Depression as a disease of modernity: Explanations for increasing prevalence

Journal of Affective Disorders

Volumn 140, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 205-214

  Hidaka, Brandon H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Chronic disease; Depression; Epidemiology; Evolutionary medicine; Health behaviors; Modernization

Indexed keywords

CARBOHYDRATE;

AEROBIC EXERCISE; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; DEPRESSION; DIET; ENDOCRINE FUNCTION; HUMAN; LIGHT EXPOSURE; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALNUTRITION; MEDITERRANEAN DIET; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MOOD DISORDER; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER; SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (TOPIC);

COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSION; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; LIFE STYLE; PREVALENCE; PUBLIC HEALTH; SOCIAL CHANGE;

EID: 84863980446     PISSN: 01650327     EISSN: 15732517     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.036     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. N. Adler, T. Boyce, M. Chesney, S. Cohen, S. Folkman, R. Kahn, and S. Syme Socioeconomic status and health American Psychologist 49 1994 15 24
2. J.E. Alpert, and M. Fava Nutrition and depression: the role of folate Nutrition Reviews 55 1997 145 149
3. L. Andrade, J. Caraveo anduaga, P. Berglund, R. Bijl, R. Graaf, W. Vollebergh, E. Dragomirecka, R. Kohn, M. Keller, and R. Kessler The epidemiology of major depressive episodes: results from the International Consortium of Psychiatric Epidemiology (ICPE) surveys International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 12 2003 3 21
4. E. Atlantis, and M. Baker Obesity effects on depression: systematic review of epidemiological studies International Journal of Obesity 32 2008 881 891
5. E. Atlantis, and K. Ball Association between weight perception and psychological distress International Journal of Obesity 32 2007 715 721
6. M. Babyak, J.A. Blumenthal, S. Herman, P. Khatri, M. Doraiswamy, K. Moore, W.E. Craighead, T.T. Baldewicz, and K.R. Krishnan Exercise treatment for major depression: maintenance of therapeutic benefit at 10 months Psychosomatic Medicine 62 2000 633 638
7. C. Baglioni, G. Battagliese, B. Feige, K. Spiegelhalder, C. Nissen, U. Voderholzer, C. Lombardo, and D. Riemann Insomnia as a predictor of depression: a meta-analytic evaluation of longitudinal epidemiological studies Journal of Affective Disorders 135 2011 10 19
8. J.H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, and J. Tooby The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture 1992 Oxford University Press New York
9. J.A. Beckman, M.A. Creager, and P. Libby Diabetes and atherosclerosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 287 2002 2570 2581
10. E.R. Bertone-Johnson Vitamin D and the occurrence of depression: causal association or circumstantial evidence? Nutrition Reviews 67 2009 481 492
11. J.A. Blumenthal, M.A. Babyak, P.M. Doraiswamy, L. Watkins, B.M. Hoffman, K.A. Barbour, S. Herman, W.E. Craighead, A.L. Brosse, R. Waugh, A. Hinderliter, and A. Sherwood Exercise and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder Psychosomatic Medicine 69 2007 587 596
12. L.M. Bodnar, and K.L. Wisner Nutrition and depression: implications for improving mental health among childbearing-aged women Biological Psychiatry 58 2005 679 685
13. J. Bound, B. Hershbein, and B.T. Long Playing the Admissions Game: Student Reactions to Increasing College Competition 2009 National Bureau of Economic Research Cambridge Mass., USA
14. R.R. Briefel Secular trends in dietary intake in the United States Annual Review of Nutrition 24 2004 401 431
15. E.J. Bromet, L.O. Dunn, M.M. Connell, M.A. Dew, and H.C. Schulberg Long-term reliability of diagnosing lifetime major depression in a community sample Archives of General Psychiatry 43 1986 435 440
