Multisensory connections of monkey auditory cerebral cortex

Hearing Research

Volumn 258, Issue 1-2, 2009, Pages 37-46

  Smiley, John F ^a   Falchier, Arnaud ^a  

^a NATHAN S KLINE INSTITUTE FOR PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

Auditory cortex; Monkey; Multisensory; Somatosensory cortex; Visual cortex

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ASSOCIATION CORTEX; AUDITORY CORTEX; AUDITORY STIMULATION; GENICULATE NUCLEUS; INSULA; LIMBIC CORTEX; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NERVE PROJECTION; NEUROMODULATION; NONHUMAN; POSITIVE FEEDBACK; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULVINAR; SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX; SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM; SPATIAL DISCRIMINATION; TEMPORAL LOBE; THALAMUS POSTERIOR NUCLEUS; TIME PERCEPTION; VISUAL FIELD; VISUAL INFORMATION; VISUAL STIMULATION;

ANIMALS; AUDITORY CORTEX; BRAIN MAPPING; CEREBRAL CORTEX; HAPLORHINI; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MODELS, NEUROLOGICAL; NEURAL PATHWAYS; NEURONS; PERCEPTION; SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX; THALAMUS; VISUAL CORTEX;

EID: 70449644739     PISSN: 03785955     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2009.06.019     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Andersen R.A. Multimodal integration for the representation of space in the posterior parietal cortex. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 352 1360 (1997) 1421-1428
2. Andersen R.A., Roth G.L., Aitkin L.M., and Merzenich M.M. The efferent projections of the central nucleus and the pericentral nucleus of the inferior colliculus in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 194 3 (1980) 649-662
3. Antal A., Baudewig J., Paulus W., and Dechent P. The posterior cingulate cortex and planum temporale/parietal operculum are activated by coherent visual motion. Vis. Neurosci. 25 1 (2008) 17-26
4. Apkarian A.V., and Hodge C.J. Primate spinothalamic pathways: III. Thalamic terminations of the dorsolateral and ventral spinothalamic pathways. J. Comp. Neurol. 288 3 (1989) 493-511
5. Avanzini G., Broggi G., Franceschetti S., and Spreafico R. Multisensory convergence and interaction in the pulvinar-lateralis posterior complex of the cat's thalamus. Neurosci. Lett. 19 1 (1980) 27-32
6. Benevento L.A., and Fallon J.H. The ascending projections of the superior colliculus in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). J. Comp. Neurol. 160 3 (1975) 339-361
7. Berkley K.J. Spatial relationships between the terminations of somatic sensory and motor pathways in the rostral brainstem of cats and monkeys: I. Ascending somatic sensory inputs to lateral diencephalon. J. Comp. Neurol. 193 1 (1980) 283-317
8. Bernstein, L.E., Lu, Z.L., Jiang, J., 2008. Quantified acoustic-optical speech signal incongruity identifies cortical sites of audiovisual speech processing. Brain Res. Adv. Online publication.
