Internet Paradox: A Social Technology That Reduces Social Involvement and Psychological Well-Being?

American Psychologist

Volumn 53, Issue 9, 1998, Pages 1017-1031

  Kraut, Robert ^a   Patterson, Michael ^b   Lundmark, Vicki ^b   Kiesler, Sara ^b   Mukopadhyay, Tridas ^b   Scherlis, William ^b  

^a Carnegie Mellon University   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CHILD; FAMILY HEALTH; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTERNET; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SOCIAL ISOLATION; STATISTICAL MODEL; UNITED STATES; UTILIZATION REVIEW;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHILD; FAMILY HEALTH; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERNET; LINEAR MODELS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; PENNSYLVANIA; SOCIAL ISOLATION;

EID: 0032172155     PISSN: 0003066X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.53.9.1017     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Andersen, R. E., Crespo, C. J., Bartlett, S. J., Cheskin, L. J., & Pratt, M. (1998). Relationship of physical activity and television watching with body weight and level of fatness among children. Journal of the American Medical Association, 279, 938-942.
2. Anderson, R. H., Bikson, T. K., Law, S. A., & Mitchell, B. M. (Eds.). (1995). Universal access to e-mail: Feasibility and societal implications. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.
3. Attewell, P., & Rule, J. (1984). Computing and organizations: What we know and what we don't know. Communication of the ACM, 27, 1184-1192.
4. Bell, D. (1973). The coming of post-industrial society: A venture in social forecasting. New York: Basic Books.
5. Bendig, A. W. (1962). The Pittsburgh scales of social extraversion, introversion and emotionality. The Journal of Psychology, 53, 199-209.
6. Beniger, J. R. (1987). Personalization of mass media and the growth of pseudo-community. Communication Research, 14, 352-371.
7. Bentler, P. M. (1995). EQS: Structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software, Inc.
8. Berry, W. (1993). Sex, economy, freedom, and community. New York: Pantheon.
9. Brody, G. H. (1990, April). Effects of television viewing on family interactions: An observational study. Family Relations, 29, 216-220.
10. Canary, D. J., & Spitzberg, B. H. (1993). Loneliness and media gratification. Communication Research, 20, 800-821.
11. Carroll, J., & Rosson, M. (1996). Developing the Blacksburg electronic village. Communications of the ACM, 39(12), 68-74.
12. Clark, H. H. (1996). Using language. New York: Cambridge University Press.
13. Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
14. Cohen, S., Mermelstein, R., Kamarck, T., & Hoberman H. (1984). Measuring the functional components of social support. In I. G. Sarason & B. R. Sarason (Eds.), Social support: Theory, research and applications (pp. 73-94). The Hague, Holland: Martines Niijhoff.
15. Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310-357.
16. Condry, J. (1993, Winter). Thief of time, unfaithful servant: Television and the American child. Daedalus, 122, 259-278.
17. Constant, D., Sproull, L., & Kiesler, S. (1996). The kindness of strangers: On the usefulness of weak ties for technical advice. Organization Science, 7, 119-135.
18. Danko, W. D., & MacLachlan, J. M. (1983). Research to accelerate the diffusion of a new invention. Journal of Advertising Research, 23(3), 39-43.
19. Fischer, C. S. (1992). America calling. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
20. Gove, W. R. & Geerken, M. R. (1977). The effect of children and employment on the mental health of married men and women. Social Forces, 56, 66-76.
21. Granovetter, M. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 73, 1361-1380.
22. Heim, M. (1992). The erotic ontology of cyberspace. In M. Benedikt (Ed.), Cyberspace: First steps (pp. 59-80). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
23. Huston, A. C., Donnersteinf, E., Fairchild, H., Feshbach, N., Katz, P., Murray, J., Rubinstein, E., Wilcox, B., & Zuckerman, D. (1992). Big world, small screen: The role of television in American society. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
24. Jackson-Beeck, M., & Robinson, J. P. (1981). Television nonviewers: An endangered species? Journal of Consumer Research, 7, 356-359.
25. Jacobson, H. B., & Roucek, J. S. (1959). Automation and society. New York: Philosophical Library.
26. Kanner, A. D., Coyne, J. C., Schaefer, C., & Lazarus R. S. (1981). Comparisons of two modes of stress measurement: Daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 1-39.
27. Katz, J. E., & Aspden, P. (1997). A nation of strangers? Communications of the ACM, 40(12), 81-86.
