Exercise and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder

Psychosomatic Medicine

Volumn 69, Issue 7, 2007, Pages 587-596

  Blumenthal, James A ^a   Babyak, Michael A ^a   Doraiswamy, P Murali ^a   Watkins, Lana ^a   Hoffman, Benson M ^a   Barbour, Krista A ^a   Herman, Steve ^a   Craighead, W Edward ^b   Brosse, Alisha L ^a   Waugh, Robert ^a   Hinderliter, Alan ^c   Sherwood, Andrew ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Antidepressant medication; Depression; Exercise; Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Indexed keywords

PLACEBO; SERTRALINE;

ADULT; AEROBIC EXERCISE; ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSTIPATION; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIARRHEA; DIZZINESS; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; FEMALE; HAMILTON SCALE; HUMAN; KINESIOTHERAPY; LOOSE FECES; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; MYALGIA; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REMISSION; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE BLIND PROCEDURE; SORENESS; STRUCTURED INTERVIEW; TERTIARY HEALTH CARE; THIRST;

EID: 34748887392     PISSN: 00333174     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e318148c19a     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:593-602.
2. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. Depression in primary care. Vol 1. Detection and diagnosis. Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services; 1993. UHCPR publication number 93-0550.
3. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: global burden of disease study. Lancet 1997;349:1436-42.
4. Insel TR, Charney DS. Research on major depression. JAMA 2003;289:3167-8.
5. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020. Global burden of disease study. Lancet 1997;349:1498-504.
6. Fava M, Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Niergenberg AA, Thase ME, Sackeim HA, Quitkin FM, Wisniewski S, Lavori PW, Rosenbaum JF, Kupfer DJ. Background and rationale for the sequenced treatment alternatives to relieve depression (STAR*D) study. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2003;26:457-94.
7. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. Depression in primary care. Vol 2. Treatment of major depression. Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services; 1993. UHCPR publication number 93-0551.
8. Brosse AL, Sheets ES, Lett HS, Blumenthal JA. Exercise and the treatment of clinical depression in adults: recent findings and future directions. Sports Med 2002;32:741-60.
9. Blumenthal JA, Emery CF, Madden DJ, George LK, Coleman RE, Riddle MW, McKee DC, Reasoner J, Williams RS. Cardiovascular and behavioral effects of aerobic exercise training in healthy older men and women. J Gerontol 1989;44:M147-57.
10. DiLorenzo TM, Bargman EP, Stucky-Ropp R, Brassington GS, Frensch PA, LaFontaine T. Long-term effects of aerobic exercise on psychological outcomes. Prev Med 1999;28:75-85.
11. Roth DL, Holmes DS. Influence of aerobic exercise training and relaxation training on physical and psychologic health following stressful life events. Psychosom Med 1987;49:355-65.
12. King AC, Taylor CB, Haskell WL. Effects of differing intensities and formats of 12 months of exercise training on psychological outcomes in older adults. Health Psych 1993;12:292-300.
13. Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Moore KA, Craighead WE, Herman S, Khatri P, Waugh R, Napolitano MA, Forman LM, Appelbaum M, Doraiswamy PM, Krishnan KR. Effects of exercise training on older patients with major depression. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:2349-56.
14. Dunn AL, Trivedi MH, Kempert JB, Clark CG, Chambliss OH. Exercise treatment for depression: efficacy and dose response. Am J Prev Med 2005;28:1-8.
15. Singh NA, Stavrinos TM, Scarbek Y, Galambos G, Liber CL, Fiatarone Singh M. A randomized controlled trial of high versus low intensity weight training versus general practitioner care for clinical depression in older adults. J Geront Med Sci 2005;60A:768-76.
16. Martinsen EW, Medhus A, Sandvik L. Effects of aerobic exercise on depression: a controlled study. BMJ 1985;291:109.
17. Klein MH, Greist JH, Gurman AS, Neiberyer DP. A comparative outcome study of group psychotherapy vs. exercise treatments for depression. Int J Mental Health 1985;13:148-76.
18. Veale D, Le Fevre K, Pantelis C, de Souza V, Mann A, Sargeant A. Aerobic exercise in the adjunctive treatment of depression: a randomized controlled trial. J R Soc Med 1992;85:541-4.
