Growth and Development of the Lung Circulation: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications

The Newborn Lung: Neonatology Questions and Controversies

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 50-72

  Abman, Steven H ^a,b   Baker, Christopher ^c   Balasubramaniam, Vivek ^c  

^a Department of Pediatrics ^*  (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84864364664     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-141603166-6.10003-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (135)

1. JB West (2003) Thoughts on the pulmonary blood-gas barrier. Am J Physiol 285 L501
2. DE deMello and LM Reid (2002) Prenatal and postnatal development of the pulmonary circulation. CG Haddad, SH Abman, VC Chernick,(Eds) Basic mechanisms of pediatric respiratory disease Hamilton, Ontario: Decker 77-101
3. AM Shaw, DC Bunton, T Brown, et al. (2000) Regulation of sensitivity to 5-HT in pulmonary supernumerary but not conventional arteries by a 5-HT(1D)-like receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 408 69
4. T Ogata and T Iijima (1993) Structure and pathogenesis of plexiform lesions in pulmonary hypertension. Chin Med J 106 45-58
5. PH Burri (1999) Lung development and pulmonary angiogenesis. C Gaultier, JR Bourbon, M Post,(Eds) Lung development New York: Oxford University Press 122-151
6. C Nagaishi (1972) Functional anatomy and histology of the lung Tokyo: Univ. Park Press
7. KA Fisher and RS Summer (2006) Stem and progenitor cells in the formation of the pulmonary vasculature. Curr Top Dev Biol 74 117-131
8. AA Liebow, MR Hales, WE Bloomer, et al. (1950) Studies on the lung after ligation of the pulmonary artery. Am J Pathol 26 177
9. AA Liebow, MR Hales and WE Bloomer (1959) Relation of bronchial to pulmonary vascular tree. In Pulmonary circulation New York: Grune and Stratton 79-98
10. AA Liebow, MR Hales and GE Lindskog (1949) Enlargement of the bronchial arteries and their anastomoses with the pulmonary arteries in bronchiectasis. Am J Pathol 25 211
11. DP Ascher, P Rosen, DM Null, et al. (1985) Systemic to pulmonary collaterals mimicking patent ductus arteriosus in neonates with prolonged ventilator courses. J Pediatr 101 282-284
12. JA Noonan, LR Walters and JT Reeves (1970) Congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia. Am J Dis Child 120 314-319
13. JD Boyd (1965) Development of the heart. WF Hamilton, P Dow,(Eds) Handbook of physiology: a critical comprehensive presentation of physiologic knowledge and concepts: Section 2: Circulation Washington DC: Am Physiol Soc 2511-2544
14. MC DeRuiter, AC Gittenberger-deGroot, RE Poelmann, et al. (1993) Development of the pharyngeal arch system related to the pulmonary and bronchial vessels in the avian embryo. With a concept on systemic-pulmonary artery collateral formation. Circulation 87 1306-1319
15. MC DeRuiter, AC Gittenberger-deGroot, S Ramos, et al. (1989) The special status of the pulmonary arch artery in the branchial arch system of the rat. Anat Embryol 179 319-325
16. DE deMello, D Sawyer, N Galvin and LM Reid (1997) Early fetal development of lung vasculature. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 16(5), 568-581
17. AA Hislop (2002) Airway and blood vessel interaction during lung development. J Anat 201 325-334
18. DE deMello and LM Reid (2002) Embryonic and early fetal development of human lung vasculature and its functional implications. Pediatr Dev Pathol 3 439-449
19. SM Hall, AA Hislop, CM Pierce and SG Haworth (2000) Prenatal origins for human intrapulmonary arteries: formation and smooth muscle maturation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 23 194-203
20. C Chang (1931) On the origins of the pulmonary vein. Anat Rec 50 1-8
21. SA Gebb and JM Shannon (2000) Tissue interactions mediate early events in pulmonary vasculogenesis. Dev Dyn 217 159-169