16. G.W. Brown, and R. Prudo Psychiatric disorder in a rural and an urban population: 1. Aetiology of depression Psychological Medicine 11 1981 581 599
17. R. Burton The Anatomy of Melancholy 1845 Bradbury and Evans, Printers Whitefriars, London
18. J. Cacioppo, J. Fowler, and N. Christakis Alone in the crowd: the structure and spread of loneliness in a large social network Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 97 2009 977
19. P.C. Calder n - 3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83 suppl 2006 1505S 1519S
20. CDC National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010
21. S. Chang, B. Hahm, J. Lee, M. Shin, H. Jeon, J. Hong, H. Lee, D. Lee, and M. Cho Cross-national difference in the prevalence of depression caused by the diagnostic threshold Journal of Affective Disorders 106 2008 159 167
22. L. Christensen Nutrition and depression. Diet-behavior relationships: focus on depression American Psychological Association 1996 89 108
23. J. Colla, S. Buka, D. Harrington, and J.M. Murphy Depression and modernization: a cross-cultural study of women Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 41 2006 271 279
24. W.M. Compton, K.P. Conway, F.S. Stinson, and B.F. Grant Changes in the prevalence of major depression and comorbid substance use disorders in the United States between 1991-1992 and 2001-2002 The American Journal of Psychiatry 163 2006 2141 2147
25. W.M. Compton, Y.F. Thomas, F.S. Stinson, and B.F. Grant Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV drug abuse and dependence in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on alcohol and related conditions Archives of General Psychiatry 64 2007 566 576
26. L. Cordain, S.B. Eaton, A. Sebastian, N. Mann, S. Lindeberg, B.A. Watkins, J.H. O'Keefe, and J. Brand-Miller Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 81 2005 341 354
27. L.M. Coussens, and Z. Werb Inflammation and cancer Nature 2002 860 867
28. D. Cutler, E. Glaeser, and J. Shapiro Why have Americans become more obese? The Journal of Economic Perspectives 17 2003 93 118
29. J.B. Davies, S. Sandstrom, A.F. Shorrocks, and E.N. Wolff The World Distribution of Household Wealth 2008 United nations university. World institute for development economics research (UNU-WIDER)
30. M.F. de Mello, J. de Jesus Mari, J. Bacaltchuk, H. Verdeli, and R. Neugebauer A systematic review of research findings on the efficacy of interpersonal therapy for depressive disorders European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 255 2005 75 82
31. E. Diamanti-Kandarakis, J.P. Bourguignon, L.C. Giudice, R. Hauser, G.S. Prins, A.M. Soto, R.T. Zoeller, and A.C. Gore Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: an Endocrine Society scientific statement Endocrine Reviews 30 2009 293 342
32. A.L. Dunn, and R.K. Dishman Exercise and the neurobiology of depression Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 19 1991 41 98
33. A.L. Dunn, M.H. Trivedi, J.B. Kampert, C.G. Clark, and H.O. Chambliss Exercise treatment for depression: efficacy and dose response American Journal of Preventive Medicine 28 2005 1 8
34. S.B. Eaton, and S.B.E. III Hunter-gatherers and human health R.B. Lee, R. Daly, The Cambridge Encyclopedia Hunters and Gatherers 2004 Cambridge University Press United Kingdom 449 456
35. S.B. Eaton, S.B. Eaton 3rd, and M.J. Konner Paleolithic nutrition revisited: a twelve-year retrospective on its nature and implications European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51 1997 207 216
36. S.B. Eaton, B.I. Strassman, R.M. Nesse, J.V. Neel, P.W. Ewald, G.C. Williams, A.B. Weder, S.B. Eaton 3rd, S. Lindeberg, M.J. Konner, I. Mysterud, and L. Cordain Evolutionary health promotion Preventive Medicine 34 2002 109 118