9. Bieser A. Processing of twitter-call fundamental frequencies in insula and auditory cortex of squirrel monkeys. Exp. Brain Res. 122 2 (1998) 139-148
10. Bizley J.K., and King A.J. Visual-auditory spatial processing in auditory cortical neurons. Brain Res. 1242 (2008) 24-36
11. Bizley J.K., Nodal F.R., Bajo V.M., Nelken I., and King A.J. Physiological and anatomical evidence for multisensory interactions in auditory cortex. Cereb. Cortex 17 9 (2007) 2172-2189
12. Blum P.S., and Gilman S. Vestibular, somatosensory, and auditory input to the thalamus of the cat. Exp. Neurol. 65 2 (1979) 343-354
13. Bordi F., and LeDoux J.E. Response properties of single units in areas of rat auditory thalamus that project to the amygdala: II. Cells receiving convergent auditory and somatosensory inputs and cells antidromically activated by amygdala stimulation. Exp. Brain Res. 98 2 (1994) 275-286
14. Brosch M., Selezneva E., and Scheich H. Nonauditory events of a behavioral procedure activate auditory cortex of highly trained monkeys. J. Neurosci. 25 29 (2005) 6797-6806
15. Bruce C., Desimone R., and Gross C.G. Visual properties of neurons in a polysensory area in superior temporal sulcus of the macaque. J. Neurophysiol. 46 2 (1981) 369-384
16. Budinger E., Heil P., Hess A., and Scheich H. Multisensory processing via early cortical stages: connections of the primary auditory cortical field with other sensory systems. Neuroscience 143 4 (2006) 1065-1083
17. Burton H., Fabri M., and Alloway K. Cortical areas within the lateral sulcus connected to cutaneous representations in areas 3b and 1: a revised interpretation of the second somatosensory area in macaque monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 355 4 (1995) 539-562
18. Burton H., and Jones E.G. The posterior thalamic region and its cortical projection in the New World and Old World monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 168 (1976) 249-301
19. Calvert G.A. Crossmodal processing in the human brain: insights from functional neuroimaging studies. Cereb. Cortex 11 12 (2001) 1110-1123
20. Calvert G.A., and Campbell R. Reading speech from still and moving faces: the neural substrates of visible speech. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 15 1 (2003) 57-70
21. Cappe C., and Barone P. Heteromodal connections supporting multisensory integration at low levels of cortical processing in the monkey. Eur. J. Neurosci. 22 11 (2005) 2886-2902
22. Cappe, C., Rouiller, E.M., Barone, P., 2009. Multisensory anatomical pathways. Hear. Res., this issue, doi:10.1016/j.heares.2009.04.017.
23. Cate A.D., Herron T.J., Yund E.W., Stecker G.C., Rinne T., Kang X., Petkov C.I., Disbrow E.A., and Woods D.L. Auditory attention activates peripheral visual cortex. PLOS ONE 4 2 (2009) e4645
24. Cipollini P.B., and Pandya D.N. Connectional analysis of the ipsilateral and contralateral afferent neurons of the superior temporal region in the Rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 281 (1989) 567-585
25. Cipolloni P.B., and Pandya D.N. Cortical connections of the frontoparietal opercular areas in the rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 403 4 (1999) 431-458
26. Clarke S., and Innocenti G.M. Auditory neurons with transitory axons to visual areas form short permanent projections. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2 3 (1990) 227-242
27. Colby C.L., Gattass R., Olson C.R., and Gross C.G. Topographical organization of cortical afferents to extrastriate visual area PO in the macaque: a dual tracer study. J. Comp. Neurol. 269 3 (1988) 392-413
28. Curry M.J. The effects of stimulating the somatic sensory cortex on single neurones in the posterior group (PO) of the cat. Brain Res. 44 2 (1972) 463-481
29. Curry M.J. The exteroceptive properties of neurones in the somatic part of the posterior group (PO). Brain Res. 44 2 (1972) 439-462
30. Cusick C.G., Wall J.T., Felleman D.J., and Kaas J.H. Somatotopic organization of the lateral sulcus of owl monkeys: area 3b, S-II, and a ventral somatosensory area. J. Comp. Neurol. 282 2 (1989) 169-190
31. Davidson S., Zhang X., Khasabov S.G., Simone D.A., and Giesler Jr. G.J. Termination zones of functionally characterized spinothalamic tract neurons within the primate posterior thalamus. J. Neurophysiol. 100 4 (2008) 2026-2037
32. de la Mothe L.A., Blumell S., Kajikawa Y., and Hackett T.A. Cortical connections of the auditory cortex in marmoset monkeys: core and medial belt regions. J. Comp. Neurol. 496 1 (2006) 27-71
33. de la Mothe L.A., Blumell S., Kajikawa Y., and Hackett T.A. Thalamic connections of the auditory cortex in marmoset monkeys: core and medial belt regions. J. Comp. Neurol. 496 1 (2006) 72-96
34. Diamond I.T., Jones E.G., and Powell T.P. The association connections of the auditory cortex of the cat. Brain Res. 11 3 (1968) 560-579
35. Disbrow E., Litinas E., Recanzone G.H., Padberg J., and Krubitzer L. Cortical connections of the second somatosensory area and the parietal ventral area in macaque monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 462 4 (2003) 382-399
36. Doron N.N., and Ledoux J.E. Cells in the posterior thalamus project to both amygdala and temporal cortex: a quantitative retrograde double-labeling study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 425 2 (2000) 257-274
37. Falchier A., Clavagnier S., Barone P., and Kennedy H. Anatomical evidence of multimodal integration in primate striate cortex. J. Neurosci. 22 13 (2002) 5749-5759
38. Falchier, A., Schroeder, C.E., Hackettt, T.A., Lakatos, P., Nascimento-Silva, S., Ulbert, I., Karmos, G., Smiley, J.F., 2009. Low level intersensory connectivity as a fundamental feature of neocortex. Cereb Cortex.