22. SK Shachtner, Y Wang and HS Baldwin (2000) Qualitative and quantitative analysis of embryonic pulmonary vessel formation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 22 157-165
23. A Maeda, S Suzuki, T Suzuki, et al. (2002) Analysis of intrapulmonary vessels and epithelial-endothelial interactions in the human developing lung. Lab Invest 82 293-301
24. MC Parera, M Van Dooren, M Van Kempen, et al. (2005) Distal angiogenesis: a new concept for lung vasculogenesis. Am J Physiol Lung 288 L141-L146
25. JM Shannon and RM Deterding (1997) Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in lung development. JA McDonald (Eds) Lung growth and development NY: Decker 81-118
26. N Ferrara, HP Gerber and J LeCouter (2003) The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat Med 9 669-672
27. I Flamme, G Breier and W Risau (1995) VEGF and VEGF receptor 2 are expressed during vasculogenesis and vascular differentiation in the quail embryo. Dev Biol 169 699-712
28. B Millauer, S Wizigmann-Voos, H Schnurch, et al. (1993) High affinity VEGF binding and developmental expression suggest Flk-1 as a major regulator of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Cell 72 835-846
29. AL Akeson, JM Greenberg, JE Cameron, et al. (2003) Temporal and spatial regulation of VEGF-A controls vascular patterning in the embryonic lung. Dev Dyn 264 443-455
30. BI Terman, M Dougher-Vermazen, ME Carrion, et al. (1992) Identification of the KDR tyrosine kinase as a receptor for VEGF. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 187 1579-1586
31. V Djonov, M Schmid, SA Tschanz and PH Burri (2000) Intussusceptive angiogenesis: its role in embryonic vascular network formation. Circ Res 86(3), 286-292
32. S Patan, MJ Alvarez, JC Schittny and PH Burri (1992) Intussusceptive microvascular growth: a common alternative to capillary sprouting. Arch Histol. Cytol 55 65-75
33. P Carmeliet, V Ferreira, G Brier, et al. (1996) Abnormal blood vessel development and lethality in embryos lacking a single VEGF allele. Nature 380 435-439
34. N Ferrara, K Carver-Moore, H Chen, et al. (1992) Heterozygous embryonic lethality induced by targeted inactivation of the VEGF gene. Nature 380 439-442
35. G Fong, H Rossant, M Gertsenstein and ML Breitman (1995) Role of the Flt-1 receptor tyrosine kinase in regulating the assembly of vascular endothelium. Nature 376(6535), 66-70
36. F Shalaby, J Rossant, TP Yamaguchi, et al. (1995) Failure of blood-island formation and vasculogenesis in Flk-1-deficient mice. Nature 376(6535), 62-66
37. Y Ng, R Rohan, ME Sunday and et al (2001) Differential expression of VEGF isoforms in mouse during development and in the adult. Dev Dyn 220 112
38. C Galumbos, YS Ng, A Ali, et al. (2002) Defective pulmonary development in the absence of heparin-binding VEGF isoforms. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 27 194-203
39. M Lohela, A Saaristo, T Veikkola and K Alitalo (2003) Lymphangiogenic growth factors, receptors and therapies. Thromb Haemost 90 167-184
40. JM Greenberg, FY Thompson, SK Brooks, et al. (2002) Mesenchymal expression of VEGF D and A defines vascular patterning in developing lung. Dev Dyn 224 144-153
41. S Davis and GD Yancopoulos (1999) The angiopoietins: yin and yang in angiogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 237 173-185
42. S Loughna and TM Sato (2001) Angiopoietin and Tie signaling pathways in vascular development. Matrix Biol 20 319-325
43. DJ Dumont, G Gradwohl, GH Fong, et al. (1994) Dominant negative and targeted null mutations in the endothelial receptor tyrosine kinase, tek, reveal a critical role in vasculogenesis in the embryo. Genes Dev 8 1897-1909
44. TN Sato, Y Tozawa, U Deutsch, et al. (2000) Distinct roles of the receptor tyrosine kinases Tie-1 and Tie-2 in blood vessel formation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 22 157-165
45. C Suri, PF Jones, S Patan, et al. (1996) Requisite role of angiopoietin-1, a ligand for the Tie 2 receptor during embryonic angiogenesis. Cell 87 1171-1180
