Urinary Proteins in Heart Failure

Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases

Volumn 55, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 44-55

  Valente, Mattia A E ^a   Damman, Kevin ^a   Dunselman, Peter H J M ^b   Hillege, Hans L ^a   Voors, Adriaan A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^b AMPHIA HOSPITAL   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Albuminuria; Biomarkers; Heart failure; IL 18; KIM 1; NAG; NGAL; Proteinuria; Urinalysis

Indexed keywords

ALBUMIN; AMINO TERMINAL PRO BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CANDESARTAN; CREATININE; CYSTATIN C; DIURETIC AGENT; ENDOTHELIN 1; EPLERENONE; FATTY ACID BINDING PROTEIN; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INTERLEUKIN 18; KIDNEY INJURY MOLECULE 1; LOOP DIURETIC AGENT; N ACETYL BETA GLUCOSAMINIDASE; NEUTROPHIL GELATINASE ASSOCIATED LIPOCALIN; ROSUVASTATIN; SODIUM; SPIRONOLACTONE; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; UREA;

ACUTE HEART FAILURE; ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; ALBUMINURIA; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; CREATININE CLEARANCE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG TARGETING; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PROGNOSIS; PROTEINURIA; SODIUM EXCRETION; SODIUM URINE LEVEL;

ALBUMINURIA; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CARDIO-RENAL SYNDROME; CREATININE; HUMANS; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PROGNOSIS; PROTEINS; PROTEINURIA; PROTEOMICS; URINALYSIS;

EID: 84864049652     PISSN: 00330620     EISSN: 18731740     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2012.04.009     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. Damman K., Jaarsma T., Voors A.A., et al. Both in- and out-hospital worsening of renal function predict outcome in patients with heart failure: results from the Coordinating Study Evaluating Outcome of Advising and Counseling in Heart Failure (COACH). Eur J Heart Fail 2009, 11:847-854.
2. Hillege H.L., Girbes A.R., de Kam P.J., et al. Renal function, neurohormonal activation, and survival in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2000, 102:203-210.
3. Vaz Perez A., Otawa K., Zimmermann A.V., et al. The impact of impaired renal function on mortality in patients with acutely decompensated chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2010, 12:122-128.
4. Damman K., Navis G., Voors A.A., et al. Worsening renal function and prognosis in heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Card Fail 2007, 13:599-608.
5. Metra M., Nodari S., Parrinello G., et al. Worsening renal function in patients hospitalised for acute heart failure: clinical implications and prognostic significance. Eur J Heart Fail 2008, 10:188-195.
6. Hata N., Yokoyama S., Shinada T., et al. Acute kidney injury and outcomes in acute decompensated heart failure: evaluation of the RIFLE criteria in an acutely ill heart failure population. Eur J Heart Fail 2010, 12:32-37.
7. Ronco C., McCullough P.A., Anker S.D., et al. Cardiorenal syndromes: an executive summary from the consensus conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI). Contrib Nephrol 2010, 165:54-67.
8. Albalat A., Mischak H., Mullen W. Clinical application of urinary proteomics/peptidomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2011, 8:615-629.
9. Levey A.S., Coresh J., Greene T., et al. Using standardized serum creatinine values in the modification of diet in renal disease study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 2006, 145:247-254.
10. Ix J.H., Wassel C.L., Stevens L.A., et al. Equations to estimate creatinine excretion rate: the CKD epidemiology collaboration. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011, 6:184-191.
11. Smilde T.D., van Veldhuisen D.J., Navis G., et al. Drawbacks and prognostic value of formulas estimating renal function in patients with chronic heart failure and systolic dysfunction. Circulation 2006, 114:1572-1580.
12. Jackson C.E., Solomon S.D., Gerstein H.C., et al. Albuminuria in chronic heart failure: prevalence and prognostic importance. Lancet 2009, 374:543-550.
13. Masson S., Latini R., Milani V., et al. Prevalence and prognostic value of elevated urinary albumin excretion in patients with chronic heart failure: data from the GISSI-Heart Failure trial. Circ Heart Fail 2010, 3:65-72.