39. Foxe J.J., Wylie G.R., Martinez A., Schroeder C.E., Javitt D.C., Guilfoyle D., Ritter W., and Murray M.M. Auditory-somatosensory multisensory processing in auditory association cortex: an fMRI study. J. Neurophysiol. 88 1 (2002) 540-543
40. Friedman D.P. Laminar patterns of termination of cortico-cortical afferents in the somatosensory system. Brain Res. 273 1 (1983) 147-151
41. Friedman D.P., and Murray E.A. Thalamic connectivity of the second somatosensory area and neighboring somatosensory fields of the lateral sulcus of the macaque. J. Comp. Neurol. 252 3 (1986) 348-373
42. Friedman D.P., Murray E.A., O'Neill J.B., and Mishkin M. Cortical connections of the somatosensory fields of the lateral sulcus of macaques: evidence for a corticolimbic pathway for touch. J. Comp. Neurol. 252 3 (1986) 323-347
43. Fu K.M., Johnston T.A., Shah A.S., Arnold L., Smiley J., Hackett T.A., Garraghty P.E., and Schroeder C.E. Auditory cortical neurons respond to somatosensory stimulation. J. Neurosci. 23 20 (2003) 7510-7515
44. Galaburda A.M., and Pandya D.N. The intrinsic architectonic and connectional organization of the superior temporal region of the rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 221 (1983) 169-184
45. Gattas R., Sousa A.P., Mishkin M., and Ungerleider L.G. Cortical projections of area V2 in the macaque. Cereb. Cortex 7 2 (1997) 110-129
46. Ghazanfar A.A., Chandrasekaran C., and Logothetis N.K. Interactions between the superior temporal sulcus and auditory cortex mediate dynamic face/voice integration in rhesus monkeys. J. Neurosci. 28 17 (2008) 4457-4469
47. Ghazanfar A.A., Maier J.X., Hoffman K.L., and Logothetis N.K. Multisensory integration of dynamic faces and voices in rhesus monkey auditory cortex. J. Neurosci. 25 20 (2005) 5004-5012
48. Ghazanfar A.A., and Schroeder C.E. Is neocortex essentially multisensory?. Trends Cogn. Sci. 10 6 (2006) 278-285
49. Giard M.H., and Peronnet F. Auditory-visual integration during multimodal object recognition in humans: a behavioral and electrophysiological study. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 11 5 (1999) 473-490
50. Goldring J.E., Dorris M.C., Corneil B.D., Ballantyne P.A., and Munoz D.P. Combined eye-head gaze shifts to visual and auditory targets in humans. Exp. Brain. Res. 111 1 (1996) 68-78
51. Guldin W.O., Akbarian S., and Grusser O.J. Cortico-cortical connections and cytoarchitectonics of the primate vestibular cortex: a study in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). J. Comp. Neurol. 326 3 (1992) 375-401
52. Guldin W.O., and Grusser O.J. Is there a vestibular cortex?. Trends Neurosci. 21 6 (1998) 254-259
53. Hackett T.A., De La Mothe L.A., Ulbert I., Karmos G., Smiley J., and Schroeder C.E. Multisensory convergence in auditory cortex: II. Thalamocortical connections of the caudal superior temporal plane. J. Comp. Neurol. 502 6 (2007) 924-952
54. Hackett T.A., and Kaas J.H. Auditory cortex in primates: functional subdivisions and processing streams. In: Gazzaniga M. (Ed). The Cognitive Neurosciences III (2004), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 215-232
55. Hashikawa T., Molinari M., Rausell E., and Jones E.G. Patchy and laminar terminations of medial geniculate axons in monkey auditory cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 362 (1995) 195-208
56. Hughes H.C., Nelson M.D., and Aronchick D.M. Spatial characteristics of visual-auditory summation in human saccades. Vis. Res. 38 24 (1998) 3955-3963
57. Jones E.G., and Burton H. Areal differences in the laminar distribution of thalamic afferents in cortical fields of the insular, parietal and temporal regions of primates. J. Comp. Neurol. 168 2 (1976) 197-247
58. Jones E.G., and Powell T.P. An anatomical study of converging sensory pathways within the cerebral cortex of the monkey. Brain 93 4 (1970) 793-820