46. NW Gale, G Thurston, SF Hackett, et al. (2002) Angiopoietin -2 is required for postnatal angiogenesis and lymphatic patterning and only the latter role is rescued by angiopoietin 1. Dev Cell 3 411-423
47. I Kim, JH Kim, S. Moon So, et al. (2000) Angiopoietin-2 at high concentrations can enhance endothelial cell survival through the PI3K/Akt signal transduction pathway. Oncogene 19 4549-4552
48. S Babei, K Teichert-Kuliszewska, Q Zhang, et al. (2003) Angiogenic actions of Ang 1 requires endothelium derived NO. Am J Pathol 162 1927-1936
49. RP Visconti, CD Richardson and TN Sato (2002) Orchestration of angiogenesis and arteriovenous contribution by angiopoietins and VEGF. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 8219-8224
50. A Papatrepopoulos, G Garcia-Caardena, TJ Douiglas, et al. (1999) Direct actions of ang-1 on human endothelium: evidence for network stabilization, cell survival and interaction with other angiogenic growth factors. Lab Invest 79 213-223
51. MR Chinoy, MM Graybill, SA Miller, et al. (2002) Ang 1 and VEGF in vascular development and angiogenesis in hypoplastic lungs. Am J Physiol Lung 283 L60-L66
52. JS Rudge, G Thurston and GD Yancopoulos (2003) Angiopoietin 1 and pulmonary hypertension: cause or cure? Circ Res 92 947-949
53. L Du, CC Sullivan, D Chu, et al. (2003) Signaling molecules in nonfamilial pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 348 500-509
54. YD Zhao, AIM Campbell, M Robb, et al. (2003) Protective role of Ang-1 in experimental pulmonary hypertension. Circ Res 92 984-991
55. S Artavanis-Tsakonas, MD Rand and RJ Lake (1999) Notch signaling: cell fate control and signal integration in development. Science 284 770-776
56. DB Taichman, KM Loomes, SK Schachtner, et al. (2002) Notch 1 and Jagged expression by the developing pulmonary vasculature. Dev Dyn 225 166-175
57. VV Kalinichenko, GA Gusarova, IM Kim, et al. (2004) Foxf1 haploinsufficiency reduces Notch-2 signaling during mouse lung development. Am J Physiol Lung 286 L521-L530
58. KM Cadigan and R Nusse (1997) Wnt signaling: a common theme in animal development. Genes Dev 11 3286-3305
59. K Willert and R Nusse (1998) Beta-catenin: a key mediator of Wnt signaling. Curr Opin Genet Dev 8 95-102
60. A Wodarz and R Nusse (1997) Mechanisms of Wnt signaling in development. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 14 59-88
61. KK Hirschi, L Lai, NS Belaguli, et al. (2001) TGF-ß induction of smooth muscle cell phenotype requires transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of serum response factor. J Biol Chem 277 6287-6295
62. MA Schwarz, F Zhang, S Gebb, et al. (2000) Endothelial monocyte activating polypeptide II inhibits lung neovascularization and airway epithelial morphogenesis. Mech Dev 95 123-132
63. SA Gebb and PL Jones (2003) Hypoxia and lung branching morphogenesis. Adv Exp Med Biol 543 117-125
64. LE Kotch, NV Iyer, E Laughner and GL Semenza (1999) Defective vascularization of HIF-1α-null embryos is not associated with VEGF deficiency, but with mesenchymal cell death. Dev Biol 209 254-267
65. PF Davies (1995) Flow-mediated endothelial mechanotransduction. Physiol Rev 75 519
66. JN Topper and MA Gimbrone (1999) Blood flow and vascular gene expression fluid shear stress as a modulator of endothelial phenotype. Mol Med Today 5 40
67. TR Grover, TA Parker, V Balasubramaniam, et al. (2005) Pulmonary hypertension impairs alveolarization and lung growth in the ovine fetus. Am J Physiol LCMP 288 648-654
68. TR Grover, TA Parker, C Hunt-Peacock, et al. (2005) rhVEGF treatment improves pulmonary vasoreactivity and structure in an experimental model of pulmonary hypertension in fetal sheep. Am J Physiol LCMP 289 L529-L535
69. T Asahara, T Murohara, A Sullivan, et al. (1997) Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis. Science 275(5302), 964-967
