemid 32757486)
84. Shi ST, Yang GY, Wang LD, Xue Z, Feng B, Ding W, Xing EP, Yang CS: Loss of hetereozygosity of the Rb gene correlates with pRb protein expression and associates with p53 alteration in human esophageal cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 5: 1231-1240, 1999. (Pubitemid 29233242)
85. Farenhead NS, Britton MP, Bodmer WF: The ABC of APC. Hum Mol Genet, 10: 721-733, 2001. (Pubitemid 32331581)
86. Nair KS, Naidoo R, Chetty R: Microsatellite analysis of the APC gene and immunoexpression of E-cadherin, catenin, and tubulin in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Hum Pathol, 37: 125-134, 2006. (Pubitemid 43099831)
87. Paige AJ, Taylor KJ, Taylor C, Hillier SG, Farrington S, Scott D, Porteous DJ, Smyth JF, Gabra H, Watson JE: WWOX: a candidate tumor suppressor gene involved in multiple tumor types. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98: 11417-11422, 2001. (Pubitemid 32928743)
88. Kuroki T, Trapasso F, Shriaishi T, Alder H, Mimori K, Mori M, Croce CM: Genetic alterations of the tumor suppressor gene WWOX in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res, 62: 2258-2260, 2002. (Pubitemid 34411701)
89. Bednarek AK, Keck-Waggoner CL, Daniel RL, Laflin KJ, Bergsagel PL, Kiguchi K, Brenner AJ, Aldaz CM: WWOX, the FRA16D gene, behaves as a suppressor of tumor growth. Cancer Res, 61: 8068-8075, 2001.
90. Zhao N, Wang J, Cui Y, Guo L, Lu S: Induction of G1 cell cycle arrest and P15INK4b expression by ECRG1 through interaction with Miz-1. J Cell Biochem, 92: 65-76, 2004.
91. Netzel-Arnett S, Hooper JD, Szabo R, Madison EL, Quigley JP, Bugge TH, Antalis TM: Member anchored serine proteases: a rapid expanding group of cell surface proteolytic enzymes with potential roles in cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev, 22: 237-258, 2003. (Pubitemid 36561060)
92. Barrett MT, Sanchez C A, Galipeau P C, Neshat K, Emond M, Reid B J: Allelic loss of 9p21 and mutation of the CDKN2/p16 gene develop as early lesions during neoplastic progression in Barrett's esophagus. Oncogene, 13: 1867-1873, 1996. (Pubitemid 26397445)
93. Zhao N, Huang G, Liping G, Lu S: A novel candidate of tumor suppressor gene in the esophageal carcinoma, triggers a senescent program in NIHT3T3 cells. Society for experimental Biology and Medicine, 2005.
94. Rasool S, Ganai BA, Showkat AK, Ahanger AG, Qazi F, Khan T, Rasool V, Masood A: The ECRG1 290Arg/Gln polymorphism is associated with the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Kashmir. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev, 12: 265-269, 2011.
95. Suzuk L, Noffsinger AE, Hui YZ: Detection of human papillomavirus in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer, 78: 704-710, 1996. (Pubitemid 26268597)
96. Lam KY, Shan XC, Dickens P, Loke SL, Ma LT: The expression of H-ras p211 product in esophageal cancer from Hong Kong Chinese. Am J Gastroenterol, 90; 171-172, 1995.
97. Wong FH, Hu CP, Chiu JH, Huang BS, Chang JP, Lin PJ, Chien KY, Chang C: Expression of multiple oncogenes in human esophageal carcinomas. Cancer Res, 57: 2619-2622, 1994.
98. Jones GJ, Heiss NS, Veale RB, Thomlay AL: Amplification and expression of the Rb tumor suppressor, and expression of the TGF-a, EGF receptor and c-myc genes in four human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma lines. Biosci Rep, 13: 303-312, 1993.