37. S.B. Eaton, M.J. Konner, and L. Cordain Diet-dependent acid load, Paleolithic [corrected] nutrition, and evolutionary health promotion American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91 2010 295 297
38. J.A. Egeland, and A.M. Hostetter Amish study, I: affective disorders among the Amish, 1976-1980 The American Journal of Psychiatry 140 1983 56 61
39. S.A. Everson, S.C. Maty, J.W. Lynch, and G.A. Kaplan Epidemiologic evidence for the relation between socioeconomic status and depression, obesity, and diabetes Journal of Psychosomatic Research 53 2002 891 895
40. R. Ewing, T. Schmid, R. Killingsworth, A. Zlot, and S. Raudenbush Relationship between urban sprawl and physical activity, obesity, and morbidity Urban Ecology 2008 567 582
41. M. Fava Weight Gain and Antidepressants 2000 Physicians Postgraduate Press 37 41
42. K.M. Flegal, M.D. Carroll, C.L. Ogden, and L.R. Curtin Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008 JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 303 2010 235 241
43. L.D. Frank, M.A. Andresen, and T.L. Schmid Obesity relationships with community design, physical activity, and time spent in cars American Journal of Preventive Medicine 27 2004 87 96
44. M.P. Freeman Omega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 70 Suppl 5 2009 7 11
45. T.L. Friedman The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century 2007 Picador USA
46. A. Gat Social organization, group conflict and the demise of Neanderthals - Organisation sociale, conflit de groupe et la mort de NÈandertal Mankind Quarterly 39 1999 437 454
47. P. Gilbert Evolution and depression: issues and implications Psychological Medicine 36 2006 287 297
48. R.N. Golden, B.N. Gaynes, R.D. Ekstrom, R.M. Hamer, F.M. Jacobsen, T. Suppes, K.L. Wisner, and C.B. Nemeroff The efficacy of light therapy in the treatment of mood disorders: a review and meta-analysis of the evidence The American Journal of Psychiatry 162 2005 656 662
49. S.L. Gortmaker, B.A. Swinburn, D. Levy, R. Carter, P.L. Mabry, D.T. Finegood, T. Huang, T. Marsh, and M.L. Moodie Changing the future of obesity: science, policy, and action The Lancet 378 2011 838 847
50. O. Hagnell Repeated incidence and prevalence studies of mental disorders in a total population followed during 25 years. The Lundby Study, Sweden Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum 348 1989 61 77 discussion 167-178
51. O. Hagnell, L. Ojesjo, L. Otterbeck, and B. Rorsman Prevalence of mental disorders, personality traits and mental complaints in the Lundby Study. A point prevalence study of the 1957 Lundby cohort of 2,612 inhabitants of a geographically defined area who were re-examined in 1972 regardless of domicile Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine. Supplementum 50 1994 1 77
52. M. Heo, D.B. Allison, M.S. Faith, S. Zhu, and K.R. Fontaine Obesity and quality of life: mediating effects of pain and comorbidities Obesity Research 11 2003 209 216
53. M. Hession, C. Rolland, U. Kulkarni, A. Wise, and J. Broom Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of low-carbohydrate vs. low-fat/low-calorie diets in the management of obesity and its comorbidities Obesity Reviews 10 2009 36 50
54. J.R. Hibbeln Fish consumption and major depression Lancet 351 1998 1213
55. R.M.A. Hirschfeld, and C.K. Cross Epidemiology of affective disorders: psychosocial risk factors Archives of General Psychiatry 39 1982 35 46
56. M.F. Holick The vitamin D epidemic and its health consequences Journal of Nutrition 135 2005 2739S 2748S
57. D.W. Hollan, and J.C. Wellenkamp Contentment and Suffering: Culture and Experience in Toraja 1994 Columbia Univ Pr
58. D.W. Hollan, and J.C. Wellenkamp The Thread of Life: Toraja Reflections on the Life Cycle 1996 University of Hawai'i Press Honolulu
59. W.J. Hoogendijk, P. Lips, M.G. Dik, D.J. Deeg, A.T. Beekman, and B.W. Penninx Depression is associated with decreased 25-hydroxyvitamin D and increased parathyroid hormone levels in older adults Archives of General Psychiatry 65 2008 508 512