70. M Peichev, AJ Naiyer, D Pereira, et al. (2000) Expression of VEGFR-2 and AC133 by circulating human CD34(+) cells identifies a population of functional endothelial precursors. Blood 95(3), 952-958
71. L Healy, G May, K Gale, et al. (1995) The stem cell antigen CD34 functions as a regulator of hemopoietic cell adhesion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92(26), 12240-12244
72. G Bonanno, A Perillo, S Rutella, et al. (2004) Clinical isolation and functional characterization of cord blood CD133 + hematopoietic progenitor cells. Transfusion 44(7), 1087-1097
73. AY Khakoo and T Finkel (2005) Endothelial progenitor cells. Annu Rev Med 56 79-101
74. AH Yin, S Miraglia, ED Zanjani, et al. (1997) AC133, a novel marker for human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Blood 90(12), 5002-5012
75. DA Ingram, NM Caplice and MC Yoder (2005) Unresolved questions, changing definitions, and novel paradigms for defining endothelial progenitor cells. Blood 106(5), 1525-1531
76. DA Ingram, LE Mead, H Tanaka, et al. (2004) Identification of a novel hierarchy of endothelial progenitor cells using human peripheral and umbilical cord blood. Blood 104(9), 2752-2760
77. M Yamada, H Kubo, S Kobayashi, et al. (2004) Bone marrow-derived progenitor cells are important for lung repair after lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury. J Immunol 172(2), 1266-1272
78. K Ishizawa, M Kubo Yamada, et al. (2004) Bone marrow-derived cells contribute to lung regeneration after elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema. FEBS Lett 556(1–3), 249-252
79. K Ishizawa, H Kubo, M Yamada, et al. (2004) Hepatocyte growth factor induces angiogenesis in injured lungs through mobilizing endothelial progenitor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 324(1), 276-280
80. EL Burnham, WR Taylor, AA Quyyumi, et al. (2005) Increased circulating endothelial progenitor cells are associated with survival in acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172(7), 854-860
81. M Yamada, H Kubo, K Ishizawa, et al. (2005) Increased circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with bacterial pneumonia: evidence that bone marrow derived cells contribute to lung repair. Thorax 60(5), 410-413
82. GP Fadini, M Schiavon, M Cantini, et al. (2006) Circulating progenitor cells are reduced in patients with severe lung disease. Stem Cells 24(7), 1806-1813
83. V Balasubramaniam, C Mervis, AM Maxey, et al. (2007) Neoantal hyperoxia reduces circulating, bone marrow, and lung EPCs in neonatal mice: implications for the pathogenesis of BPD. Am J Physiol 292 L1073-L1084
84. WH Northway Jr, RC Rosan and DY Porter (1967) Pulmonary disease following respirator therapy of hyaline-membrane disease. N Engl J Med 276 357-368
85. AH Jobe and E Bancalari (2001) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 163 1723-1729
86. AH Jobe (1999) The new BPD: an arrest of lung development. Pediatr Res 46 641-643
87. AN Hussain, NH Siddiqui and JT Stocker (1998) Pathology of arrested acinar development in postsurfactant BPD. Hum Pathol 29 710-717
88. JJ Coalson (2000) Pathology of chronic lung disease of early infancy. RD Bland, JJ Coalson,(Eds) Chronic lung disease of early infancy New York: Marcel Dekker 85-124
89. SH Abman (2000) Pulmonary hypertension in chronic lung disease of infancy. Pathogenesis, pathophysiology and treatment. RD Bland, JJ Coalson,(Eds) Chronic lung disease of infancy New York: Marcel Dekker 619-668
90. SH Mitchell and G Teague (1998) Reduced gas transfer at rest and during exercise in school age survivors of BPD. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 157 1406-1412
91. JD Slavin, J Mathews and RP Spencer (1986) Pulmonary ventilation/perfusion and reverse mismatches in an infant. Acta Radiol Diagn 27 708
92. AL Hakulinen, M Järvenpaa, Turpeinan and A Sorijavi (1996) Diffusing capacity of the lung in school-age children born very preterm with and without BPD. Pediatr Pulmonol 21 353
