Inverse effectiveness and multisensory interactions in visual event-related potentials with audiovisual speech

Brain Topography

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 308-326

  Stevenson, Ryan A ^a,b   Bushmakin, Maxim ^a   Kim, Sunah ^a,c   Wallace, Mark T ^b   Puce, Aina ^a   James, Thomas W ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

ERPs; Face perception; Inverse effectiveness; Multisensory integration; N170; P1 N1 P2; Speech perception

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; AUDIOVISUAL SPEECH; CONTROLLED STUDY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; EVOKED VISUAL RESPONSE; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECOGNITION; RESPONSE TIME; SENSORY STIMULATION; SIGNAL NOISE RATIO; SPEECH; VISUAL STIMULATION; WORD RECOGNITION;

ACOUSTIC STIMULATION; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AUDITORY PERCEPTION; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PHOTIC STIMULATION; REACTION TIME; SPEECH PERCEPTION; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 84864678724     PISSN: 08960267     EISSN: 15736792     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10548-012-0220-7     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Allison T, Ginter H, McCarthy G, Nobre AC, Puce A, Luby M, Spencer DD (1994a) Face recognition in human extrastriate cortex. J Neurophysiol 71(2):821-825 (Pubitemid 24068611)
2. Allison T, McCarthy G, Nobre A, Puce A, Belger A (1994b) Human extrastriate visual cortex and the perception of faces, words, numbers, and colors. Cereb Cortex 4(5):544-554 (Pubitemid 24297017)
3. Allison T, Puce A, Spencer DD, McCarthy G (1999) Electrophysiological studies of human face perception. I: potentials generated in occipitotemporal cortex by face and non-face stimuli. Cereb Cortex 9(5):415-430 (Pubitemid 29367763)
4. Attwell D, Iadecola C (2002) The neural basis of functional brain imaging signals. Trends Neurosci 25(12):621-625 (Pubitemid 35356509)
5. Barth DS, Goldberg N, Brett B, Di S (1995) The spatiotemporal organization of auditory, visual, and auditory-visual evoked potentials in rat cortex. Brain Res 678(1-2):177-190
6. Beauchamp MS, Argall BD, Bodurka J, Duyn JH, Martin A (2004a) Unraveling multisensory integration: patchy organization within human STS multisensory cortex. Nat Neurosci 7(11):1190-1192 (Pubitemid 39426237)
7. Beauchamp MS, Lee KE, Argall BD, Martin A (2004b) Integration of auditory and visual information about objects in superior temporal sulcus. Neuron 41(5):809-823 (Pubitemid 38326842)
8. Beauchamp MS, Yasar NE, Frye RE, Ro T (2008) Touch, sound and vision in human superior temporal sulcus. NeuroImage 41(3): 1011-1020. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.03.015
9. Bentin S, Allison T, Puce A, Perez E, McCarthy G (1996) Electrophysiological studies of face perception in humans. J Cogn Neurosci 8(6):551-565 (Pubitemid 27075436)
10. Berman AL (1961) Interaction of cortical responses to somatic and auditory stimuli in anterior ectosylvian gyrus of cat. J Neurophysiol 24:608-620
11. Besle J, Fort A, Delpuech C, Giard MH (2004a) Bimodal speech: early suppressive visual effects in human auditory cortex. Eur J Neurosci 20(8):2225-2234. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03670.xEJN3670[pii] (Pubitemid 39331143)
12. Besle J, Fort A, Giard M (2004b) Interest and validity of the additive model in electrophysiological studies of multisensory interactions. Cogn Process 5:189-192
13. Besle J, Bertrand O, Giard MH (2009) Electrophysiological (EEG, sEEG, MEG) evidence for multiple audiovisual interactions in the human auditory cortex. Hear Res. doi:10.1016/j.heares.2009.06.016
14. Brainard DH (1997) The psychophysics toolbox. Spat Vis 10(4): 433-436 (Pubitemid 127582520)
