Animal models of cardiac disease and stem cell therapy

Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal

Volumn 4, Issue SPEC. ISSUE 2, 2010, Pages 231-239

  Ou, Lailiang ^a,b   Li, Wenzhong ^b   Liu, Yi ^a   Zhang, Yue ^b   Jie, Shen ^b,c   Kong, Deling ^a   Steinhoff, Gustav ^b   Ma, Nan ^b,d  

^a NANKAI UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK   (Germany)

^c TIANJIN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^d INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS RESEARCH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Animal model; Cardiac hypertrophy; Dilated cardiomyopathy; Heart failure; Myocardial infarction; Myocarditis; Stem cell

Indexed keywords

CARDIAC MYOSIN; DOXORUBICIN; ERGOMETRINE; ISOPRENALINE;

ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION; ADOPTIVE TRANSFER; ARTERY OCCLUSION; ARTIFICIAL EMBOLISM; BALLOON OCCLUSION; CAUTERIZATION; CLINICAL RESEARCH; COLD INJURY; CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY; CORONARY ARTERY LIGATION; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; EXPERIMENTATION; GENETIC DISORDER; HEART DISEASE; HEART FAILURE; HEART FUNCTION; HEART INFARCTION; HEART VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; MYOCARDITIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; VIRUS INFECTION;

EID: 84862907877     PISSN: None     EISSN: 18741924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1874192401004010231     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Yang ZJ, Ma DC, Wang W, et al. Experimental study of bonemarrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells combined with hepatocytegrowth factor transplantation via noninfarct-relative artery inacute myocardial infarction. Gene Ther 2006; 13: 1564-8.
2. Murasato Y, Nagamoto Y, Urabe T, Kuraoka F, Nakashima Y, Kuroiwa A. Effects of lidocaine and diltiazem on recovery of electrophysiologicactivity during partial reperfusion following severemyocardial ischemia in canine hearts. J Electrocardiol 1997; 30:113-25.
3. Imanishi Y, Saito A, Komoda H, et al. Allogenic mesenchymalstem cell transplantation has a therapeutic effect in acute myocardialinfarction in rats. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008; 44: 662-71.
4. Das H, George JC, Joseph M, et al. Stem cell therapy with overexpressedVEGF and PDGF genes improves cardiac function in a ratinfarct model. PLoS One 2009; 4: e7325.
5. Lin HH, Chen YH, Chang PF, Lee YT, Yet SF, Chau LY. Hemeoxygenase-1 promotes neovascularization in ischemic heart bycoinduction of VEGF and SDF-1. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008; 45: 44-55.
6. Cohen MV, Yang XM, Liu Y, Snell KS, Downey JM. A new animalmodel of controlled coronary artery occlusion in consciousrabbits. Cardiovasc Res 1994; 28: 61-5.
7. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD. Universal definition of myocardialinfarction. Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 2525-38.
8. Choi D, Hwang KC, Lee KY, Kim YH. Ischemic heart diseases:current treatments and future. J Control Release 2009; 140: 194-202.
9. Olivetti G, Capasso JM, Meggs LG, Sonnenblick EH, Anversa P. Cellular basis of chronic ventricular remodeling after myocardialinfarction in rats. Circ Res 1991; 68: 856-69.
10. Trescher K, Bernecker O, Fellner B, et al. Inflammation andpostinfarct remodeling: overexpression of IkappaB prevents ventriculardilation via increasing TIMP levels. Cardiovasc Res 2006;69: 746-54.
11. Li W, Ma N, Ong LL, et al. Enhanced thoracic gene delivery bymagnetic nanobead-mediated vector. J Gene Med. 2008; 10: 897-909.
12. Nagaya N, Fujii T, Iwase T, et al. Intravenous administration ofmesenchymal stem cells improves cardiac function in rats withacute myocardial infarction through angiogenesis and myogenesis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287: H2670-6.
13. Pons J, Huang Y, Takagawa J, et al. Combining angiogenic geneand stem cell therapies for myocardial infarction. J Gene Med2009; 11: 743-53.
14. Li WZ, Nesselmann C, Zhou ZH, et al. Gene delivery to the heartby magnetic nanobeads. J Magn Magn Mater 2007; 311: 336-41.