19. McNeil JK, LeBlanc EM, Joyner M. The effect of exercise on depressive symptoms in the moderately depressed elderly. Psych Aging 1991;6:487-8.
20. Singh NA, Clements KM, Singh MA. The efficacy of exercise as a long-term antidepressant in elderly subjects: a randomized, controlled trial. J Gerontol A Bio Sci Med Sci 2001;56:M497-504.
21. Lawlor DA, Hopker SW. The effectiveness of exercise as an intervention in the management of depression: systematic review and meta-regression analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMJ 2001;322:763-6.
22. North TC, McCullagh P, Tran ZV. Effect of exercise on depression. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1990;18:379-415.
23. Craft LL, Landers DM. The effects of exercise on clinical depression and depression resulting from mental illness: a meta-regression analysis. J Sport Ex Psych 1998;20:339-57.
24. Stathopoulou G, Powers MB, Berry AC, Smits JAJ, Otto MW. Exercise interventions for mental health: a quantitative and qualitative review. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 2006;13:179-93.
25. Babyak M, Blumenthal JA, Herman S, Khatri P, Doraiswamy M, Moore K, Craighead WE, Baldewicz TT, Krishnan KR. Exercise treatment for major depression: maintenance of therapeutic benefit at 10 months. Psychosom Med 2000;62:633-8.
26. Alexopoulos GS, Katz IR, Reynolds CF III, Carpenter D, Docherty JP, Ross RW. Pharmacotherapy of depressive disorders in older patients: a summary of the expert consensus guidelines. J Psychiatr Pract 2001;7:361-76.
27. Ballinger JC. Clinical guidelines for establishing remission in patients with depression and anxiety. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60(Suppl 22):29-34.
28. American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder (revision). Am J Psychiatry 2000;157(Suppl l4):1-45.
29. Judd LL, Paulus MP, Zeller P. The role of residual subthreshold depressive symptoms in early episode relapse in unipolar major depressive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:764-5.
30. Miller IW, Keitner GI, Schatzberg AF, Klein DN, Thase ME, Rush AJ, Markowitz JC, Schlager DS, Kornstein SG, Davis SM, Harrison WM, Keller MB. The treatment of chronic depression, part 3: psychosocial functioning before and after treatment with sertraline or imipramine. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59:608-19.
31. Beck AT, Sheer RA, Brown GK. Beck depression inventory manual. 2nd ed. San Antonio, Texas: Psychological Corporation; 1996.
32. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. DSM-IV. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
33. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I), clinician version. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1995.
34. Williams JB. A structured interview guide for the Hamilton depression rating scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45:742-7.
35. Blumenthal JA, Rejeski WJ, Walsh-Riddle M, Emery CF, Miller H, Roark S, Ribisl PM, Morris PB, Brubaker P, Williams RS. Comparison of high- and low-intensity exercise training early after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1988;61:26-30.
36. Khan A, Khan S, Brown WA. Are placebo controls necessary to test new antidepressants and anxiolytics? Int J Neuorpsycopharmacology 2002;5:193-7.
37. Taylor WD, Doraiswamy PM. A systematic review of the antidepressant placebo-controlled trials for geriatric depression: limitations of current data and directions for the future. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004;29:2285-99.
38. Fisher LD, Dixon DO, Herson J, Frankowski RK, Hearon MS, Pearce KE. Intention to treat in clinical trials. In: Pearce KE, editor. Statistical issues in drug research and development. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1990.
39. Khan A, Cohen S, Dager S, Avery DH, Dunner DL. Onset of response in relation to outcome in depressed outpatients with placebo and imipramine. J Affect Disord 1989;17:33-8.
40. Klein DF. Preventing hung juries about therapy studies. J Consult Clin Psych 1996;4:81-7.
41. Walsh BT, Sysko R. Placebo control groups in trials of major depressive disorder among older patients. J Clin Psychopharm 2005;25(Suppl 1):S29-33.
42. Paykel ES, Ramana R, Cooper Z, Hayhurst H, Kerr J, Barocka A. Residual symptoms after partial remission: an important outcome in depression. Psychol Med 1995;25:1171-80.
