Gender, culture, and sex-typed cognitive abilities

PLoS ONE

Volumn 7, Issue 7, 2012, Pages

  Reilly, David ^a  

^a GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT; ARTICLE; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; CULTURAL FACTOR; ECONOMIC ASPECT; EDUCATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MATHEMATICS; READING; SCIENCE; SEX DIFFERENCE; UNITED STATES;

ACHIEVEMENT; ADOLESCENT; APTITUDE; ASIA; AUSTRALIA; COGNITION; CULTURE; EUROPE; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTELLIGENCE TESTS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; LATIN AMERICA; MALE; MATHEMATICS; MIDDLE EAST; READING; SCIENCE; SEX FACTORS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84863653131     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039904     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Eagly AH, (1995) The science and politics of comparing women and men. American Psychologist 50: 145-158.
2. Halpern DF, Lamay M, (2000) The smarter sex: A critical review of sex differences in intelligence. Educational Psychology Review 12: 229-246.
3. Caplan PJ, Caplan JB, (1997) Do sex-related cognitive differences exist, and why do people seek them out? In: Caplan PJ, Crawford M, Hyde JS, Richardson JTE, editors. pp. 52-80 editors. Gender differences in human cognition. New York: Oxford University Press.
4. Reilly D, (2012) Exploring the science behind sex and gender differences in cognitive abilities. Sex Roles doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0134-6.
5. Gardner H, (1985) Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences: Basic books.
6. Horn J, (1994) Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence. In: Sternberg RJ, editors. pp. 443-451 editor. Encyclopedia of human intelligence. New York: Macmillan.
7. Gardner H, (1999) Intelligence reframed: Multiple intelligences for the 21st century: Basic Books (AZ).
8. Neisser U, (1967) Cognitive psychology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
9. Carroll JB, (1997) The three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities. In: Flanagan DP, Harrison PL, editors. pp. 69-76 editors. Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests and issues. New York: Guilford.
10. Sternberg RJ, (1994) Encyclopedia of human intelligence. New York: MacMillan.
11. Neisser UC, Boodoo G, Bouchard TJ Jr, Boykin AW, Brody N, et al. (1996) Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns. American Psychologist 51: 77-101.
12. Hyde JS, Lindberg SM, (2007) Facts and assumptions about the nature of gender differences and the implications for gender equity. In: Klein SS, editors. pp. 19-32 editor. Handbook for achieving gender equity through education. 2nd ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
13. Halpern DF, (2007) Science, sex, and good sense: why women are underrepresented in some areas of science and math. In: Ceci SJ, editors. pp. 121-130 editor. Why aren't more women in science?: Top researchers debate the evidence. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
14. Jensen AR, (1998) The g factor: the science of mental ability. London: Praeger.
15. Voyer D, Voyer S, Bryden MP, (1995) Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: A meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables. Psychological Bulletin 117: 250-270.
16. Linn MC, Petersen AC, (1985) Emergence and characterization of sex differences in spatial ability: A meta-analysis. Child Development 56: 1479-1498.
17. Hyde JS, Linn MC, (1988) Gender differences in verbal ability: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 104: 53-69.
18. Halpern DF, (2000) Sex differences in cognitive abilities. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
19. Maccoby EE, Jacklin CN, (1974) The psychology of sex differences. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
20. Hyde JS, Lindberg SM, Linn MC, Ellis AB, Williams CC, (2008) Gender similarities characterize math performance. Science 321: 494-495.
21. Sears DO, (1986) College sophomores in the laboratory: Influences of a narrow data base on social psychology's view of human nature. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51: 515-530.
22. Benbow CP, (1988) Sex differences in mathematical reasoning ability in intellectually talented preadolescents: Their nature, effects, and possible causes. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11: 169-232.
23. Hedges LV, Nowell A, (1995) Sex differences in mental test scores, variability, and numbers of high-scoring individuals. Science 269: 41-45.
24. Halpern DF, (2011) Sex differences in cognitive abilities. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
25. Gallagher AM, Kaufman JC, editors (2005) Gender differences in mathematics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