60. A. Horwitz, and J. Wakefield The Loss of Sadness: How Psychiatry Transformed Normal Sorrow into Depressive Disorder 2007 Oxford University Press USA
61. IMF World Economic Outlook Database - April 2010 International Monetary Fund 2010
62. W. Irons Adaptively relevant environments versus the environment of evolutionary adaptedness Evol Anthropol 6 1998 194 204
63. S.W. Jackson Melancholia and Depression: From Hippocratic Times to Modern Times 1986 Yale University Press
64. D.R. Jacobs, and L.M. Steffen Nutrients, foods, and dietary patterns as exposures in research: a framework for food synergy The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78 2003 508S
65. D.R. Jacobs, M.D. Gross, and L.C. Tapsell Food synergy: an operational concept for understanding nutrition The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89 2009 1543S 1548S
66. T. Kasser, S. Cohn, A. Kanner, and R. Ryan Some costs of American corporate capitalism: a psychological exploration of value and goal conflicts Psychological Inquiry 18 2007 1 22
67. J. Kaufman, and D. Charney Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders Depression and Anxiety 12 2000 69 76
68. K. Kendler, L. Karkowski, and C. Prescott Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression The American Journal of Psychiatry 156 1999 837
69. R.C. Kessler, K.A. McGonagle, S. Zhao, C.B. Nelson, M. Hughes, S. Eshleman, H.-U. Wittchen, and K.S. Kendler Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Archives of General Psychiatry 51 1994 8 19
70. R. Kessler, C. Nelson, K. McGonagle, J. Liu, M. Swartz, and D. Blazer Comorbidity of DSM-III-R major depressive disorder in the general population: results from the US National Comorbidity Survey The British Journal of Psychiatry Supplement, 17 1996
71. R. Kessler, P. Berglund, O. Demler, R. Jin, D. Koretz, K. Merikangas, A. Rush, E. Walters, and P. Wang The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 289 2003 3095
72. R.C. Kessler, P. Berglund, O. Demler, R. Jin, K.R. Merikangas, and E.E. Walters Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Archives of General Psychiatry 62 2005 593 602
73. R.C. Kessler, M. Angermeyer, J.C. Anthony, R, D.E.G., K. Demyttenaere, I. Gasquet, G, D.E.G., S. Gluzman, O. Gureje, J.M. Haro, N. Kawakami, A. Karam, D. Levinson, M.E. Medina Mora, M.A. Oakley Browne, J. Posada-Villa, D.J. Stein, C.H. Adley Tsang, S. Aguilar-Gaxiola, J. Alonso, S. Lee, S. Heeringa, B.E. Pennell, P. Berglund, M.J. Gruber, M. Petukhova, S. Chatterji, and T.B. Ustun Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative World Psychiatry 6 2007 168 176
74. R. Kessler, S. Aguilar-gaxiola, J. Alonso, S. Chatterji, S. Lee, J. Ormel, T. Üstün, and P. Wang Special articles. The global burden of mental disorders: an update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 18 2009 23
75. C.F. Keyes The interpretive basis of depression A.M. Kleinman, B. Good, Culture and Depression: Studies in the Anthropology and Cross-cultural Psychiatry of Affect and Disorder 1986 University of California Press 153 174
76. S. Kitayama, H.R. Markus, H. Matsumoto, and V. Norasakkunkit Individual and collective processes in the construction of the self: self-enhancement in the United States and self-criticism in Japan Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72 1997 1245
77. G.L. Klerman, and M.M. Weissman Increasing rates of depression JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 261 1989 2229 2235
78. A. Knutsson Health disorders of shift workers Occupational Medicine 53 2003 103 108
79. H.G. Koenig, and D.B. Larson Religion and mental health: evidence for an association International Review of Psychiatry 13 2001 67 78
80. R. Kraut, M. Patterson, V. Lundmark, S. Kiesler, T. Mukophadhyay, and W. Scherlis Internet paradox: a social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being? American Psychologist 53 1998 1017