15. Brefczynski-Lewis J, Lowitszch S, Parsons M, Lemieux S, Puce A (2009) Audiovisual non-verbal dynamic faces elicit converging fMRI and ERP responses. Brain Topogr 21(3-4):193-206. doi: 10.1007/s10548-009-0093-6
16. Calvert GA, Bullmore ET, Brammer MJ, Campbell R, Williams SC, McGuire PK, Woodruff PW, Iversen SD, David AS (1997) Activation of auditory cortex during silent lipreading. Science 276(5312):593-596 (Pubitemid 27193683)
17. Calvert GA, Campbell R, Brammer MJ (2000) Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging of crossmodal binding in the human heteromodal cortex. Curr Biol 10(11):649-657 (Pubitemid 30354700)
18. Calvert GA, Hansen PC, Iversen SD, Brammer MJ (2001) Detection of audio-visual integration sites in humans by application of electrophysiological criteria to the BOLD effect. NeuroImage 14(2):427-438 (Pubitemid 32709557)
19. Cappe C, Barone P (2005) Heteromodal connections supporting multisensory integration at low levels of cortical processing in the monkey. Eur J Neurosci 22(11):2886-2902. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04462.x (Pubitemid 41818860)
20. Cappe C, Rouiller EM, Barone P (2009) Multisensory anatomical pathways. Hear Res 258(1-2):28-36. doi:10.1016/j.heares.2009.04.017
21. Cappe C, Thut G, Romei V, Murray MM (2010) Auditory-visual multisensory interactions in humans: timing, topography, directionality, and sources. J Neurosci 30(38):12572-12580. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1099-10.2010
22. Clarke R, Morton J (1983) Cross modality facilitation in tachistoscope word recognition. Q J Exp Psychol 35A:79-96
23. Clavagnier S, Falchier A, Kennedy H (2004) Long-distance feedback projections to area V1: implications for multisensory integration, spatial awareness, and visual consciousness. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 4(2):117-126 (Pubitemid 39167154)
24. Diederich A, Colonius H (2004) Bimodal and trimodal multisensory enhancement: effects of stimulus onset and intensity on reaction time. Percept Psychophys 66(8):1388-1404 (Pubitemid 40778227)
25. Falchier A, Clavagnier S, Barone P, Kennedy H (2002) Anatomical evidence of multimodal integration in primate striate cortex. J Neurosci 22(13):5749-5759 (Pubitemid 35386498)
26. Falchier A, Schroeder CE, Hackett TA, Lakatos P, Nascimento-Silva S, Ulbert I, Karmos G, Smiley JF (2010) Projection from visual areas V2 and prostriata to caudal auditory cortex in the monkey. Cereb Cortex 20(7):1529-1538. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp213
27. Fort A, Delpuech C, Pernier J, Giard MH (2002a) Dynamics of cortico-subcortical cross-modal operations involved in audiovisual object detection in humans. Cereb Cortex 12(10):1031-1039
28. Fort A, Delpuech C, Pernier J, Giard MH (2002b) Early auditory-visual interactions in human cortex during nonredundant target identification. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 14(1):20-30 (Pubitemid 34626794)
29. Giard M, Besle J (2010) Methodological considerations: electrophysiology of multisensory interactions in humans. In: Kaiser J, Naumer MJ (eds) Multisensory object perception in the primate brain. Springer, New York
30. Giard MH, Peronnet F (1999) Auditory-visual integration during multimodal object recognition in humans: a behavioral and electrophysiological study. J Cogn Neurosci 11(5):473-490 (Pubitemid 29520540)
31. Gondan M, Röder B (2006) A new method for detecting interactions between the senses in event-related potentials. Brain Res 1073-1074:389-397. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.050
32. Grill-Spector K, Henson R, Martin A (2006) Repetition and the brain: neural models of stimulus-specific effects. Trends Cogn Sci 10(1):14-23. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.11.006 (Pubitemid 43049768)
33. Haxby JV, Horwitz B, Ungerleider LG, Maisog JM, Pietrini P, Grady CL (1994) The functional organization of human extrastriate cortex: a PET-rCBF study of selective attention to faces and locations. J Neurosci 14(11 Pt 1):6336-6353 (Pubitemid 24333057)