99. Yoshida K, Kyo E, Tsuda T, Tsujino T, Ito M, Niimoto M, Tahara E: EGF and TGF-a, the ligands of hyperproduced EGFR in human esophageal carcinoma cells, act as autocrine growth factors. Int J Cancer, 45: 131-135, 1990. (Pubitemid 20032110)
100. Tsuda T, Tahar E, Kajiyama G, Sakamoto H, Terada M, Surgimara T: High incidence of coamplification of hst-1 and int-2 gene in human esophageal carcinoma. Cancer Res, 49: 5505-5508, 1989. (Pubitemid 19256421)
101. Kitagawa Y, Ueda M, Ando N, Shinozawa Y, Shimuzu N, Abe O: Significance of int-2: hst-1 coamplification as a prognostic factor in patients with esophageal squamous carcinoma. Cancer Res, 51: 1504-1508, 1991.
102. Ikeda Y, Ozawa S, Ando N, Kitagawa Y, Ueda M, Kitajima M: Meanings of c-erbB and int-2 amplification in superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Ann Thorac Surg, 62: 835-838, 1996. (Pubitemid 26301785)
103. Yoshida K, Kuniyasu H, Yasui W, Kitadai Y, Toge T, Tahara E: Expression of growth factors and their receptors in human esophageal carcinomas: regulation of expression by epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 119: 401-407, 1993. (Pubitemid 23138777)
104. Issing WJ, Heppt WJ, Kastenbauer ER: ErbB-3, a third member of the erb B/epidermal growth factor receptor gene family: its expression in head neck cancer cell lines. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 250: 392-395, 1993. (Pubitemid 23337486)
105. Plowman GD, Culouscou JM, Whitney GS, Green JM, Carlton GW, Foy L, Neabauer MG, Shoyab M: Ligand specific activation of HER4: p180 erbB4, a fourth member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 90: 1746-1750, 1993. (Pubitemid 23069933)
106. Ozawa S, Ueda M, Ando N, Shimizu N, Abe O: Prognostic significance of epidermal growth factor receptor in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer, 63: 2167-2173, 1989.
107. Mukaida H, Toi M, Hirai T, Yamashita Y, Toge T: Clinical significance of the expression of epidermal growth factor and its receptor in esophageal cancer. Cancer, 68: 142-148, 1991.
108. Itakura Y, Sasano H, Shiga C, Furukawa Y, Shiga K, Mori S, Nagura H: Epidermal growth factor receptor overexpression in esophageal carcinoma. Cancer, 74: 795-804, 1994.
109. Hirai T, Kuwahara M, Yoshida K, Kagawa, Y, Hihara J, Yamashita Y, Toge T: Clinical results of transhiatal esophagectomy for carcinoma of the lower thoracic esophagus according to biological markers. Dis Esophagus, 11: 221-225, 1998. (Pubitemid 29087922)
110. Hickey K, Grehan D, Reid IM, O'Brian S, Walsh TN, Hennessy TP: Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor and proliferating cell nuclear antigen predicts response of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma to radiation therapy. Cancer, 74: 1693-1698, 1994. (Pubitemid 24301821)
111. Toyoshima K, Sugimura T, Yamamoto T, Terada M, Battifora H, Cline MJ: Amplification of c-erb B -2 oncogene in human adenocarinomas in vivo. Lancet, 327: 765-767, 1986.
112. Mori S, Akiyama T, Morishita Y, Shimizu S, Sakai K, Sudo K, Toyoshima K, Yamamoto: Light and electron microscopical demonstration of c-erbB-2 gene product like immunoreactivity in human malignant tumors. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol, 54: 8-15, 1987. (Pubitemid 17146203)
113. Hardwick RH, Barham CP, Ozua P, Newcomb PV, Savage P, Powell R, Rahamin J, Alderson D: Immunohistochemical detection of p53 and c-erbB-2 in esophageal carcinoma: no correlation with prognosis. Eur J Surg Oncol, 23: 30-35, 1997. (Pubitemid 27107489)
114. Lam AKY: Molecular biology of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: critical reviews in oncology. Hematology, 33: 71-90, 2000.