59. Kayser C., Petkov C.I., Augath M., and Logothetis N.K. Integration of touch and sound in auditory cortex. Neuron 48 2 (2005) 373-384
60. Kayser C., Petkov C.I., Augath M., and Logothetis N.K. Functional imaging reveals visual modulation of specific fields in auditory cortex. J. Neurosci. 27 8 (2007) 1824-1835
61. Kayser C., Petkov C.I., and Logothetis N.K. Visual modulation of neurons in auditory cortex. Cereb. Cortex 18 7 (2008) 1560-1574
62. Krubitzer L., Clarey J., Tweedale R., Elston G., and Calford M. A redefinition of somatosensory areas in the lateral sulcus of macaque monkeys. J. Neurosci. 15 5 Pt 2 (1995) 3821-3839
63. Krubitzer L.A., and Kaas J.H. The organization and connections of somatosensory cortex in marmosets. J. Neurosci. 10 3 (1990) 952-974
64. Kuypers H.G., and Lawrence D.G. Cortical projections to the red nucleus and the brain stem in the Rhesus monkey. Brain Res. 4 2 (1967) 151-188
65. Lakatos P., Chen C.M., O'Connell M.N., Mills A., and Schroeder C.E. Neuronal oscillations and multisensory interaction in primary auditory cortex. Neuron 53 2 (2007) 279-292
66. Lakatos P., Karmos G., Mehta A.D., Ulbert I., and Schroeder C.E. Entrainment of neuronal oscillations as a mechanism of attentional selection. Science 320 5872 (2008) 110-113
67. Lakatos P., Shah A.S., Knuth K.H., Ulbert I., Karmos G., and Schroeder C.E. An oscillatory hierarchy controlling neuronal excitability and stimulus processing in the auditory cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 94 3 (2005) 1904-1911
68. Ledoux J.E., Ruggiero D.A., Forest R., Stornetta R., and Reis D.J. Topographic organization of convergent projections to the thalamus from the inferior colliculus and spinal cord in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 264 1 (1987) 123-146
69. Leinonen L., Hyvarinen J., Nyman G., and Linnankoski I. I. Functional properties of neurons in lateral part of associative area 7 in awake monkeys. Exp. Brain Res. 34 2 (1979) 299-320
70. Leinonen L., Hyvarinen J., and Sovijarvi A.R. Functional properties of neurons in the temporo-parietal association cortex of awake monkey. Exp. Brain Res. 39 2 (1980) 203-215
71. Lewis J.W., and Van Essen D.C. Corticocortical connections of visual, sensorimotor, and multimodal processing areas in the parietal lobe of the macaque monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 428 1 (2000) 112-137
72. Linke R. Organization of projections to temporal cortex originating in the thalamic posterior intralaminar nucleus of the rat. Exp. Brain Res. 127 (1999) 314-320
73. Martuzzi R., Murray M.M., Michel C.M., Thiran J.P., Maeder P.P., Clarke S., and Meuli R.A. Multisensory interactions within human primary cortices revealed by BOLD dynamics. Cereb. Cortex 17 7 (2007) 1672-1679
74. McDonald J.J., Teder-Salejarvi W.A., and Hillyard S.A. Involuntary orienting to sound improves visual perception. Nature 407 6806 (2000) 906-908
75. Mesulam M.M., and Mufson E.J. Insula of the old world monkey: III. Efferent cortical output and comments on function. J. Comp. Neurol. 212 1 (1982) 38-52
76. Mishkin M. Analogous neural models for tactual and visual learning. Neuropsychologia 17 2 (1979) 139-151
77. Molinari M., Dell'Anna M.E., Rausell E., Leggio M.G., Hashikawa T., and Jones E.G. Auditory thalamocortical pathways defined in monkeys by calcium-binding protein immunoreactivity. J. Comp. Neurol. 362 (1995) 171-194
78. Morecraft R.J., Cipolloni P.B., Stilwell-Morecraft K.S., Gedney M.T., and Pandya D.N. Cytoarchitecture and cortical connections of the posterior cingulate and adjacent somatosensory fields in the rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 469 1 (2004) 37-69