34. Heeger DJ, Ress D (2002) What does fMRI tell us about neuronal activity? Nat Rev 3(2):142-151. doi:10.1038/nrn730nrn730[pii] (Pubitemid 135706583)
35. Henson RN (2003) Neuroimaging studies of priming. Prog Neurobiol 70(1):53-81. doi:S0301008203000868[pii] (Pubitemid 36966641)
36. Hershenson M (1962) Reaction time as a measure of intersensory facilitation. J Exp Psychol 63:289-293
37. James TW, Gauthier I (2006) Repetition-induced changes in BOLD response reflect accumulation of neural activity. Hum Brain Mapp 27(1):37-46 (Pubitemid 43202733)
38. James TW, Stevenson RA (2012) The use of fMRI to assess multisensory integration. In: Wallace MH, Murray MM (eds) Frontiers in the neural basis of multisensory processes. Taylor & Francis, London
39. James TW, Stevenson RA, Kim S (2009) Assessing multisensory integration with additive factors and functional MRI. In: Proceedings of the International Society for Psychophysics, Dublin
40. James TW, Stevenson RA, Kim S (2012) Inverse effectiveness in multisensory processing. In: Stein BE (ed) The new handbook of multisensory processes. MIT Press, Cambridge
41. Joassin F, Maurage P, Bruyer R, Crommelinck M, Campanella S (2004) When audition alters vision: an event-related potential study of the cross-modal interactions between faces and voices. Neurosci Lett 369(2):132-137 (Pubitemid 39265414)
42. Kawashima R, O'Sullivan BT, Roland PE (1995) Positron-emission tomography studies of cross-modality inhibition in selective attentional tasks: closing the "mind's eye". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92(13):5969-5972
43. Kim S, James TW (2010) Enhanced effectiveness in visuo-haptic object-selective brain regions with increasing stimulus salience. Hum Brain Mapp 31(5):678-693. doi:10.1002/hbm.20897
44. Kim S, Stevenson RA, James TW (2011) Visuo-haptic neuronal convergence demonstrated with an inversely effective pattern of BOLD activation. J Cogn Neurosci 24(4):830-842. doi: 10. 1162/jocn-a-00176
45. Klucharev V, Mottonen R, Sams M (2003) Electrophysiological indicators of phonetic and non-phonetic multisensory interactions during audiovisual speech perception. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 18(1):65-75 (Pubitemid 37500976)
46. Kriegeskorte N, Simmons WK, Bellgowan PS, Baker CI (2009) Circular analysis in systems neuroscience: the dangers of double dipping. Nat Neurosci 12(5):535-540. doi:10.1038/nn.2303
47. Lachs L, Hernandez LR (1998) Update: the Hoosier Audiovisual Multitalker Database. Research on spoken language processing. Speech Research Laboratory, Indiana University, Bloomington
48. Laming D, Laming J (1992) F. Hegelmaier: on memory for the length of a line. Psychol Res 54(4):233-239
49. Latinus M, VanRullen R, Taylor MJ (2010) Top-down and bottom-up modulation in processing bimodal face/voice stimuli. BMC Neurosci 11:36. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-11-36
50. Laurienti PJ, Burdette JH, Wallace MT, Yen YF, Field AS, Stein BE (2002) Deactivation of sensory-specific cortex by cross-modal stimuli. J Cogn Neurosci 14(3):420-429 (Pubitemid 34267542)
51. Logothetis NK (2002) The neural basis of the blood-oxygen-leveldependent functional magnetic resonance imaging signal. Philos Trans R Soc London 357(1424):1003-1037 (Pubitemid 34973714)
52. Logothetis NK (2003) The underpinnings of the BOLD functional magnetic resonance imaging signal. J Neurosci 23(10):3963-3971 (Pubitemid 36958412)
53. Lovelace CT, Stein BE, Wallace MT (2003) An irrelevant light enhances auditory detection in humans: a psychophysical analysis of multisensory integration in stimulus detection. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 17(2):447-453 (Pubitemid 36860069)