81. D. Kripke, R. Simons, L. Garfinkel, and E. Hammond Short and long sleep and sleeping pills: is increased mortality associated? Archives of General Psychiatry 36 1979 103
82. G.W. Lambert, C. Reid, D.M. Kaye, G.L. Jennings, and M.D. Esler Effect of sunlight and season on serotonin turnover in the brain Lancet 360 2002 1840 1842
83. T.M. Larsen, S.M. Dalskov, M. van Baak, S.A. Jebb, A. Papadaki, A.F.H. Pfeiffer, J.A. Martinez, T. Handjieva-Darlenska, M. Kunešová, and M. Pihlsgård Diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index for weight-loss maintenance The New England Journal of Medicine 363 2010 2102 2113
84. S. Lee, A. Tsang, M.Y. Zhang, Y.Q. Huang, Y.L. He, Z.R. Liu, Y.C. Shen, and R.C. Kessler Lifetime prevalence and inter-cohort variation in DSM-IV disorders in metropolitan China Psychological Medicine 37 2007 61 71
85. P. Libby, P.M. Ridker, and A. Maseri Inflammation and atherosclerosis Circulation 105 2002 1135
86. F.S. Luppino, L.M. de Wit, P.F. Bouvy, T. Stijnen, P. Cuijpers, B.W. Penninx, and F.G. Zitman Overweight, obesity, and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies Archives of General Psychiatry 67 2010 220 229
87. R. Manber, J.D. Edinger, J.L. Gress, M.G. San Pedro-Salcedo, T.F. Kuo, and T. Kalista Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia enhances depression outcome in patients with comorbid major depressive disorder and insomnia Sleep 31 2008 489 495
88. M. McPherson, L. Smith-Lovin, and M. Brashears Social isolation in America: changes in core discussion networks over two decades American Sociological Review 71 2006 353
89. A.H. Mokdad, B.A. Bowman, E.S. Ford, F. Vinicor, J.S. Marks, and J.P. Koplan The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 286 2001 1195 1200
90. S. Moussavi, S. Chatterji, E. Verdes, A. Tandon, V. Patel, and B. Ustun Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World Health Surveys Lancet 370 2007 851 858
91. G.R. Mundy Osteoporosis and inflammation Nutrition Reviews 65 2007 S147 S151
92. M.A. Muñoz, M. FÌto, J. Marrugat, M.I. Covas, and H. Schr̂der Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with better mental and physical health British Journal of Nutrition 15 2008 1 7
93. J.M. Murphy, N.M. Laird, R.R. Monson, A.M. Sobol, and A.H. Leighton A 40-year perspective on the prevalence of depression: the Stirling County Study Archives of General Psychiatry 57 2000 209 215
94. A. Must, J. Spadano, E.H. Coakley, A.E. Field, G. Colditz, and W.H. Dietz The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 282 1999 1523 1529
95. R.M. Nesse Is depression an adaptation? Archives of General Psychiatry 57 2000 14 20
96. R. Nesse Natural selection and the elusiveness of happiness Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 359 2004 1333
97. B.J. Nicklas, T. You, and M. Pahor Behavioural treatments for chronic systemic inflammation: effects of dietary weight loss and exercise training CMAJ 172 2005 1199 1209
98. L. Nielsen, K. Danielsen, and T. Sorensen Short sleep duration as a possible cause of obesity: critical analysis of the epidemiological evidence Obesity Reviews 12 2011 78 92
99. NSF Sleep in America Poll: Summary of Findings 2009 National Sleep Foundation
100. OECD OECD Health Statistics 2010 2010 OECD iLibrary
101. M. Ohayon Epidemiology of insomnia: what we know and what we still need to learn Sleep Medicine Reviews 6 2002 97 112
102. G.S. Omenn Evolution in health and medicine Sackler colloquium: evolution and public health Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107 Suppl 1 2010 1702 1709
103. D. Oyserman, H.M. Coon, and M. Kemmelmeier Rethinking individualism and collectivism: evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses Psychological Bulletin 128 2002 3