79. Morel A., Garraghty P.E., and Kaas J.H. Tonotopic organization, architectonic fields, and connections of auditory cortex in macaque monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 335 (1993) 437-459
80. Morel A., and Kaas J.H. Subdivisions and connections of auditory cortex in owl monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 318 (1992) 27-63
81. Murray E.A., and Mishkin M. Relative contributions of SII and area 5 to tactile discrimination in monkeys. Behav Brain Res. 11 1 (1984) 67-83
82. Murray M.M., Molholm S., Michel C.M., Heslenfeld D.J., Ritter W., Javitt D.C., Schroeder C.E., and Foxe J.J. Grabbing your ear: rapid auditory-somatosensory multisensory interactions in low-level sensory cortices are not constrained by stimulus alignment. Cereb. Cortex 15 7 (2005) 963-974
83. Musacchia, G., Schroeder, C.E., 2009. Neuronal mechanisms, response dynamics and perpetual functions of multisensory interactions in auditory cortex. Hear. Res., this issue, doi:10.1016/j.heares.2009.06.018.
84. Olson I.R., Gatenby J.C., and Gore J.C. A comparison of bound and unbound audio-visual information processing in the human cerebral cortex. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 14 1 (2002) 129-138
85. Palmer S.M., and Rosa M.G. A distinct anatomical network of cortical areas for analysis of motion in far peripheral vision. Eur. J. Neurosci. 24 8 (2006) 2389-2405
86. Pandya D.N., and Kuypers H.G. Cortico-cortical connections in the rhesus monkey. Brain Res. 13 1 (1969) 13-36
87. Pekkola J., Ojanen V., Autti T., Jaaskelainen I.P., Mottonen R., and Sams M. Attention to visual speech gestures enhances hemodynamic activity in the left planum temporale. Hum. Brain Mapp. 27 6 (2006) 471-477
88. Phillips D.P., and Irvine D.R. Acoustic input to single neurons in pulvinar-posterior complex of cat thalamus. J. Neurophysiol. 42 1 Pt 1 (1979) 123-136
89. Poggio G.F., and Mountcastle V.B. A study of the functional contributions of the lemniscal and spinothalamic systems to somatic sensibility. Central nervous mechanisms in pain. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 106 (1960) 266-316
90. Qi H.X., Lyon D.C., and Kaas J.H. Cortical and thalamic connections of the parietal ventral somatosensory area in marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus). J. Comp. Neurol. 443 2 (2002) 168-182
91. Rauschecker J.P., and Tian B. Mechanisms and streams for processing of what and where in auditory cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 22 (2000) 11800-11806
92. Rauschecker J.P., and Tian B. Processing of band-passed noise in the lateral auditory belt cortex of the rhesus monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 91 6 (2004) 2578-2589
93. Rizzolatti G., and Matelli M. Two different streams form the dorsal visual system: anatomy and functions. Exp. Brain Res. 153 2 (2003) 146-157
94. Robinson C.J., and Burton H. Organization of somatosensory receptive fields in cortical areas 7b, retroinsular, postauditory and granular insula of M. fascicularis. J. Comp. Neurol. 192 1 (1980) 69-92
95. Robinson C.J., and Burton H. Somatic submodality distribution within the second somatosensory (SII), 7b, retroinsular, postauditory, and granular insular cortical areas of M. fascicularis. J. Comp. Neurol. 192 1 (1980) 93-108
96. Robinson C.J., and Burton H. Somatotopographic organization in the second somatosensory area of M. fascicularis. J. Comp. Neurol. 192 1 (1980) 43-67
97. Rockland K.S., and Ojima H. Multisensory convergence in calcarine visual areas in macaque monkey. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 50 1-2 (2003) 19-26
98. Romanski L.M., Bates J.F., and Goldman-Rakic P.S. Auditory belt and parabelt projections to the prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 403 (1999) 141-157