14. van de Wal R.M., Asselbergs F.W., Plokker H.W., et al. High prevalence of microalbuminuria in chronic heart failure patients. J Card Fail 2005, 11:602-606.
15. Peeroo K., Clark A. The prevalence of proteinuria in patients presenting with fluid retention due to heart failure. J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2010, 40:301-303.
16. Comper W.D., Hilliard L.M., Nikolic-Paterson D.J., et al. Disease-dependent mechanisms of albuminuria. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008, 295:F1589-F1600.
17. Smilde T.D., Damman K., van der Harst P., et al. Differential associations between renal function and "modifiable" risk factors in patients with chronic heart failure. Clin Res Cardiol 2009, 98:121-129.
18. Damman K., Navis G., Smilde T.D., et al. Decreased cardiac output, venous congestion and the association with renal impairment in patients with cardiac dysfunction. Eur J Heart Fail 2007, 9:872-878.
19. Damman K., van Deursen V.M., Navis G., et al. Increased central venous pressure is associated with impaired renal function and mortality in a broad spectrum of patients with cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009, 53:582-588.
20. Damman K., Voors A.A., Hillege H.L., et al. Congestion in chronic systolic heart failure is related to renal dysfunction and increased mortality. Eur J Heart Fail 2010, 12:974-982.
21. Wegria R., Capeci N.E., Blumenthal M.R., et al. The pathogenesis of proteinuria in the acutely congested kidney. J Clin Invest 1955, 34:737-743.
22. Klausen K.P., Scharling H., Jensen J.S. Very low level of microalbuminuria is associated with increased risk of death in subjects with cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases. J Intern Med 2006, 260:231-237.
23. Villacorta H., Ferradaes Pde V., Mesquita E.T., et al. Microalbuminuria is an independent prognostic marker in patients with chronic heart failure. Arq Bras Cardiol 2012, 98:62-69.
24. de Boer I.H., Katz R., Cao J.J., et al. Cystatin C, albuminuria, and mortality among older adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009, 32:1833-1838.
25. de Simone G., Devereux R.B., Roman M.J., et al. Does cardiovascular phenotype explain the association between diabetes and incident heart failure? The Strong Heart Study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2011, [Epub ahead of print].
26. Blecker S., Matsushita K., Kottgen A., et al. High-normal albuminuria and risk of heart failure in the community. Am J Kidney Dis 2011, 58:47-55.
27. Velagaleti R.S., Gona P., Larson M.G., et al. Multimarker approach for the prediction of heart failure incidence in the community. Circulation 2010, 122:1700-1706.
28. Jackson C.E., MacDonald M.R., Petrie M.C., et al. Associations of albuminuria in patients with chronic heart failure: findings in the ALiskiren Observation of heart Failure Treatment study. Eur J Heart Fail 2011, 13:746-754.
29. Zambrano-Galvan G., Rodriguez-Moran M., Simental-Mendia L.E., et al. C-reactive protein is directly associated with urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Arch Med Res 2011, 42:451-456.
30. Hillege H.L., Fidler V., Diercks G.F., et al. Urinary albumin excretion predicts cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality in general population. Circulation 2002, 106:1777-1782.
31. Vaur L., Gueret P., Lievre M., et al. DIABHYCAR Study Group (type 2 DIABetes, Hypertension, CARdiovascular Events and Ramipril) study. Development of congestive heart failure in type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria or proteinuria: observations from the DIABHYCAR (type 2 DIABetes, Hypertension, CArdiovascular Events and Ramipril) study. Diabetes Care 2003, 26:855-860.
32. Kistorp C., Raymond I., Pedersen F., et al. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, C-reactive protein, and urinary albumin levels as predictors of mortality and cardiovascular events in older adults. JAMA 2005, 293:1609-1616.
33. Ingelsson E., Sundstrom J., Lind L., et al. Low-grade albuminuria and the incidence of heart failure in a community-based cohort of elderly men. Eur Heart J 2007, 28:1739-1745.
34. Bello A.K., Hemmelgarn B., Lloyd A., et al. Associations among estimated glomerular filtration rate, proteinuria, and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011, 6:1418-1426.