104. S.M. Pauley Lighting for the human circadian clock: recent research indicates that lighting has become a public health issue Medical Hypotheses 63 2004 588 596
105. E.S. Paykel, G.L. Klerman, and B.A. Prusoff Treatment setting and clinical depression Archives of General Psychiatry 22 1970 11 21
106. J. Peen, R. Schoevers, A. Beekman, and J. Dekker The current status of urban-rural differences in psychiatric disorders Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 121 2010 84 93
107. G.H. Perry, N.J. Dominy, K.G. Claw, A.S. Lee, H. Fiegler, R. Redon, J. Werner, F.A. Villanea, J.L. Mountain, R. Misra, N.P. Carter, C. Lee, and A.C. Stone Diet and the evolution of human amylase gene copy number variation Nature Genetics 39 2007 1256 1260
108. M. Pollan In Defense of Food: An Eater's Manifesto 2008 Penguin Pr
109. M.J. Prince, R.H. Harwood, A. Thomas, and A.H. Mann A prospective population-based cohort study of the effects of disablement and social milieu on the onset and maintenance of late-life depression. The Gospel Oak Project VII Psychological Medicine 28 1998 337 350
110. R. Prudo, T. Harris, and G.W. Brown Psychiatric disorder in a rural and an urban population: 3. Social integration and the morphology of affective disorder Psychological Medicine 14 1984 327 345
111. R. Putnam Bowling alone: America's declining social capital Journal of Democracy 6 1995 65 78
112. C.L. Raison, L. Capuron, and A.H. Miller Cytokines sing the blues: inflammation and the pathogenesis of depression Trends in Immunology 27 2006 24 31
113. C.L. Raison, C.A. Lowry, and G.A.W. Rook Inflammation, sanitation, and consternation: loss of contact with coevolved, tolerogenic microorganisms and the pathophysiology and treatment of major depression Archives of General Psychiatry 67 2010 1211
114. A.B. Reddy, and J.S. O'Neill Healthy clocks, healthy body, healthy mind Trends in Cell Biology 20 2010 36 44
115. D.A. Regier, M.E. Farmer, D.S. Rae, B.Z. Locke, S.J. Keith, L.L. Judd, and F.K. Goodwin Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 264 1990 2511
116. N.D. Riediger, R.A. Othman, M. Suh, and M.H. Moghadasian A systemic review of the roles of n - 3 fatty acids in health and disease Journal of the American Dietetic Association 109 2009 668 679
117. S.H. Rosenthal Changes in a population of hospitalized patients with affective disorders, 1945-1965 The American Journal of Psychiatry 123 1966 671
118. B.M. Ross, J. Seguin, and L.E. Sieswerda Omega-3 fatty acids as treatments for mental illness: which disorder and which fatty acid? Lipids in Health and Disease 6 2007 21
119. A. Sánchez-Villegas, M. Delgado-Rodriguez, A. Alonso, J. Schlatter, F. Lahortiga, L.S. Majem, and M.A. Martinez-Gonzalez Association of the Mediterranean dietary pattern with the incidence of depression: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra/University of Navarra follow-up (SUN) cohort Archives of General Psychiatry 66 2009 1090
120. E.L. Schieffelin The cultural analysis of depressive affect: an example from New Guinea A.M. Kleinman, B. Good, Culture and Depression: Studies in the Anthropology and Cross-cultural Psychiatry of Affect and Disorder 1986 University of California Press 101 133
121. B. Schwartz Self-determination. The tyranny of freedom American Psychologist 55 2000 79 88
122. L. Serra Majem, B. Roman, and R. Estruch Scientific evidence of interventions using the Mediterranean diet: a systematic review Nutrition Reviews 64 2006 S27 S47
123. R.J. Shephard, and A. Rode The Consequences of 'Modernization:' Evidence from Circumpolar Peoples 1996 Cambridge University Press Great Britain
124. S.E. Shoelson, L. Herrero, and A. Naaz Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance Gastroenterology 132 2007 2169 2180
125. G. Simon, and M. VonKorff Recall of psychiatric history in cross-sectional surveys: implications for epidemiologic research Epidemiologic Reviews 17 1995 221