99. Romanski L.M., and Goldman-Rakic P.S. An auditory domain in primate prefrontal cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 5 1 (2002) 15-16
100. Romanski L.M., and LeDoux J.E. Equipotentiality of thalamo-amygdala and thalamo-cortico-amygdala circuits in auditory fear conditioning. J. Neurosci. 12 (1992) 4501-4509
101. Romanski L.M., Tian B., Fritz J., Mishkin M., Goldman-Rakic P.S., and Rauschecker J.P. Dual streams of auditory afferents target multiple domains in the primate prefrontal cortex. Nat. Neurosci 2 (1999) 1131-1136
102. Rouiller E.M., Hornung J.P., and De Ribaupierre F. Extrathalamic ascending projections to physiologically identified fields of the cat auditory cortex. Hear. Res. 40 3 (1989) 233-246
103. Rozzi S., Calzavara R., Belmalih A., Borra E., Gregoriou G.G., Matelli M., and Luppino G. Cortical connections of the inferior parietal cortical convexity of the macaque monkey. Cereb. Cortex 16 10 (2006) 1389-1417
104. Schneider R.J., Friedman D.P., and Mishkin M. A modality-specific somatosensory area within the insula of the rhesus monkey. Brain Res. 621 1 (1993) 116-120
105. Schroeder C.E., and Foxe J. Multisensory contributions to low-level 'unisensory' processing. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 15 4 (2005) 454-458
106. Schroeder C.E., and Foxe J.J. The timing and laminar profile of converging inputs to multisensory areas of the macaque neocortex. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 14 1 (2002) 187-198
107. Schroeder C.E., and Lakatos P. Low-frequency neuronal oscillations as instruments of sensory selection. Trends Neurosci. 32 1 (2009) 9-18
108. Schroeder C.E., Lindsley R.W., Specht C., Marcovici A., Smiley J.F., and Javitt D.C. Somatosensory input to auditory association cortex in the macaque monkey. J. Neurophys. 85 (2001) 1322-1327
109. Schroeder C.E., Mehta A.D., and Givre S.J. A spatiotemporal profile of visual system activation revealed by current source density analysis in the awake macaque. Cereb. Cortex 8 7 (1998) 575-592
110. Sherman S.M. The thalamus is more than just a relay. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 17 4 (2007) 417-422
111. Smiley J.F., Hackett T.A., Ulbert I., Karmas G., Lakatos P., Javitt D.C., and Schroeder C.E. Multisensory convergence in auditory cortex, I. Cortical connections of the caudal superior temporal plane in macaque monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 502 6 (2007) 894-923
112. Sudakov K., MacLean P.D., Reeves A., and Marino R. Unit study of exteroceptive inputs to claustrocortex in awake, sitting, squirrel monkey. Brain Res. 28 1 (1971) 19-34
113. Teder-Salejarvi W.A., Di Russo F., McDonald J.J., and Hillyard S.A. Effects of spatial congruity on audio-visual multimodal integration. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 17 9 (2005) 1396-1409
114. Trojanowski J.Q., and Jacobson S. Areal and laminar distribution of some pulvinar cortical efferents in rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 169 3 (1976) 371-392
115. Ungerleider L.G., and Desimone R. Cortical connections of visual area MT in the macaque. J. Comp. Neurol. 248 2 (1986) 190-222
116. Ungerleider L.G., Galkin T.W., Desimone R., and Gattass R. Cortical connections of area V4 in the macaque. Cereb. Cortex 18 3 (2008) 477-499
117. van Atteveldt N., Formisano E., Goebel R., and Blomert L. Integration of letters and speech sounds in the human brain. Neuron 43 2 (2004) 271-282
118. Wepsic J.G. Multimodal sensory activation of cells in the magnocellular medial geniculate nucleus. Exp. Neurol. 15 3 (1966) 299-318
119. Wright T.M., Pelphrey K.A., Allison T., McKeown M.J., and McCarthy G. Polysensory interactions along lateral temporal regions evoked by audiovisual speech. Cereb. Cortex 13 10 (2003) 1034-1043