54. Luce PA, Pisoni DB (1998) Recognizing spoken words: the neighborhood activation model. Ear Hear 19(1):1-36 (Pubitemid 28092986)
55. Macaluso E, Frith CD, Driver J (2000) Modulation of human visual cortex by crossmodal spatial attention. Science 289(5482): 1206-1208 (Pubitemid 30650735)
56. Martuzzi R, Murray MM, Michel CM, Thiran JP, Maeder PP, Clarke S, Meuli RA (2007) Multisensory interactions within human primary cortices revealed by BOLD dynamics. Cereb Cortex 17(7):1672-1679. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl077
57. McGurk H, MacDonald J (1976) Hearing lips and seeing voices. Nature 264(5588):746-748
58. Meredith MA, Stein BE (1983) Interactions among converging sensory inputs in the superior colliculus. Science 221(4608): 389-391 (Pubitemid 13067842)
59. Meredith MA, Stein BE (1986) Visual, auditory, and somatosensory convergence on cells in superior colliculus results in multisensory integration. J Neurophysiol 56(3):640-662 (Pubitemid 16031523)
60. Miller J (1982) Divided attention: evidence for coactivation with redundant signals. Cogn Psychol 14(2):247-279
61. Molholm S, Ritter W, Murray MM, Javitt DC, Schroeder CE, Foxe JJ (2002) Multisensory auditory-visual interactions during early sensory processing in humans: a high-density electrical mapping study. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 14(1):115-128 (Pubitemid 34626802)
62. Molholm S, Ritter W, Javitt DC, Foxe JJ (2004) Multisensory visualauditory object recognition in humans: a high-density electrical mapping study. Cereb Cortex 14(4):452-465 (Pubitemid 38506976)
63. Murray MM, Molholm S, Michel CM, Heslenfeld DJ, Ritter W, Javitt DC, Schroeder CE, Foxe JJ (2005) Grabbing your ear: rapid auditory-somatosensory multisensory interactions in low-level sensory cortices are not constrained by stimulus alignment. Cereb Cortex 15(7):963-974. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh197 (Pubitemid 40848065)
64. Murray MM, Brunet D, Michel CM (2008) Topographic ERP analyses: a step-by-step tutorial review. Brain Topogr 20(4):249-264. doi: 10.1007/s10548-008-0054-5
65. Musacchia G, Schroeder CE (2009) Neuronal mechanisms, response dynamics and perceptual functions of multisensory interactions in auditory cortex. Hear Res 258(1-2):72-79. doi:10.1016/j.heares.2009.06.018
66. Nelson WT, Hettinger LJ, Cunningham JA, Brickman BJ, Haas MW, McKinley RL (1998) Effects of localized auditory information on visual target detection performance using a helmet-mounted display. Hum Factors 40(3):452-460 (Pubitemid 28551223)
67. Pelli DG (1997) The VideoToolbox software for visual psychophysics: transforming numbers into movies. Spatial Vis 10(4):437-442 (Pubitemid 127582521)
68. Perrault TJ Jr, Vaughan JW, Stein BE, Wallace MT (2003) Neuronspecific response characteristics predict the magnitude of multisensory integration. J Neurophysiol 90(6):4022-4026. doi: 10.1152/jn.00494.2003 (Pubitemid 37541932)
69. Ponton C, Eggermont JJ, Khosla D, Kwong B, Don M (2002) Maturation of human central auditory system activity: separating auditory evoked potentials by dipole source modeling. Clin Neurophysiol 113(3):407-420. doi: S1388245701007337[pii] (Pubitemid 34233862)
70. Puce A, Epling JA, Thompson JC, Carrick OK (2007) Neural responses elicited to face motion and vocalization pairings. Neuropsychologia 45(1):93-106. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.04.017 (Pubitemid 44821231)
71. Raab DH (1962) Statistical facilitation of simple reaction times. Trans New York Acad Sci 24:574-590
72. Raichle ME, Mintun MA (2006) Brain work and brain imaging. Ann Rev Neurosci 29:449-476. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112819 (Pubitemid 44476853)
73. Rockland KS, Ojima H (2003) Multisensory convergence in calcarine visual areas in macaque monkey. Int J Psychophysiol 50(1-2): 19-26 (Pubitemid 37162868)