35. Anand I.S., Bishu K., Rector T.S., et al. Proteinuria, chronic kidney disease, and the effect of an angiotensin receptor blocker in addition to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in patients with moderate to severe heart failure. Circulation 2009, 120:1577-1584.
36. Miura M., Shiba N., Nochioka K., et al. Urinary albumin excretion in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: an interim analysis of the CHART 2 study. Eur J Heart Fail 2012, 14:367-376.
37. Ibsen H., Olsen M.H., Wachtell K., et al. Reduction in albuminuria translates to reduction in cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy and diabetes. J Nephrol 2008, 21:566-569.
38. Holtkamp F.A., de Zeeuw D., de Graeff P.A., et al. Albuminuria and blood pressure, independent targets for cardioprotective therapy in patients with diabetes and nephropathy: a post hoc analysis of the combined RENAAL and IDNT trials. Eur Heart J 2011, 32:1493-1499.
39. Eijkelkamp W.B., Zhang Z., Brenner B.M., et al. Renal function and risk for cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetic patients with hypertension: the RENAAL and LIFE studies. J Hypertens 2007, 25:871-876.
40. Gotfried J., Wiesen J., Raina R., et al. Finding the cause of acute kidney injury: which index of fractional excretion is better?. Cleve Clin J Med 2012, 79:121-126.
41. Hall I.E., Coca S.G., Perazella M.A., et al. Risk of poor outcomes with novel and traditional biomarkers at clinical AKI diagnosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011, 6:2740-2749.
42. Alattar F.T., Imran N., Debari V.A., et al. Fractional excretion of sodium predicts worsening renal function in acute decompensated heart failure. Exp Clin Cardiol 2010, 15:e65-e69.
43. Bazzi C., Petrini C., Rizza V., et al. Urinary N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase excretion is a marker of tubular cell dysfunction and a predictor of outcome in primary glomerulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002, 17:1890-1896.
44. Liangos O., Perianayagam M.C., Vaidya V.S., et al. Urinary N-acetyl-beta-(d)-glucosaminidase activity and kidney injury molecule-1 level are associated with adverse outcomes in acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007, 18:904-912.
45. Wellwood J.M., Ellis B.G., Price R.G., et al. Urinary N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase activities in patients with renal disease. Br Med J 1975, 3:408-411.
46. Westhuyzen J., Endre Z.H., Reece G., et al. Measurement of tubular enzymuria facilitates early detection of acute renal impairment in the intensive care unit. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003, 18:543-551.
47. Damman K., Van Veldhuisen D.J., Navis G., et al. Tubular damage in chronic systolic heart failure is associated with reduced survival independent of glomerular filtration rate. Heart 2010, 96:1297-1302.
48. Mohkam M., Karimi A., Habibian S., et al. Urinary N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase as a diagnostic marker of acute pyelonephritis in children. Iran J Kidney Dis 2008, 2:24-28.
49. Jungbauer C.G., Birner C., Jung B., et al. Kidney injury molecule-1 and N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase in chronic heart failure: possible biomarkers of cardiorenal syndrome. Eur J Heart Fail 2011, 13:1104-1110.
50. Damman K., Masson S., Hillege H.L., et al. Clinical outcome of renal tubular damage in chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2011, 32:2705-2712.
51. Damman K., Ng Kam Chuen M.J., MacFadyen R.J., et al. Volume status and diuretic therapy in systolic heart failure and the detection of early abnormalities in renal and tubular function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011, 57:2233-2241.
52. van Timmeren M.M., van den Heuvel M.C., Bailly V., et al. Tubular kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) in human renal disease. J Pathol 2007, 212:209-217.
53. Han W.K., Bailly V., Abichandani R., et al. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1): a novel biomarker for human renal proximal tubule injury. Kidney Int 2002, 62:237-244.
54. Ichimura T., Asseldonk E.J., Humphreys B.D., et al. Kidney injury molecule-1 is a phosphatidylserine receptor that confers a phagocytic phenotype on epithelial cells. J Clin Invest 2008, 118:1657-1668.