28. King, J. L., & Kraemer, K. L. (1995). Information infrastructure, national policy, and global competitiveness. Information Infrastructure and Policy, 4, 5-28.
29. Kohut, A. (1994). The role of technology in American life. Los Angeles: Times Mirror Center for the People and the Press.
30. Krackhardt, D. (1994). The strength of strong ties: The importance of Philos in organizations. In N. Nohria & R. Eccles (Eds.), Networks and organizations: Structure, form, and action. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
31. Kraut, R., Mukhopadhyay, T., Szczypula, J., Kiesler, S., & Scherlis, W. (1998). Communication and information: Alternative uses of the Internet in households. In Proceedings of the CHI 98 (pp. 368-383). New York: ACM.
32. Kraut, R., Scherlis, W., Mukhopadhyay, T., Manning, J., & Kiesler, S. (1996). The HomeNet field trial of residential Internet services. Communications of the ACM, 39, 55-63.
33. Kubey, R., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Television and the quality of life: How viewing shapes everyday experience. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
34. Leavitt, H. J., & Whisler, T. L. (1958, November-December). Management in the 1980s. Harvard Business Review, 36, 41-48.
35. Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Kraut, R., Scherlis, W., & Mukhopadhyay, T. (1998). How the strong survive: Patterns and significance of competence, commitment, and requests for external technical support in families on the Internet. Unpublished manuscript.
36. Maccoby, E. E. (1951). Television: its impact on school children. Public Opinion Quarterly, 15, 421-444.
37. McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding media. New York: McGraw-Hill.
38. Murray, J. P., & Kippax, S. (1978). Children's social behavior in three towns with differing television experience. Journal of Communication, 28, 18-29.
39. Neuman, S. B. (1991). Literacy in the television age: The myth of the TV effect. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
40. Parks, M. R., & Floyd, K. (1995, month day). Making friends in cyberspace. Online Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, 1(4). Available:
41. Putnam, R. (1995, January). Bowling alone: America's declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, 6, 65-78.
42. Radloff, L. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.
43. Resnick, P., & Varian, H. (1997). Recommender systems: Introduction to the special section. Communications of the ACM, 40(3), 56-58.
44. Rheingold, H. (1993). The virtual community: Homesteading on the electronic frontier. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
45. Robinson, J. P. (1990). Television's effects on families' use of time. In J. Bryant (Ed.), Television and the American family (pp. 195-209). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
46. Robinson, J. P., & Godbey, G. (1997). Time for life: The surprising ways Americans use their time. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
47. Rook, K. S., & Peplau, L. A. (1982). Perspectives on helping the lonely. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 351-378). New York: Wiley.
48. Rubinstein, C., & Shaver, P. (1982). In search of intimacy. New York: Delcorte.
49. Russell, D., Peplau, L., & Cutrona, C. (1980). The revised UCLA loneliness scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 472-480.
50. Short, J., Williams, E., & Christie, B. (1976). The social psychology of telecommunications. London: Wiley.
51. Sidney, S., Sternfeld, B., Haskell, W. L., Jacobs, D. R., Chesney, M. A., & Hulley, S. B. (1998). Television viewing and cardiovascular risk factors in young adults: The CARDIA study. Annals of Epidemiology, 6(2), 154-159.
52. Sproull, L., & Faraj, S. (1995). Atheism, sex, and databases: The Net as a social technology. In B. Kahin & J. Keller (Eds.), Public access to the Internet (pp. 62-81). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
53. Sproull, L., & Kiesler, S. (1991). Connections: New ways of working in the networked organization. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
54. Stoll, C. (1995). Silicon snake oil. New York: Doubleday.
55. Turkle, S. (1996, Winter). Virtuality and its discontents: Searching for community in cyberspace. The American Prospect, 24, 50-57.
56. Vitalari, N. P., Venkatesh, A., & Gronhaug, K. (1985). Computing in the home: Shifts in the time allocation patterns of households. Communications of the ACM, 28(5), 512-522.
57. Walther, J. B., Anderson, J. F., & Park, D. W. (1994). Interpersonal antisocial communication. Communication Research, 21, 460-487.
58. Wellman, B., & Wortley, S. (1990). Different strokes for different folks: Community ties and social support. American Journal of Sociology, 96, 558-588.