74. Roediger HL III, McDermott KB (1993) Implicit memory in normal subjects. In: Boller F, Grafman J (eds) Handbook of neuropsychology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 63-131
75. Romei V, Murray MM, Merabet LB, Thut G (2007) Occipital transcranial magnetic stimulation has opposing effects on visual and auditory stimulus detection: implications for multisensory interactions. J Neurosci 27(43):11465-11472. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2827-07.2007 (Pubitemid 350006902)
76. Romei V, Murray MM, Cappe C, Thut G (2009) Preperceptual and stimulus-selective enhancement of low-level human visual cortex excitability by sounds. Curr Biol 19(21):1799-1805. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.027
77. Ross LA, Saint-Amour D, Leavitt VM, Javitt DC, Foxe JJ (2007) Do you see what I am saying? Exploring visual enhancement of speech comprehension in noisy environments. Cereb Cortex 17(5):1147-1153. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl024 (Pubitemid 46598855)
78. Sartori G, Umilta C (2000) The additive factor method in brain imaging. Brain Cogn 42(1):68-71. doi:10.1006/brcg.1999.1164 (Pubitemid 30193471)
79. Senkowski D, Saint-Amour D, Hofle M, Foxe JJ (2011) Multisensory interactions in early evoked brain activity follow the principle of inverse effectiveness. NeuroImage. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.075
80. Scarff CJ, Reynolds A, Goodyear BG, Ponton CW, Dort JC, Eggermont JJ (2004) Simultaneous 3-T fMRI and high-density recording of human auditory evoked potentials. NeuroImage 23(3):1129-1142. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.035 (Pubitemid 39446544)
81. Sheffert SM, Lachs L, Hernandez LR (1996) The Hooiser audiovisual multitalker database. Research on spoken language processing. Speech Research Laboratory, Indiana University, Bloomington
82. Smiley JF, Falchier A (2009) Multisensory connections of monkey auditory cerebral cortex. Hear Res 258(1-2):37-46. doi:10.1016/j.heares.2009.06.019
83. Soto-Faraco S, Navarra J, Alsius A (2004) Assessing automaticity in audiovisual speech integration: evidence from the speeded classification task. Cognition 92(3):B13-B23 (Pubitemid 38270272)
84. Stanford TR, Quessy S, Stein BE (2005) Evaluating the operations underlying multisensory integration in the cat superior colliculus. J Neurosci 25(28):6499-6508 (Pubitemid 40995282)
85. Stein B, Meredith MA (1993) The merging of the senses. MIT Press, Boston
86. Stein BE, Wallace MT (1996) Comparisons of cross-modality integration in midbrain and cortex. Prog Brain Res 112:289-299 (Pubitemid 26400858)
87. Stein BE, Huneycutt WS, Meredith MA (1988) Neurons and behavior: the same rules of multisensory integration apply. Brain Res 448(2):355-358
88. Stein BE, Stanford TR, Ramachandran R, Perrault TJ Jr, Rowland BA (2009) Challenges in quantifying multisensory integration: alternative criteria, models, and inverse effectiveness. Exp Brain Res 198(2-3):113-126. doi:10.1007/s00221-009-1880-8
89. Stekelenburg JJ, Vroomen J (2007) Neural correlates of multisensory integration of ecologically valid audiovisual events. J Cogn Neurosci 19(12):1964-1973. doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.12.1964 (Pubitemid 350220508)
90. Sternberg S (1969) Memory-scanning: mental processes revealed by reaction-time experiments. Am Sci 57(4):421-457
91. Sternberg S (1998) Discovering mental processing stages: the method of additive factors. In: Scarborough D, Sternberg S (eds) An invitation to cognitive science: volume 4, methods, models, and conceptual issues, vol 4. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 739-811
92. Sternberg S (2001) Seperate modifiability, mental modules, and the use of pure and composite measures to reveal them. Acta Psychol 106:147-246 (Pubitemid 33650995)