93. Subcommittee of the Assembly of Pediatrics, American Thoracic Society (2003) Statement on the care of the child with chronic lung disease of infancy and childhood. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168 356-396
94. AA Hislop and SG Haworth (1990) Pulmonary vascular damage and the development of cor pulmonale following hyaline membrane disease. Pediatr Pulmonol 9 152-161
95. HL Halliday, FM Dumpit and JP Brady (1980) Effects of inspired oxygen on echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary vascular resistance and myocardial contractility in BPD. Pediatrics 65 536-540
96. JC Fouron, JC LeGuennec, D Villemont, et al. (1980) Value of echocardiography in assessing the outcome of BPD. Pediatrics 65 529-535
97. JF Tomashefski, HC Opperman and GF Vawter (1984) BPD: a morphometric study with emphasis on the pulmonary vasculature. Pediatr Pathol 2 469-487
98. SH Abman, RR Wolfe, FJ Accurso, et al. (1985) Pulmonary vascular response to oxygen in infants with severe BPD. Pediatrics 75 80-84
99. FJ Walther, FJ Bender and JO Leighton (1992) Persistent pulmonary hypertension in premature neonates with severe RDS. Pediatrics 90 899-904
100. G Goodman, R Perkin and N Anas (1988) Pulmonary hypertension in infants with BPD. J Pediatr 112 67-72
101. RJ Roberts, KM Weesner and JR Bucher (1983) Oxygen induced alterations in lung vascular development in the newborn rat. Pediatr Res 17 368-375
102. R Jones, WM Zapol and LM Reid (1984) Pulmonary artery remodeling and pulmonary hypertension after exposure to hyperoxia for 7 days. Am J Pathol 117 273-285
103. PM Mourani, DD Ivy, D Gao and SH Abman (2004) Pulmonary vascular effects of inhaled NO and oxygen tension in BPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170 1006-1013
104. AJ Bhatt, GS Pryhuber, H Huyck, et al. (2000) Disrupted pulmonary vasculature and decreased VEGF, flt-1, and Tie 2 in human infants dying with BPD. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 164 1971-1980
105. P Lassus, M Turanlahti, P Heikkila, et al. (2001) Pulmonary vascular endothelial growth factor and Flt-1 in fetuses, in acute and chronic lung disease, and in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164 1981-1987
106. CT D'Angio and WM Maniscalco (2002) Role of vascular growth factors in hyperoxia-induced injury to the developing lung. Frontiers in Biosciences 7 1609-1623
107. VH Kumar and RM Ryan (2004) Growth factors in fetal and neonatal lung disease. Frontiers in Biosciences 9 464-480
108. SH Abman (2001) BPD: a vascular hypothesis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164 1755-1756
109. M Jakkula, TD Le Cras, S Gebb, et al. (2000) Inhibition of angiogenesis decreases alveolarization in the developing rat lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 279 L600-L607
110. JG Klekamp, K Jarzecka and EA Perkett (1999) Exposure to hyperoxia decreases the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in adult rat lungs. Am J Pathol 154 823-831
111. WM Maniscalco, RH Watkins, CT D'Angio and RM Ryan (1997) Hyperoxic injury decreases alveolar epithelial cell expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in neonatal rabbit lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 16 557-567
112. WM Maniscalco, RH Watkins, JN Finkelstein, et al. (1995) VEGF mRNA increases in alveolar epithelial cells during recovery from oxygen injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 13 377-386
113. TD Le Cras, NE Markham, RM Tuder, et al. (2002) Treatment of newborn rats with a VEGF receptor inhibitor causes pulmonary hypertension and abnormal lung structure. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 283 L555-L562
114. WM Maniscalco, RH Watkins, GS Pryhuber, et al. (2002) Angiogenic factors and the alveolar vasculature: development and alterations by injury in very premature baboons. Am J Physiol 282 L811-L823
115. HM DeLisser, BP Helmke, G Cao, et al. (2006) Loss of PECAM-1 function impairs alveolarization. J Biol Chem 281(13), 8724-8731