55. Kramer A.B., van Timmeren M.M., Schuurs T.A., et al. Reduction of proteinuria in adriamycin-induced nephropathy is associated with reduction of renal kidney injury molecule (Kim-1) over time. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009, 296:F1136-F1145.
56. Han W.K., Waikar S.S., Johnson A., et al. Urinary biomarkers in the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2008, 73:863-869.
57. Waanders F., Vaidya V.S., van Goor H., et al. Effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition, dietary sodium restriction, and/or diuretics on urinary kidney injury molecule 1 excretion in nondiabetic proteinuric kidney disease: a post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2009, 53:16-25.
58. van Timmeren M.M., Vaidya V.S., van Ree R.M., et al. High urinary excretion of kidney injury molecule-1 is an independent predictor of graft loss in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 2007, 84:1625-1630.
59. Vaidya V.S., Ozer J.S., Dieterle F., et al. Kidney injury molecule-1 outperforms traditional biomarkers of kidney injury in preclinical biomarker qualification studies. Nat Biotechnol 2010, 28:478-485.
60. Schmidt-Ott K.M., Mori K., Li J.Y., et al. Dual action of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007, 18:407-413.
61. Mori K., Lee H.T., Rapoport D., et al. Endocytic delivery of lipocalin-siderophore-iron complex rescues the kidney from ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Clin Invest 2005, 115:610-621.
62. Mishra J., Dent C., Tarabishi R., et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a biomarker for acute renal injury after cardiac surgery. Lancet 2005, 365:1231-1238.
63. Parikh C.R., Devarajan P., Zappitelli M., et al. Postoperative biomarkers predict acute kidney injury and poor outcomes after pediatric cardiac surgery. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011, 22:1737-1747.
64. Parikh C.R., Coca S.G., Thiessen-Philbrook H., et al. Postoperative biomarkers predict acute kidney injury and poor outcomes after adult cardiac surgery. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011, 22:1748-1757.
65. Haase M., Devarajan P., Haase-Fielitz A., et al. The outcome of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin-positive subclinical acute kidney injury: a multicenter pooled analysis of prospective studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011, 57:1752-1761.
66. Bolignano D., Basile G., Parisi P., et al. Increased plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels predict mortality in elderly patients with chronic heart failure. Rejuvenation Res 2009, 12:7-14.
67. Nymo S.H., Ueland T., Askevold E.T., et al. The association between neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and clinical outcome in chronic heart failure: results from CORONA*. J Intern Med 2011, 271:436-443.
68. Biet F., Locht C., Kremer L. Immunoregulatory functions of interleukin 18 and its role in defense against bacterial pathogens. JMol Med (Berl) 2002, 80:147-162.
69. Mason D.R., Beck P.L., Muruve D.A. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors and inflammasomes in the pathogenesis of non-microbial inflammation and diseases. J Innate Immun 2012, 4:16-30.
70. Zhang Y., Moffatt M.F., Cookson W.O. Genetic and genomic approaches to asthma: new insights for the origins. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2012, 18:6-13.
71. Lamkanfi M., Walle L.V., Kanneganti T.D. Deregulated inflammasome signaling in disease. Immunol Rev 2011, 243:163-173.
72. Mikita N., Ikeda T., Ishiguro M., et al. Recent advances in cytokines in cutaneous and systemic lupus erythematosus. J Dermatol 2011, 38:839-849.
73. Volin M.V., Koch A.E. Interleukin-18: a mediator of inflammation and angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011, 31:745-751.
74. Liu Z., Wang H., Xiao W., et al. Thyrocyte interleukin-18 expression is up-regulated by interferon-gamma and may contribute to thyroid destruction in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Int J Exp Pathol 2010, 91:420-425.
75. Xin C., Yulong X., Yu C., et al. Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and interleukin-18 predict acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Ren Fail 2008, 30:904-913.
76. Parikh C.R., Mishra J., Thiessen-Philbrook H., et al. Urinary IL-18 is an early predictive biomarker of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Kidney Int 2006, 70:199-203.
77. Che M., Xie B., Xue S., et al. Clinical usefulness of novel biomarkers for the detection of acute kidney injury following elective cardiac surgery. Nephron Clin Pract 2010, 115:c66-c72.