26. Spelke ES, (2005) Sex differences in intrinsic aptitude for mathematics and science?: a critical review. American Psychologist 60: 950-958.
27. Alon S, Gelbgiser D, (2011) The female advantage in college academic achievements and horizontal sex segregation. Social Science Research 40: 107-119.
28. Henry PJ, (2008) College sophomores in the laboratory redux: Influences of a narrow data base on social psychology's view of the nature of prejudice. Psychological Inquiry 19: 49-71.
29. Hyde JS, Mertz JE, (2009) Gender, culture, and mathematics performance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106: 8801-8807.
30. Hyde JS, Fennema E, Lamon SJ, (1990) Gender differences in mathematics performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 107: 139-155.
31. OECD (2010) PISA 2009 Results: What students know and can do- Student performance in reading, mathematics and science (Volume I).
32. Guiso L, Monte F, Sapienza P, Zingales L, (2008) Culture, gender, and math. Science 320: 1164-1165.
33. Riegle-Crumb C, (2005) The cross-national context of the gender gap in math and science. In: Hedges LV, Schneider B, editors. pp. 227-243 editors. The scoial organization of schooling. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
34. Eccles JS, (1987) Gender roles and women's achievement-related decisions. Psychology of Women Quarterly 11: 135-172.
35. Eagly AH, (1987) Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
36. Eagly AH, (1987) The interpretation of sex differences in social behavior. In: Eagly AH, editors. editor. Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
37. Eagly AH, Mitchell AA, (2004) Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: Implications for the sociopolitical attitudes of men and women. In: Paludi MA, editors. pp. 183-206 editor. Praeger guide to the psychology of gender. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers.
38. Best DL, Williams JE, (1997) Sex, gender, and culture. In: Berry JW, Segall MH, Kagitcibasi C, editors. pp. 163-212 editors. Handbook of cross-cultural psychology Volume 3: Social behavior and applications. 2nd ed. Needleham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
39. Halpern DF, Straight CA, Stephenson CL, (2011) Beliefs about cognitive gender differences: Accurate for direction, underestimated for size. Sex Roles 64: 336-347.
40. Eccles JS, Jacobs JE, Harold RD, (1990) Gender role stereotypes, expectancy effects, and parents' socialization of gender differences. Journal of Social Issues 46: 183-201.
41. Steele CM, (1997) A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist 52: 613-629.
42. Halpern DF, Eliot L, Bigler RS, Fabes RA, Hanish LD, et al. (2011) The pseudoscience of single-sex schooling. Science 333: 1706-1707.
43. Baker DP, Jones DP, (1993) Creating gender equality: Cross-national gender stratification and mathematical performance. Sociology of Education 66: 91-103.
44. Eagly AH, Wood W, (1999) The origins of sex differences in human behavior: Evolved dispositions versus social roles. American Psychologist 54: 408-423.
45. Eagly AH, Wood W, Diekman AB, (2000) Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. The developmental social psychology of gender pp. 123-174.
46. Nash SC, (1979) Sex role as mediator of intellectual functioning. In: Wittig MA, Petersen AC, editors. pp. 263-302 editors. Sex-related differences in cognitive functioning: Developmental issues. New York: Academic Press.
47. Hyde JS, (2005) The gender similarities hypothesis. American Psychologist 60: 581-592.
48. Williams JE, Best DL, (1990) Measuring sex stereotypes: a multination study. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
49. Triandis HC, (2004) The many dimensions of culture. The Academy of Management Executive (1993-2005) 18: 88-93.
50. Hofstede GH, (2001) Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.
51. Hyde JS, Linn MC, (2006) Gender similarities in mathematics and science. Science 314: 599-600.
52. Hedges LV, (2008) What are effect sizes and why do we need them? Child Development Perspectives 2: 167-171.
53. Cohen J, (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
54. Rosenthal R, Rubin DB, (1982) A simple, general purpose display of magnitude of experimental effect. Journal of Educational Psychology 74: 166-169.
55. Rosenthal R, Rubin DB, (1982) Further meta-analytic procedures for assessing cognitive gender differences. Journal of Educational Psychology 74: 708-712.
56. Rosenthal R, DiMatteo MR, (2001) Meta-analysis: Recent developments in quantitative methods for literature reviews. Annual Review of Psychology 52: 59-82.
57. Borenstein M, Rothstein HR, (1999) Comprehensive meta-analysis: A computer program for research synthesis. Englewood, NJ: BioStat.
58. Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, Rothstein HR, (2009) Introduction to Meta-Analysis. West Sussex. UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