15. Wang WW, Li WZ, Ong LL, et al. Localized and sustained SDF-1gene release mediated by fibronectin films: A potential method forrecruiting stem cells. Int J Artif Organs 2009; 32: 141-9.
16. Wang W, Li W, Ong LL, et al. Localized SDF-1alpha gene releasemediated by collagen substrate induces CD117+ stem cell homing. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 14: 392-402.
17. Ong L, Li W, Oldigs JK, et al. Hypoxic/normoxic preconditioningincreases endothelial differentiation potential of human bone marrowCD133+ cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010 (in press).
18. Russell JC, Proctor SD. Small animal models of cardiovasculardisease: tools for the study of the roles of metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Pathol 2006; 15:318-30.
19. Johns TN, Olson BJ. Experimental myocardial infarction. I. Amethod of coronary occlusion in small animals. Ann Surg 1954;140: 675-82.
20. Camilleri JP, Joseph D, Fabiani JN, et al. Experimental myocardialinfarction in the rat as a quantitative model for the study of antiischemicinterventions. Pathol Res Pract 1981; 172: 42-52.
21. Williams DO, Boatwright RB, Rugh KS, Garner HE, Griggs DM, Jr. Myocardial blood flow, metabolism, and function with repeatedbrief coronary occlusions in conscious ponies. Am J Physiol. 1991;260: H100-9.
22. Michael LH, Entman ML, Hartley CJ, et al. Myocardial ischemiaand reperfusion: a murine model. Am J Physiol 1995; 269: H2147-54.
23. Li W, Ma N, Ong LL, et al. Bcl-2 engineered MSCs inhibitedapoptosis and improved heart function. Stem Cells 2007; 25: 2118-27.
24. Berry MF, Engler AJ, Woo YJ, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell injectionafter myocardial infarction improves myocardial compliance. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 290: H2196-203.
25. Singla DK, Hacker TA, Ma L, et al. Transplantation of embryonicstem cells into the infarcted mouse heart: formation of multiple celltypes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2006; 40: 195-200.
26. Fan L, Lin C, Zhuo S, et al. Transplantation with survivinengineeredmesenchymal stem cells results in better prognosis in arat model of myocardial infarction. Eur J Heart Fail 2009; 11:1023-30.
27. Wang M, Tan J, Wang Y, et al. IL-18 binding protein-expressingmesenchymal stem cells improve myocardial protection afterischemia or infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106: 17499-504.
28. Cheng Z, Ou L, Liu Y, et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulatingfactor exacerbates cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction in arat model of permanent occlusion. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 80: 425-34.
29. Jain M, DerSimonian H, Brenner DA, et al. Cell therapy attenuatesdeleterious ventricular remodeling and improves cardiac performanceafter myocardial infarction. Circulation 2001; 103: 1920-7.
30. Miyahara Y, Nagaya N, Kataoka M, et al. Monolayered mesenchymalstem cells repair scarred myocardium after myocardial infarction. Nat Med 2006; 12: 459-65.
31. van den Bos EJ, Mees BM, de Waard MC, de Crom R, DunckerDJ. A novel model of cryoinjury-induced myocardial infarction inthe mouse: a comparison with coronary artery ligation. Am JPhysiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 289: H1291-300.
32. Ma N, Ladilov Y, Moebius JM, et al. Intramyocardial delivery ofhuman CD133+ cells in a SCID mouse cryoinjury model: Bonemarrow vs. cord blood-derived cells. Cardiovasc Res 2006; 71:158-69.
33. Kuzma L, Kalemba D, Rozalski M, et al. Chemical compositionand biological activities of essential oil from Salvia sclarea plantsregenerated in vitro. Molecules 2009; 14: 1438-47.
34. Rugh KS, Garner HE, Hatfield DG, Miramonti JR. Ischaemia induceddevelopment of functional coronary collateral circulation inponies. Cardiovasc Res 1987; 21: 730-6.
35. Laguens R, Cabeza Meckert P, Vera Janavel G, et al. Entrance inmitosis of adult cardiomyocytes in ischemic pig hearts after plasmid-mediated rhVEGF165 gene transfer. Gene Ther 2002; 9: 1676-81.
36. Basso C, Thiene G, Della Barbera M, et al. Endothelin A-receptorantagonist administration immediately after experimental myocardialinfarction with reperfusion does not affect scar healing in dogs. Cardiovasc Res 2002; 55: 113-21.