43. Trivedi MH, Rush AJ, Wisniewski SR, Nierenberg AA, Warden D, Ritz L, Norquist G, Howland RH, Lebowitz B, McGrath PJ, Shores-Wilson K, Biggs MM, Balasubramani GK, Fava M, STAR*D Study Team. Evaluation of outcomes with citalopram for depression using measurement-based care in STAR*D: implications for clinical practice. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:28-40.
44. Arroll B, Macgillivray S, Ogston S, Reid I, Sullivan F, Williams B, Crombie I. Efficacy and tolerability of tricyclic antidepressants and SSRIs compared with placebo for treatment of depression in primary care: a meta-analysis. Ann Fam Med 2005;3:449-56.
45. Roose SP, Sackeim HA, Krishnan KR, Pollock BG, Alexopoulos G, Lavretsky H, Katz IR, Hakkarainen H, Old-Old Depression Study Group. Antidepressant pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depression in the very old: a randomized, placebo controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:2050-9.
46. Trivedi MH, Rush H. Does a placebo run-in or a placebo treatment cell affect the efficacy of antidepressant medications? Neuropsychopharmacology 1994;11:33-43.
47. Brown WA. Placebo as a treatment for depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 1994;10:265-69.
48. Kahn A, Kolts RL, Rapaport MH, Krishnan KRR, Brodhead AE, Brown WA. Magnitude of placebo response and drug-placebo differences across psychiatric disorders. Psychol Med 2005;35:743-9.
49. Glassman AH, O'Connor CM, Califf RM, Swedberg K, Schwartz P, Bigger JT, Krishnan KR, van Zyl LT, Swenson JR, Finkel MS, Landau C, Shapiro PA, Pepine CJ, Mardekian J, Harrison WM, Barton D, McIvor M, Sertraline Antidepressant Heart Attack Randomized Trail (SADHEART) Group. Sertraline treatment of major depression in patients with acute MI or unstable angina. JAMA 2002;288:701-9.
50. Hypericum Depression Trial Study Group. Effect of Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) in major depressive disorder: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;287:1807-14.
51. Thase ME. Studying new antidepressants: if there were a light at the end of the tunnel, could we see it? J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63(Suppl 2):24-8.
52. Dunn AL, Garcia ME, Marcus BH, Kampert JB, Kohl, HW, Blair SN. Six month physical activity and fitness changes in project active, a randomized trial. Med Sci Sports Exer 1998;30:1076-83.
53. Kodis J, Smith KM, Arthur HM, Daniels C, Suskin N, McKelvie RS. Changes in exercise capacity and lipids after clinic versus home-based aerobic training in coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients. J Cardiopul Rehab 2001;21:31-6.
54. King AC, Haskell WL, Taylor CB, Kraemer HC, DeBusk RF. Group- vs. home-based exercise training in healthy older men and women: a community-based trial. JAMA 1991;266:1535-42.
55. Rubin RT. Pharmacoendocrinology of major depression. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 1989;238:259-67.
56. Sothman MS, Ismail AH. Relationships between urinary catecholamine metabolites, particularly MHPG, and selected personality and physical fitness characteristics in normal subjects. Psychosom Med 1984;46:523.
57. Sothmann MS, Ismail AH. Factor analytic derivation of the MHPG/NM ratio: implications for studying the link between physical fitness and depression. Biol Psychiatry 1985;20:570-83.
58. Droste SK, Gesing A, Ulbricht S, Muller MB, Linthorst AC, Reul JM. Effects of long-term voluntary exercise on the mouse hypothalmic-pituitary- adrenocortical axis. Endocrinology 2003;114(7):3012-23.
59. Dishman RK, Renner KJ, Youngstedt SD, Reigle TG, Bunnell BN, Burke KA, Yoo HS, Mougey EH, Meyerhoff JL. Activity wheel running reduces escape latency and alters brain monoamine levels after footshock. Brain Res Bull 1997;42:399-406.
60. Dunn AL, Dishman RK. Exercise and the neurobiology of depression. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1991;19:41-98.
61. Esler M, Jennings G, Lambert G, Meredith I, Horne M, Eisenhofer G. Overflow of catecholamine neurotransmitters to the circulation: source, fate, and functions. Physiol Rev 1990;70:963-85.
62. Ransford CP. A role for amines in the antidepressant effect of exercise: a review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1982;14:1-10.
63. Thase ME. Comparing the methods used to compare antidepressants. Psychopharmacol Bull 2002;36(Suppl 1), Suppl 1-17, quiz Suppl 18-9.
64. Zimmerman M, Mattia JI, Posternak MA. Are subjects in pharmacological treatment trials of depression representative of patients in routine clinical practice? Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:469-73.