115. Ono H, Takahashi A, Ogoshi S: Relationship between Hras p21 product and p53 protein or high risk human papillomaviruses in esophageal cancer from Kochi, Japan. Am J Gastroenterol, 89: 646-647, 1994. (Pubitemid 24106253)
116. Ruol A, Stephens J K, Michelassi F, Segalin A, Chiarelli S, Peracchia A, Skinner DB, Little AG: Expression of ras oncogenes p21 protein esophageal cell carcinoma. J Surg Oncol, 44: 142-145, 2000.
117. Kanda Y, Nishiyama, Y, Shimada, Y, Imamura M, Nomura H, Hiai H, Fukumotoo M: Analysis of gene amplification and overexpression in human esophageal carcinoma cell lines. Int J Cancer, 58: 291-297, 1994. (Pubitemid 24240110)
118. Tsuboi K, Hirayoski K, Takeuchi K, Sabe H, Shimada Y, Ohshio G, Tobe T, Hatanaka M: Expression of the c-myc gene in human gastrointestinal malignancies. Biochem Biophys Res Comm, 146: 699-704, 1998.
119. Miyazaki S, Sasano H, Shiga K, Sawai T, Nishihisa T, Okamoto H, Mori S: Analysis of c-myc oncogenes in human esophageal carcinoma: immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and northern and southern blot studies. Anticancer Res, 12: 1747-1756, 1992.
120. Zhu D, Wang L, Zhang C, Wang X, Mao X, Jia Y, Zhong S, Wu YM: No evidence for the amplification of mdm2 and c-myc genes involved in the genetic susceptibility to esophageal cancer in a high risk area of north China. Cancer Genet Cytogenet, 89: 184-185, 1996.
121. Anayima T, Furihata M, Takeuchi T, Sonabe H, Sasaguri S, Matsumoto M, Ohtuski Y: Insufficient effect of p27 (KIPI to inhibit cyclin D1 in human esophageal cancer in vivo. Int J Oncol, 18: 151-155, 2001.
122. Nakagawa H, Zukerberg L, Togawa K, Meltzer SJ, Nishihira T, Rustgi AK: Human cyclin D1 oncogene and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer, 76: 541-549, 1995.
123. Tetsu O, McCormick F: β-catenin regulates expression of cyclin D1 in colon carcinoma cells. Nature, 398: 422-426, 1999. (Pubitemid 29180374)
124. Nagasawa S, Masahiko O, Sasajima K, Makino H, Yamashita K, Takubo K, Miyashita M: Cyclin D1 overexpression as a prognostic factor in patients with esophageal carcinoma. J Surg Oncol, 78: 208-214, 2001. (Pubitemid 33021087)
125. Zhu D, Wang L, Zhang C, Wang X, Mao X, Jia Y, Zhong S, Wu YM: No evidence for the amplification of mdm2 and c-myc genes involved in the genetic susceptibility to esophageal cancer in a high risk area of north China. Cancer Genet Cytogenet, 89: 184-185, 1996.
126. Shibagaki I, Tanaka H, Shimada Y, Wagata T, Ikenaga M, Imamura M, Ishizaki K: p53 mutation, murine double minute 2 amplification, and human papillomavirus infection are frequently involved but not associated with each other in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res, 1: 769-773, 1995.