37. Reffelmann T, Sensebat O, Birnbaum Y, et al. A novel minimalinvasivemodel of chronic myocardial infarction in swine. CoronArtery Dis 2004; 15: 7-12.
38. Krombach GA, Kinzel S, Mahnken AH, Gunther RW, Buecker A. Minimally invasive close-chest method for creating reperfused orocclusive myocardial infarction in swine. Invest Radiol 2005; 40:14-8.
39. Singal PK, Kapur N, Dhillon KS, Beamish RE, Dhalla NS. Role offree radicals in catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy. Can JPhysiol Pharmacol 1982; 60: 1390-7.
40. Chagoya de Sanchez V, Hernandez-Munoz R, Lopez-Barrera F, et al. Sequential changes of energy metabolism and mitochondrialfunction in myocardial infarction induced by isoproterenol in rats: along-term and integrative study. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1997; 75:1300-11.
41. Arteaga de Murphy C, Ferro-Flores G, Villanueva-Sanchez O, et al. 99mTc-glucarate for detection of isoproterenol-inducedmyocardial infarction in rats. Int J Pharm 2002; 233: 29-34.
42. Arnolda L, McGrath B, Cocks M, Sumithran E, Johnston C. Adriamycin cardiomyopathy in the rabbit: an animal model of lowoutput cardiac failure with activation of vasoconstrictor mechanisms. Cardiovasc Res 1985; 19: 378-82.
43. Cheng Z, Ou L, Zhou X, et al. Targeted migration of mesenchymalstem cells modified with CXCR4 gene to infarcted myocardiumimproves cardiac performance. Mol Ther 2008; 16: 571-9.
44. Nesselmann C, Ma N, Bieback K, et al. Mesenchymal stem cellsand cardiac repair. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 12: 1795-810.
45. Furlani D, Li W, Pittermann E, et al. A transformed cell populationderived from cultured mesenchymal stem cells has no functionaleffect after transplantation into the injured heart. Cell Transplant2009; 18: 319-31.
46. Ma N, Stamm C, Kaminski A, et al. Human cord blood cells induceangiogenesis following myocardial infarction in NOD/scid-mice. Cardiovasc Res 2005; 66: 45-54.
47. Ma N, Ladilov Y, Kaminski A, et al. Umbilical cord blood celltransplantation for myocardial regeneration. Transplant Proc 2006;38: 771-3.
48. Zhao TC, Tseng A, Yano N, et al. Targeting human CD34+ hematopoieticstem cells with anti-CD45 x anti-myosin light-chain bispecificantibody preserves cardiac function in myocardial infarction. J Appl Physiol 2008; 104: 1793-800.
49. Bonaros N, Rauf R, Wolf D, et al. Combined transplantation ofskeletal myoblasts and angiopoietic progenitor cells reduces infarctsize and apoptosis and improves cardiac function in chronicischemic heart failure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 132: 1321-8.
50. Jujo K, Ii M, Losordo DW. Endothelial progenitor cells in neovascularizationof infarcted myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008; 45:530-44.
51. Winter EM, van Oorschot AA, Hogers B, et al. A new direction forcardiac regeneration therapy: application of synergistically actingepicardium-derived cells and cardiomyocyte progenitor cells. CircHeart Fail 2009; 2: 643-53.
52. Nesselmann C, Li W, Ma N, Steinhoff G. Stem cell-mediatedneovascularization in heart repair. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2010;4: 27-42.
53. Nelson TJ, Martinez-Fernandez A, Yamada S, Perez-Terzic C, Ikeda Y, Terzic A. Repair of acute myocardial infarction by humanstemness factors induced pluripotent stem cells. Circulation 2009;120: 408-16.
54. George JC. Stem cell therapy in acute myocardial infarction: areview of clinical trials. Transl Res 155: 10-9.
55. Joggerst SJ, Hatzopoulos AK. Stem cell therapy for cardiac repair:benefits and barriers. Expert Rev Mol Med 2009; 11: e20 (Pubmedahead of print).
56. Greenberg MD. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med1995; 332: 1384; author reply 5-6.
57. Manolio TA, Baughman KL, Rodeheffer R, et al. Prevalence andetiology of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (summary of a NationalHeart, Lung, and Blood Institute workshop. Am J Cardiol1992; 69: 1458-66.
58. Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, et al. Contemporary definitionsand classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart AssociationScientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality ofCare and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and TranslationalBiology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council onEpidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 2006; 113: 1807-16.
59. Yoshikawa T, Baba A, Nagatomo Y. Autoimmune mechanismsunderlying dilated cardiomyopathy. Circ J 2009; 73: 602-7.
60. Mobini R, Andersson B. The therapeutic potential of immune therapyin idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Future Cardiol 2005; 1:675-82.
61. Baba A, Yoshikawa T, Chino M, et al. Characterization of antimyocardialautoantibodies in Japanese patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Jpn Circ J 2001; 65: 867-73.
62. Michels VV, Moll PP, Miller FA, et al. The frequency of familialdilated cardiomyopathy in a series of patients with idiopathic dilatedcardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 77-82.
63. Keeling PJ, Gang Y, Smith G, et al. Familial dilated cardiomyopathyin the United Kingdom. Br Heart J 1995; 73: 417-21.
64. Magnusson Y, Hoyer S, Lengagne R, et al. Antigenic analysis ofthe second extra-cellular loop of the human beta-adrenergic receptors. Clin Exp Immunol 1989; 78: 42-8.
65. Tate K, Magnusson Y, Viguier M, et al. Epitope analysis of T-andB-cell response against the human beta 1-adrenoceptor. Biochimie1994; 76: 159-64.
66. Matsui S, Fu ML, Katsuda S, et al. Peptides derived from cardiovascularG-protein-coupled receptors induce morphological cardiomyopathicchanges in immunized rabbits. J Mol Cell Cardiol1997; 29: 641-55.
67. Matsui S, Fu M, Hayase M, et al. Transfer of rabbit autoimmunecardiomyopathy into severe combined immunodeficiency mice. JCardiovasc Pharmacol 2003; 42 Suppl 1: S99-103.
68. Omerovic E, Bollano E, Andersson B, et al. Induction of cardiomyopathyin severe combined immunodeficiency mice by transferof lymphocytes from patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Autoimmunity 2000; 32: 271-80.
69. Iwata M, Yoshikawa T, Baba A, Anzai T, Mitamura H, Ogawa S. Autoantibodies against the second extracellular loop of beta1-adrenergic receptors predict ventricular tachycardia and suddendeath in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am CollCardiol 2001; 37: 418-24.
70. Jane-wit D, Yu M, Edling AE, et al. A novel class II-binding motifselects peptides that mediate organ-specific autoimmune disease inSWXJ, SJL/J, and SWR/J mice. J Immunol 2002; 169: 6507-14.
71. Kawai C. From myocarditis to cardiomyopathy: mechanisms ofinflammation and cell death: learning from the past for the future. Circulation 1999; 99: 1091-100.
72. Wessely R, Klingel K, Santana LF, et al. Transgenic expression ofreplication-restricted enteroviral genomes in heart muscle inducesdefective excitation-contraction coupling and dilated cardiomyopathy. J Clin Invest 1998; 102: 1444-53.
73. Badorff C, Lee GH, Lamphear BJ, et al. Enteroviral protease 2Acleaves dystrophin: evidence of cytoskeletal disruption in an acquiredcardiomyopathy. Nat Med. 1999; 5: 320-6.
74. Alexander LK, Small JD, Edwards S, Baric RS. An experimentalmodel for dilated cardiomyopathy after rabbit coronavirus infection. J Infect Dis 1992; 166: 978-85.
75. Beischel J, Larson DF, Yu Q, et al. Dilated cardiomyopathy inretrovirally infected mice: a novel model for silent viral DCM?Cardiovasc Toxicol 2004; 4: 317-25.
76. Villard E, Duboscq-Bidot L, Charron P, et al. Mutation screeningin dilated cardiomyopathy: prominent role of the beta myosinheavy chain gene. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 794-803.
77. Olson TM, Michels VV, Thibodeau SN, Tai YS, Keating MT. Actin mutations in dilated cardiomyopathy, a heritable form ofheart failure. Science 1998; 280: 750-2.
78. Schupp M, Kintscher U, Fielitz J, et al. Cardiac PPARalpha expressionin patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail2006; 8: 290-4.
79. Chang AN, Parvatiyar MS, Potter JD. Troponin and cardiomyopathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 369: 74-81.