78. Che M., Xie B., Xue S., et al. Biomarkers predict progression of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012.
79. Ling W., Zhaohui N., Ben H., et al. Urinary IL-18 and NGAL as early predictive biomarkers in contrast-induced nephropathy after coronary angiography. Nephron Clin Pract 2008, 108:c176-c181.
80. Hartford M., Wiklund O., Hulten L.M., et al. Interleukin-18 as a predictor of future events in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010, 30:2039-2046.
81. Veerkamp J.H., Paulussen R.J., Peeters R.A., et al. Detection, tissue distribution and (sub)cellular localization of fatty acid-binding protein types. Mol Cell Biochem 1990, 98:11-18.
82. Noiri E., Doi K., Negishi K., et al. Urinary fatty acid-binding protein 1: an early predictive biomarker of kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009, 296:F669-F679.
83. Maatman R.G., Van Kuppevelt T.H., Veerkamp J.H. Two types of fatty acid-binding protein in human kidney. Isolation, characterization and localization. Biochem J 1991, 273:759-766.
84. Ferguson M.A., Vaidya V.S., Waikar S.S., et al. Urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein predicts adverse outcomes in acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2010, 77:708-714.
85. Nakamura T., Sato E., Amaha M., et al. Addition of aliskiren to olmesartan ameliorates tubular injury in chronic kidney disease patients partly by reducing proteinuria. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2012, 13:122-127.
86. Katagiri D., Doi K., Honda K., et al. Combination of two urinary biomarkers predicts acute kidney injury after adult cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2012, 93:577-583.
87. Matsui K., Kamijo-Ikemori A., Sugaya T., et al. Usefulness of urinary biomarkers in early detection of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery in adults. Circ J 2012, 76:213-220.
88. Niizeki T., Takeishi Y., Arimoto T., et al. Persistently increased serum concentration of heart-type fatty acid-binding protein predicts adverse clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure. Circ J 2008, 72:109-114.
89. Dharnidharka V.R., Kwon C., Stevens G. Serum cystatin C is superior to serum creatinine as a marker of kidney function: a meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2002, 40:221-226.
90. Shlipak M.G., Sarnak M.J., Katz R., et al. Cystatin C and the risk of death and cardiovascular events among elderly persons. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:2049-2060.
91. Singh D., Whooley M.A., Ix J.H., et al. Association of cystatin C and estimated GFR with inflammatory biomarkers: the Heart and Soul Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007, 22:1087-1092.
92. Okura T., Jotoku M., Irita J., et al. Association between cystatin C and inflammation in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Exp Nephrol 2010, 14:584-588.
93. Shlipak M.G., Katz R., Fried L.F., et al. Cystatin-C and mortality in elderly persons with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005, 45:268-271.
94. Arimoto T., Takeishi Y., Niizeki T., et al. Cystatin C, a novel measure of renal function, is an independent predictor of cardiac events in patients with heart failure. J Card Fail 2005, 11:595-601.
95. Damman K., van der Harst P., Smilde T.D., et al. Use of cystatin C levels in estimating renal function and prognosis in patients with chronic systolic heart failure. Heart 2012, 98:319-324.
96. Lassus J., Harjola V.P., Sund R., et al. Prognostic value of cystatin C in acute heart failure in relation to other markers of renal function and NT-proBNP. Eur Heart J 2007, 28:1841-1847.
97. Tenstad O., Roald A.B., Grubb A., et al. Renal handling of radiolabelled human cystatin C in the rat. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1996, 56:409-414.
98. Krawczeski C.D., Vandevoorde R.G., Kathman T., et al. Serum cystatin C is an early predictive biomarker of acute kidney injury after pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010, 5:1552-1557.
99. Wald R., Liangos O., Perianayagam M.C., et al. Plasma cystatin C and acute kidney injury after cardiopulmonary bypass. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010, 5:1373-1379.
100. Felicio M.L., Andrade R.R., Castiglia Y.M., et al. Cystatin C and glomerular filtration rate in the cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2009, 24:305-311.