127. Shimoji H, Miyazato H, Nakachi A, Kuniyoshi S, Isa T, Shiraishi M, Muto Y, Toda T: Expression of p53, bcl-2, and bax as predictors of response to radiotherapy in esophageal cancer. Dis Esophagus, 13: 185-190, 2000. (Pubitemid 32111837)
128. Wilson VL, Weston A, Manchester DK, Trivers GE, Roberts DW, Kadlubar FF, Wild CP, Montesano R, Willey JC, Mann DL: Alkyl and aryl carcinogen adducts detected in human peripheral lung. Carcinogenesis, 10: 2149-2153, 1989. (Pubitemid 19280500)
129. Zhang J, Jin X, Fang S, Wang R, Li Y, Wang N, Guo W, Wang Y, Wen D, Wei L, Dong Z, Kuang G: The functional polymorphism in the matrix metalloproteinase-7 promoter increases susceptibility to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma. Carcinogenesis, 26: 1748-1753, 2005. (Pubitemid 41487990)
130. Saeki H, Tanaka S, Sugimachi K, Kimura Y, Miyazaki M, Ohga T, Sugimachi K: Interrelation between expression of matrix metalloproteinase 7 and beta-catenin in esophageal cancer. Dig Dis Sci, 47: 2738-2742, 2002. (Pubitemid 35471615)
131. Malik MA, Zargar SA, Mittal B: role of the metalloproteinase-7 (181a >g) polymorphism in gastric cancer susceptibility: a case control study in Kashmir valley. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev, 12: 73-76, 2011.
132. Ambrosini G, Adida C, Altieri DC: A novel anti-apoptosis gene, survivin, expressed in cancer and lymphoma. Nat Med, 3: 917-921, 1997. (Pubitemid 27353455)
133. Ikeguchi M, Yamaguchi K, Kaibara N: Survivin gene expression positively correlates with proliferative activity of cancer cells in esophageal cancer. Tumour Biol, 24: 40-45, 2003. (Pubitemid 36578817)
134. Tamm I, Wang Y, Sausville E, Scudiero DA, Vigna N, Oltersdorf T, Reed JC: IAP-family protein survivin inhibits caspase activity and apoptosis induced by Fas (CD95), Bax, caspases and anticancer drugs. Cancer Res, 58: 15-20, 1998.
135. Grabowski P, Kuhnel T, Muhr-Wilkenshoff F, Heine B, Stein H, Hopfner M, Germer CT, Scherubl H: Prognostic value of nuclear surviving expression in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer, 88: 115-119, 2003. (Pubitemid 36241227)
136. Zaffaroni N, Pennati M, Daidone MG: Survivin as a target for new anticancer interventions. J Cell Mol Med, 9: 360-372, 2005.
137. Upadhyay R, Khurana R, Kumar S, Ghoshal AC, Mittal B, Khuroo MS, Zargar, SA, Mahajan R, Banday M A: High incidence of esophageal and gastric cancer in Kashmir, a population with special reference dietary and personal. Gut, 33: 11-15.1992.
138. Kawajiri K, Nakachi K, Imai K, Watanabe J, Hayashi S: Germ line polymorphisms of p53 and CYP1A1 genes involved in human lung cancer. Carcinogenesis 14: 1085-1089, 1993. (Pubitemid 23193532)
139. Smith TJ, Liao A, Wang LD, Yang G, Starcic S, Philbert MA, Chung Yang CS: Characterization of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and nitrosamine metabolism in the human esophagus. Carcinogenesis, 19: 667-672, 1998. (Pubitemid 28376812)
140. Lin D-X, Tang Y-M, Peng Q, Lu S-X, Ambrosone B, Kadlubar FF: Susceptibility to esophageal cancer and genetic polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferases T1, P1, and M1 and cytochrome P450 2E1. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev, 7: 1013-1018, 1998. (Pubitemid 28514102)
141. Tan W, Song N, Wang GQ, Liu Q, Tang HJ, Kadlubar FF, Lin DX: Impact of genetic polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 2E1 and glutathione S-transferases M1, T1, and P1 on susceptibility to esophageal cancer among high-risk individuals in China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 9: 551-556, 2000. (Pubitemid 30396175)
142. Malik MA, Upadhyay R, Mittal RD, Zargar SA, Mittal B: Association of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes genetic polymorphisms with esophageal cancer in Kashmir Valley and influence of environmental factors. Nutr Cancer, 62: 734-742, 2010.