80. Ikeda Y, Ross J, Jr. Models of dilated cardiomyopathy in the mouseand the hamster. Curr Opin Cardiol 2000; 15: 197-201.
81. Templin C, Kotlarz D, Marquart F, et al. Transcoronary delivery ofbone marrow cells to the infarcted murine myocardium: feasibility, cellular kinetics, and improvement in cardiac function. Basic ResCardiol 2006; 101: 301-10.
82. Meyer GP, Wollert KC, Lotz J, et al. Intracoronary bone marrowcell transfer after myocardial infarction: eighteen months' followupdata from the randomized, controlled BOOST (BOne marrOwtransfer to enhance ST-elevation infarct regeneration) trial. Circulation2006; 113: 1287-94.
83. Nagaya N, Kangawa K, Itoh T, et al. Transplantation of mesenchymalstem cells improves cardiac function in a rat model of dilatedcardiomyopathy. Circulation 2005; 112: 1128-35.
84. Sun CK, Chang LT, Sheu JJ, et al. Bone marrow-derived mononuclearcell therapy alleviates left ventricular remodeling and improvesheart function in rat-dilated cardiomyopathy. Crit Care Med2009; 37: 1197-205.
85. Jin B, Luo XP, Ni HC, Li Y, Shi HM. Cardiac matrix remodelingfollowing intracoronary cell transplantation in dilated cardiomyopathicrabbits. Mol Biol Rep 2009 (Pubmed ahead of print).
86. Harada K, Grossman W, Friedman M, et al. Basic fibroblastgrowth factor improves myocardial function in chronicallyischemic porcine hearts. J Clin Invest 1994; 94: 623-30.
87. Roth DM, White FC, Mathieu-Costello O, et al. Effects of leftcircumflex Ameroid constrictor placement on adrenergic innervationof myocardium. Am J Physiol 1987; 253: H1425-34.
88. St Louis JD, Hughes GC, Kypson AP, et al. An experimentalmodel of chronic myocardial hibernation. Ann Thorac Surg 2000;69: 1351-7.
89. Pfeffer MA, Pfeffer JM, Fishbein MC, et al. Myocardial infarctsize and ventricular function in rats. Circ Res. 1979; 44: 503-12.
90. Liu YH, Yang XP, Nass O, Sabbah HN, Peterson E, Carretero OA. Chronic heart failure induced by coronary artery ligation in Lewisinbred rats. Am J Physiol 1997; 272: H722-7.
91. Sabbah HN, Stein PD, Kono T, et al. A canine model of chronicheart failure produced by multiple sequential coronary microembolizations. Am J Physiol 1991; 260: H1379-84.
92. Suzuki M, Asano H, Tanaka H, Usuda S. Development and evaluationof a new canine myocardial infarction model using a closedchestinjection of thrombogenic material. Jpn Circ J 1999; 63: 900-5.
93. Gengo PJ, Sabbah HN, Steffen RP, et al. Myocardial beta adrenoceptorand voltage sensitive calcium channel changes in a caninemodel of chronic heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1992; 24: 1361-9.
94. Gupta RC, Shimoyama H, Tanimura M, Nair R, Lesch M, SabbahHN. SR Ca(2+)-ATPase activity and expression in ventricularmyocardium of dogs with heart failure. Am J Physiol 1997; 273:H12-8.
95. Capasso JM, Jeanty MW, Palackal T, Olivetti G, Anversa P. Ventricularremodeling induced by acute nonocclusive constriction ofcoronary artery in rats. Am J Physiol 1989; 257: H1983-93.
96. Li B, Li Q, Wang X, et al. Coronary constriction impairs cardiacfunction and induces myocardial damage and ventricular remodelingin mice. Am J Physiol 1997; 273: H2508-19.
97. Capasso JM, Li P, Anversa P. Nonischemic myocardial damageinduced by nonocclusive constriction of coronary artery in rats. AmJ Physiol 1991; 260: H651-61.
98. Domkowski PW, Hughes GC, Lowe JE. Ameroid constrictor versushydraulic occluder: creation of hibernating myocardium. AnnThorac Surg 2000; 69: 1984.
99. Yerebakan C, Sandica E, Prietz S, et al. Autologous umbilical cordblood mononuclear cell transplantation preserves right ventricularfunction in a novel model of chronic right ventricular volume overload. Cell Transplant 2009; 18: 855-68.