101. Abu-Omar Y., Mussa S., Naik M.J., et al. Evaluation of cystatin C as a marker of renal injury following on-pump and off-pump coronary surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2005, 27:893-898.
102. Koyner J.L., Bennett M.R., Worcester E.M., et al. Urinary cystatin C as an early biomarker of acute kidney injury following adult cardiothoracic surgery. Kidney Int 2008, 74:1059-1069.
103. Nejat M., Pickering J.W., Walker R.J., et al. Urinary cystatin C is diagnostic of acute kidney injury and sepsis, and predicts mortality in the intensive care unit. Crit Care 2010, 14:R85.
104. de Lemos J.A., McGuire D.K., Drazner M.H. B-type natriuretic peptide in cardiovascular disease. Lancet 2003, 362:316-322.
105. Koglin J., Pehlivanli S., Schwaiblmair M., et al. Role of brain natriuretic peptide in risk stratification of patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001, 38:1934-1941.
106. Mair J., Hammerer-Lercher A., Puschendorf B. The impact of cardiac natriuretic peptide determination on the diagnosis and management of heart failure. Clin Chem Lab Med 2001, 39:571-588.
107. Clerico A., Iervasi G., Mariani G. Pathophysiologic relevance of measuring the plasma levels of cardiac natriuretic peptide hormones in humans. Horm Metab Res 1999, 31:487-498.
108. Ng L.L., Geeranavar S., Jennings S.C., et al. Diagnosis of heart failure using urinary natriuretic peptides. Clin Sci (Lond) 2004, 106:129-133.
109. Cortes R., Portoles M., Salvador A., et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of urine NT-proBNP levels in heart failure patients. Eur J Heart Fail 2006, 8:621-627.
110. Cortes R., Rivera M., Salvador A., et al. Urinary B-type natriuretic peptide levels in the diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure. J Card Fail 2007, 13:549-555.
111. Michielsen E.C., Bakker J.A., Kimmenade R.R., et al. The diagnostic value of serum and urinary NT-proBNP for heart failure. Ann Clin Biochem 2008, 45:389-394.
112. Song J., Li P., Li H., et al. The clinical significance of a urinary B-type natriuretic peptide assay for the diagnosis of heart failure. Clin Chim Acta 2011, 412:1632-1636.
113. Cortes R., Portoles M., Rosello-Lleti E., et al. Impact of glomerular filtration rate on urinary BNP and NT-proBNP levels in heart failure. Peptides 2012, 33:354-358.
114. Linssen G.C., Damman K., Hillege H.L., et al. Urinary N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide excretion in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2009, 120:35-41.
115. Manzano-Fernandez S., Januzzi J.L., Boronat-Garcia M., et al. Impact of kidney dysfunction on plasma and urinary N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with acute heart failure. Congest Heart Fail 2010, 16:214-220.
116. Wei C.M., Lerman A., Rodeheffer R.J., et al. Endothelin in human congestive heart failure. Circulation 1994, 89:1580-1586.
117. Sakai S., Miyauchi T., Kobayashi M., et al. Inhibition of myocardial endothelin pathway improves long-term survival in heart failure. Nature 1996, 384:353-355.
118. Modesti P.A., Cecioni I., Migliorini A., et al. Increased renal endothelin formation is associated with sodium retention andincreased free water clearance. Am J Physiol 1998, 275:H1070-H1077.
119. Serneri G.G., Modesti P.A., Cecioni I., et al. Plasma endothelin and renal endothelin are two distinct systems involved in volume homeostasis. Am J Physiol 1995, 268:H1829-H1837.
120. Neri Serneri G.G., Cecioni I., Migliorini A., et al. Both plasma and renal endothelin-1 participate in the acute cardiovascular response to exercise. Eur J Clin Invest 1997, 27:761-766.
121. Cecioni I., Modesti P.A., Poggesi L., et al. Endothelin-1 urinary excretion, but not endothelin-1 plasma concentration, is increased in renovascular hypertension. J Lab Clin Med 1999, 134:386-391.
122. Modesti P.A., Cecioni I., Costoli A., et al. Renal endothelin in heart failure and its relation to sodium excretion. Am Heart J 2000, 140:617-622.