59. Field AP, (2001) Meta-analysis of correlation coefficients: A Monte Carlo comparison of fixed-and random-effects methods. Psychological methods 6: 161-180.
60. Favreau OE, (1997) Sex and gender comparisons: Does null hypothesis testing create a false dichotomy? Feminism & Psychology 7: 63-81.
61. Else-Quest NM, Hyde JS, Linn MC, (2010) Cross-national patterns of gender differences in mathematics: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 136: 103-127.
62. World Economic Forum, (2009) The Global Gender Gap Report 2009.
63. Dijkstra AG, Hanmer LC, (2000) Measuring socio-economic gender inequality: Toward an alternative to the UNDP Gender-Related Development Index. Feminist Economics 6: 41-75.
64. Hawke JL, Olson RK, Willcut EG, Wadsworth SJ, DeFries JC, (2009) Gender ratios for reading difficulties. Dyslexia 15: 239-242.
65. Shaywitz SE, Escobar MD, Shaywitz BA, Fletcher JM, Makuch R, (1992) Evidence that dyslexia may represent the lower tail of a normal distribution of reading ability. New England Journal of Medicine 326: 145-150.
66. OECD (2010) PISA 2009 Results: Learning trends: Changes in student performance since 2000 (Volume V).
67. Hyde JS, (2007) New directions in the study of gender similarities and differences. Current Directions in Psychological Science 16: 259-263.
68. National Science Foundation (2011) Women, minorities, and persons with disabilities in science and engineering: 2011. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation.
69. Nosek BA, Banaji MR, Greenwald AG, (2002) Math = male, me = female, therefore math≠ me. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83: 44-59.
70. Dwyer CA, (1973) Sex differences in reading: An evaluation and a critique of current theories. Review of Educational Research 43: 455-467.
71. Hyde JS, Fennema E, Ryan M, Frost LA, Hopp C, (1990) Gender comparisons of mathematics attitudes and affect. Psychology of Women Quarterly 14: 299-324.
72. Hanson SL, Schaub M, Baker DP, (1996) Gender stratification in the science pipeline: A comparative analysis of seven countries. Gender and Society 10: 271-290.
73. Wai J, Lubinski D, Benbow CP, (2009) Spatial ability for STEM domains: Aligning over 50 years of cumulative psychological knowledge solidifies its importance. Journal of Educational Psychology 101: 817-835.
74. Nuttall RL, Casey MB, Pezaris E, (2005) Spatial ability as a mediator of gender differences on mathematics tests: A biological-environmental framework. In: Gallagher AM, Kaufman JC, editors. pp. 121-142 editors. Gender differences in mathematics: An integrative psychological approach. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Pres.
75. Casey MB, Nuttall R, Pezaris E, Benbow CP, (1995) The influence of spatial ability on gender differences in mathematics college entrance test scores across diverse samples. Developmental Psychology 31: 697-705.
76. Geary DC, Saults SJ, Liu F, Hoard MK, (2000) Sex differences in spatial cognition, computational fluency, and arithmetical reasoning. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 77: 337-353.
77. Lippa R, Collaer M, Peters M, (2010) Sex differences in mental rotation and line-angle judgments are positively associated with gender equality and economic development across 53 nations. Archives of Sexual Behavior 39: 990-997.
78. Eccles JS, Blumenfeld P, (1985) Classroom experiences and student gender: Are there differences and do they matter? In: Wilkinson L, Marrett CB, editors. pp. 79-114 editors. Gender influences in classroom interaction. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
79. Eccles JS, Wigfield A, Harold RD, Blumenfeld P, (1993) Age and gender differences in children's self- and task perceptions during elementary school. Child Development 64: 830-847.
80. Frome PM, Eccles JS, (1998) Parents' influence on children's achievement-related perceptions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74: 435.
81. Furnham A, Hosoe T, Tang T, (2001) Male hubris and female humility? A cross-cultural study of ratings of self, parental, and sibling multiple intelligence in America, Britain, and Japan. Intelligence 30: 101-115.
82. Furnham A, Petrides K, (2004) Parental estimates of five types of intelligence. Australian Journal of Psychology 56: 10-17.
83. Furnham A, Reeves E, Budhani S, (2002) Parents think their sons are brighter than their daughters: Sex differences in parental self-estimations and estimations of their children's multiple intelligences. The Journal of Genetic Psychology 163: 24-39.
84. Nosek BA, Smyth FL, Sriram N, Lindner NM, Devos T, et al. (2009) National differences in gender-science stereotypes predict national sex differences in science and math achievement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106: 10593-10597.
85. Newcombe NS, Ambady N, Eccles JS, Gomez L, Klahr D, et al. (2009) Psychology's role in mathematics and science education. American Psychologist 64: 538.