100. Balsam LB, Wagers AJ, Christensen JL, Kofidis T, Weissman IL, Robbins RC. Haematopoietic stem cells adopt mature haematopoieticfates in ischaemic myocardium. Nature 2004; 428: 668-73.
101. Murry CE, Soonpaa MH, Reinecke H, et al. Haematopoietic stemcells do not transdifferentiate into cardiac myocytes in myocardialinfarcts. Nature 2004; 428: 664-8.
102. Kamihata H, Matsubara H, Nishiue T, et al. Implantation of bonemarrow mononuclear cells into ischemic myocardium enhancescollateral perfusion and regional function via side supply of angioblasts, angiogenic ligands, and cytokines. Circulation 2001; 104:1046-52.
103. Murayama T, Tepper OM, Silver M, et al. Determination of bonemarrow-derived endothelial progenitor cell significance in angiogenic growth factor-induced neovascularization in vivo. Exp Hematol2002; 30: 967-72.
104. Crosby JR, Kaminski WE, Schatteman G, et al. Endothelial cells ofhematopoietic origin make a significant contribution to adult bloodvessel formation. Circ Res 2000; 87: 728-30.
105. Cooper LT, Jr. Myocarditis. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 1526-38.
106. Baughman KL. Diagnosis of myocarditis: death of Dallas criteria. Circulation. 2006; 113: 593-5.
107. Neu N, Rose NR, Beisel KW, Herskowitz A, Gurri-Glass G, CraigSW. Cardiac myosin induces myocarditis in genetically predisposedmice. J Immunol 1987; 139: 3630-6.
108. Donermeyer DL, Beisel KW, Allen PM, Smith SC. Myocarditisinducingepitope of myosin binds constitutively and stably to I-Akon antigen-presenting cells in the heart. J Exp Med 1995; 182:1291-300.
109. Smith SC, Allen PM. Expression of myosin-class II major histocompatibilitycomplexes in the normal myocardium occurs beforeinduction of autoimmune myocarditis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1992; 89: 9131-5.
110. Rose NR, Herskowitz A, Neumann DA. Autoimmunity in myocarditis:models and mechanisms. Clin Immunol Immunopathol1993; 68: 95-9.
111. Kodama M, Matsumoto Y, Fujiwara M, Masani F, Izumi T, Shibata A. A novel experimental model of giant cell myocarditisinduced in rats by immunization with cardiac myosin fraction. ClinImmunol Immunopathol 1990; 57: 250-62.
112. Cadoret RJ, Winokur G, Langbehn D, Troughton E, Yates WR, Stewart MA. Depression spectrum disease, I: The role of geneenvironmentinteraction. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 892-9.
113. Smith SC, Allen PM. Myosin-induced acute myocarditis is a T cellmediateddisease. J Immunol 1991; 147: 2141-7.
114. Wegmann KW, Zhao W, Griffin AC, Hickey WF. Identification ofmyocarditogenic peptides derived from cardiac myosin capable ofinducing experimental allergic myocarditis in the Lewis rat. Theutility of a class II binding motif in selecting self-reactive peptides. J Immunol 1994; 153: 892-900.
115. Shioi T, Matsumori A, Sasayama S. Persistent expression of cytokinein the chronic stage of viral myocarditis in mice. Circulation1996; 94: 2930-7.
116. Horwitz MS, La Cava A, Fine C, Rodriguez E, Ilic A, SarvetnickN. Pancreatic expression of interferon-gamma protects mice fromlethal coxsackievirus B3 infection and subsequent myocarditis. NatMed 2000; 6: 693-7.
117. Pauschinger M, Chandrasekharan K, Schultheiss HP. Myocardialremodeling in viral heart disease: possible interactions between inflammatorymediators and MMP-TIMP system. Heart Fail Rev2004; 9: 21-31.
118. Heymans S, Pauschinger M, De Palma A, et al. Inhibition ofurokinase-type plasminogen activator or matrix metalloproteinasesprevents cardiac injury and dysfunction during viral myocarditis. Circulation 2006; 114: 565-73.
119. Sivasubramanian N, Coker ML, Kurrelmeyer KM, et al. Leftventricular remodeling in transgenic mice with cardiac restrictedoverexpression of tumor necrosis factor. Circulation 2001; 104:826-31.
120. McCarthy RE, 3rd, Boehmer JP, Hruban RH, et al. Long-termoutcome of fulminant myocarditis as compared with acute (nonfulminant)myocarditis. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 690-5.