93. Stevenson RA, James TW (2009) Audiovisual integration in human superior temporal sulcus: inverse effectiveness and the neural processing of speech and object recognition. NeuroImage 44(3):1210-1223. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008. 09.034
94. Stevenson RA, Geoghegan ML, James TW (2007) Superadditive BOLD activation in superior temporal sulcus with threshold nonspeech objects. Exp Brain Res 179(1):85-95 (Pubitemid 46659222)
95. Stevenson RA, Kim S, James TW (2009) An additive-factors design to disambiguate neuronal and areal convergence: measuring multisensory interactions between audio, visual, and haptic sensory streams using fMRI. Exp Brain Res 198(2-3):183-194. doi: 10.1007/s00221-009-1783-8
96. Stevenson RA, Altieri NA, Kim S, Pisoni DB, James TW (2010) Neural processing of asynchronous audiovisual speech perception. NeuroImage 49(4):3308-3318. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.001
97. Stevenson RA, VanDerKlok RM, Pisoni DB, James TW (2011) Discrete neural substrates underlie complementary audiovisual speech integration processes. NeuroImage 55(3):1339-1345. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.063
98. Sumby WH, Pollack I (1954) Visual contribution to speech intelligibility in noise. J Acoust Soc Am 26:212-215
99. Teder-Salejarvi WA, McDonald JJ, Di Russo F, Hillyard SA (2002) An analysis of audio-visual crossmodal integration by means of event-related potential (ERP) recordings. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 14(1):106-114 (Pubitemid 34626801)
100. van Wassenhove V, Grant KW, Poeppel D (2005) Visual speech speeds up the neural processing of auditory speech. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102(4):1181-1186. doi:10.1073/pnas.0408949102 (Pubitemid 40170746)
101. Vroomen J, Stekelenburg JJ (2010) Visual anticipatory information modulates multisensory interactions of artificial audiovisual stimuli. J Cogn Neurosci 22(7):1583-1596. doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21308
102. Wallace MH, Murray MM (eds) (2011) Frontiers in the neural basis of multisensory processes. Taylor & Francis, London
103. Wallace MT, Meredith MA, Stein BE (1992) Integration of multiple sensory modalities in cat cortex. Exp Brain Res 91(3):484-488
104. Wallace MT, Meredith MA, Stein BE (1993) Converging influences from visual, auditory, and somatosensory cortices onto output neurons of the superior colliculus. J Neurophysiol 69(6):1797-1809 (Pubitemid 23195652)
105. Wallace MT, Wilkinson LK, Stein BE (1996) Representation and integration of multiple sensory inputs in primate superior colliculus. J Neurophysiol 76(2):1246-1266 (Pubitemid 26284603)
106. Wallace MT, Meredith MA, Stein BE (1998) Multisensory integration in the superior colliculus of the alert cat. J Neurophysiol 80(2): 1006-1010 (Pubitemid 28387680)
107. Watkins S, Shams L, Tanaka S, Haynes JD, Rees G (2006) Sound alters activity in human V1 in association with illusory visual perception. NeuroImage 31(3):1247-1256. doi:10.1016/j.neuroi mage.2006.01.016 (Pubitemid 43870257)
108. Watkins S, Shams L, Josephs O, Rees G (2007) Activity in human V1 follows multisensory perception. NeuroImage 37(2):572-578. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage. 2007.05.027 (Pubitemid 47454512)
109. Werner S, Noppeney U (2009) Superadditive responses in superior temporal sulcus predict audiovisual benefits in object categorization. Cereb Cortex. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp248
110. Werner S, Noppeney U (2010) Distinct functional contributions of primary sensory and association areas to audiovisual integration in object categorization. J Neurosci 30(7):2662-2675. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5091-09.2010
111. Wilkinson LK, Meredith MA, Stein BE (1996) The role of anterior ectosylvian cortex in cross-modality orientation and approach behavior. Exp Brain Res 112(1):1-10 (Pubitemid 26388581)