116. M Ziche, L Morbidelli, R Choudhuri, et al. (1997) NO synthase lies downstream from vascular endothelial growth factor-induced but not basic fibroblast growth factor-induced angiogenesis. J Clin Invest 99 2625-2634
117. V Balasubramaniam, JR Tang, A Maxey, et al. (2003) Mild hypoxia impairs alveolarization in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase-deficient mouse. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 284 L964-L971
118. SM Leuwerke, AK Kaza, CG Tribble, et al. (2002) Inhibition of compensatory lung growth in endothelial nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 282 L1272-L1278
119. SL Young, K Evans and JP Eu (2002) Nitric oxide modulates branching morphogenesis in fetal rat lung explants. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 282 L379-L385
120. RN Han, S Babei, M Robb, et al. (2004) Defective lung vascular development and fatal respiratory distress in eNOS deficient mice: a model of alveolar capillary dysplasia. Circ Res 94 1115-1123
121. S Afshar, LL Gibson, IS Yuhanna, et al. (2003) Pulmonary NO synthase expression is attenuated in a fetal baboon model of chronic lung disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 284 L749-L758
122. AN MacRitchie, KH Albertine, J Sun, et al. (2001) Reduced endothelial nitric oxide synthase in lungs of chronically ventilated preterm lambs. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 281 L1011-L1020
123. JR Tang, NE Markham, YJ Lin, et al. (2004) Inhaled NO attenuates pulmonary hypertension and improves lung growth in infant rats after neonatal treatment with a VEGF receptor inhibitor. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 287 L344-L351
124. AM Kunig, V Balasubramaniam, NE Markham, et al. (2006) Recombinant human VEGF treatment transiently increases lung edema but enhances lung structure after neonatal hyperoxia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 291 L1068-L1078
125. AM Kunig, V Balasubramaniam, NE Markham, et al. (2005) Recombinant human VEGF treatment enhances alveolarization after hyperoxic lung injury in neonatal rats. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 289(4), L529-L535
126. B Thebaud, F Ladha, ED Michelakis, et al. (2005) VEGF gene therapy increases survival, promotes lung angiogenesis, and prevents alveolar damage in hyperoxia-induced lung injury: evidence that angiogenesis participates in alveolarization. Circulation 112(16), 2477-2486
127. G Thurston, C Suri, K Smith, et al. (1999) Leakage-resistant blood vessels in mice transgenically overexpressing angiopoietin-1. Science 286(5449), 2511-2514
128. ME De Paepe, Q Mao, J Powell, et al. (2006) Growth of pulmonary microvasculature in ventilated preterm infants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173(2), 204-211
129. K Csak, V Szabo, A Szabo, et al. (2006) Pathogenesis and genetic basis for retinopathy of prematurity. Front Biosci 11 908-920
130. CE Howlett, JS Hutchison, JP Veinot, et al. (1999) Inhaled nitric oxide protects against hyperoxia-induced apoptosis in rat lungs. Am J Physiol 277 L596-L605
131. MC McElroy, JP Wiener-Kronish, H Miyazaki, et al. (1997) Nitric oxide attenuates lung endothelial injury caused by sublethal hyperoxia in rats. Am J Physiol 272 L631-L638
132. LD Nelin, SE Welty, JF Morrisey, et al. (1998) Nitric oxide increases the survival of rats with a high oxygen exposure. Pediatr Res 43 727-732
133. MD Schreiber, K Gin-Mestan, JD Marks, et al. (2003) Inhaled NO in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 349 2099-2107
134. JP Kinsella, GR Cutter, WF Walsh, et al. (2006) Early inhaled nitric oxide therapy in premature newborns with respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 355(4), 354-364
135. RA Ballard, WE Truog, A Canaan, et al. (2006) Inhaled nitric oxide in preterm infants undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 355(4), 343-353