126. G.E. Simon, D.P. Goldberg, M. Von Korff, and T.B. Ustun Understanding cross-national differences in depression prevalence Psychological Medicine 32 2002 585 594
127. E. Smith When Culture and Biology Collide: Why We are Stressed, Depressed, and Self-obsessed 2002 Rutgers University Press
128. F. Sofi The Mediterranean diet revisited: evidence of its effectiveness grows Current Opinion in Cardiology 24 2009 442
129. K. Spiegel, R. Leproult, and E. Van Cauter Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function The Lancet 354 1999 1435 1439
130. M.E. Stegmann, J. Ormel, R. de Graaf, J.M. Haro, G. de Girolamo, K. Demyttenaere, V. Kovess, H. Matschinger, G. Vilagut, J. Alonso, and H. Burger Functional disability as an explanation of the associations between chronic physical conditions and 12-month major depressive episode Journal of Affective Disorders 124 2010 38 44
131. L. Stern The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial Annals of Internal Medicine 140 2004 778
132. A. Stevens, and J. Price Evolutionary Psychiatry: A New Beginning 2000 Routledge London
133. A.J. Stunkard, M.S. Faith, and K.C. Allison Depression and obesity Biological Psychiatry 54 2003 330 337
134. B.A. Swinburn, G. Sacks, K.D. Hall, K. McPherson, D.T. Finegood, M.L. Moodie, and S.L. Gortmaker The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments The Lancet 378 2011 804 814
135. M. Teychenne, K. Ball, and J. Salmon Sedentary behavior and depression among adults: a review International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 17 2010 246 254
136. S. Turkle Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less From Each Other 2011 Basic Books
137. A. Tuunainen, D.F. Kripke, and T. Endo Light Therapy for Non-seasonal Depression 2004 The Cochrane Library
138. J.M. Twenge The age of anxiety? The birth cohort change in anxiety and neuroticism, 1952-1993 Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79 2000 1007
139. J. Twenge, B. Gentile, C. DeWall, D. Ma, K. Lacefield, and D. Schurtz Birth cohort increases in psychopathology among young Americans, 1938-2007: a cross-temporal meta-analysis of the MMPI Clinical Psychology Review 30 2010 145 154
140. W.A. Vega, W.M. Sribney, S. Aguilar-Gaxiola, and B. Kolody 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders among Mexican Americans: nativity, social assimilation, and age determinants The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 192 2004 532
141. R. Walsh Lifestyle and mental health American Psychologist 66 2011 579 592
142. Y. Wang, and M.A. Beydoun The obesity epidemic in the United States - gender, age, socioeconomic, racial/ethnic, and geographic characteristics: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis Epidemiologic Reviews 29 2007 6
143. D.E.R. Warburton, C.W. Nicol, and S.S.D. Bredin Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence Canadian Medical Association Journal 174 2006 801 809
144. M.M. Weissman, and E.S. Paykel Moving and depression in women Society 9 1972 24 28
145. J. Wells, and L. Horwood How accurate is recall of key symptoms of depression? A comparison of recall and longitudinal reports Psychological Medicine 34 2004 1001 1011
146. W.V. Welshons, K.A. Thayer, B.M. Judy, J.A. Taylor, E.M. Curran, and F.S. Vom Saal Large effects from small exposures. I. Mechanisms for endocrine-disrupting chemicals with estrogenic activity Environmental Health Perspectives 111 2003 994
147. R.G. Wilkinson, and K.E. Pickett Income inequality and population health: a review and explanation of the evidence Social Science & Medicine 62 2006 1768 1784
148. R.G. Wilkinson, K. Pickett, E. Trust, and M.E. Foundation The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better 2009 Allen Lane London
149. D. Yach, D. Stuckler, and K.D. Brownell Epidemiologic and economic consequences of the global epidemics of obesity and diabetes Nature Medicine 12 2006 62 66