121. Lawson CM. Evidence for mimicry by viral antigens in animalmodels of autoimmune disease including myocarditis. Cell MolLife Sci 2000; 57: 552-60.
122. Badorff C, Knowlton KU. Dystrophin disruption in enterovirusinducedmyocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: from bench tobedside. Med Microbiol Immunol 2004; 193: 121-6.
123. Kania G, Blyszczuk P, Valaperti A, et al. Prominin-1+/CD133+bone marrow-derived heart-resident cells suppress experimentalautoimmune myocarditis. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 80: 236-45.
124. Okada H, Suzuki J, Futamatsu H, Maejima Y, Hirao K, Isobe M. Attenuation of autoimmune myocarditis in rats by mesenchymalstem cell transplantation through enhanced expression of hepatocytegrowth factor. Int Heart J 2007; 48: 649-61.
125. Werner L, Deutsch V, Barshack I, Miller H, Keren G, George J. Transfer of endothelial progenitor cells improves myocardial performancein rats with dilated cardiomyopathy induced followingexperimental myocarditis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2005; 39: 691-7.
126. Wang JF, Yang Y, Wang G, et al. Embryonic stem cells attenuateviral myocarditis in murine model. Cell Transplant 2002; 11: 753-8.
127. Frohlich ED. Cardiac hypertrophy in hypertension. N Engl J Med1987; 317: 831-3.
128. Agabiti-Rosei E, Muiesan ML. Cardiac hypertrophy and hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1998; 7: 211-6.
129. Sutton MG, Sharpe N. Left ventricular remodeling after myocardialinfarction: pathophysiology and therapy. Circulation 2000; 101:2981-8.
130. Nadal-Ginard B, Kajstura J, Leri A, Anversa P. Myocyte death, growth, and regeneration in cardiac hypertrophy and failure. CircRes 2003; 92: 139-50.
131. Pracyk JB, Tanaka K, Hegland DD, et al. A requirement for therac1 GTPase in the signal transduction pathway leading to cardiacmyocyte hypertrophy. J Clin Invest 1998; 102: 929-37.
132. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E. Ventricular remodeling after myocardialinfarction. Experimental observations and clinical implications. Circulation 1990; 81: 1161-72.
133. Takemoto M, Node K, Nakagami H, et al. Statins as antioxidanttherapy for preventing cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. J Clin Invest2001; 108: 1429-37.
134. Oka T, Komuro I. Molecular mechanisms underlying the transitionof cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure. Circ J 2008; 72 Suppl A:A13-6.
135. Gupta S, Das B, Sen S. Cardiac hypertrophy: mechanisms andtherapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9: 623-52.
136. Simpson P. Stimulation of hypertrophy of cultured neonatal ratheart cells through an alpha 1-adrenergic receptor and induction ofbeating through an alpha 1-and beta 1-adrenergic receptor interaction. Evidence for independent regulation of growth and beating. Circ Res 1985; 56: 884-94.
137. Teiger E, Than VD, Richard L, et al. Apoptosis in pressure overload-induced heart hypertrophy in the rat. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:2891-7.
138. Aikawa R, Komuro I, Yamazaki T, et al. Rho family small G proteinsplay critical roles in mechanical stress-induced hypertrophicresponses in cardiac myocytes. Circ Res. 1999; 84: 458-66.
139. Shimojo N, Jesmin S, Zaedi S, et al. Contributory role of VEGFoverexpression in endothelin-1-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293: H474-81.
140. Ye Y, Hu SJ, Li L. Inhibition of farnesylpyrophosphate synthaseprevents angiotensin II-induced hypertrophic responses in rat neonatalcardiomyocytes: involvement of the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway. FEBS Lett 2009; 583: 2997-3003.
141. Zeidan A, Javadov S, Chakrabarti S, Karmazyn M. Leptin-inducedcardiomyocyte hypertrophy involves selective caveolae andRhoA/ROCK-dependent p38 MAPK translocation to nuclei. CardiovascRes 2008; 77: 64-72.
142. Rajapurohitam V, Gan XT, Kirshenbaum LA, Karmazyn M. Theobesity-associated peptide leptin induces hypertrophy in neonatalrat ventricular myocytes. Circ Res 2003; 93: 277-9.
143. Koga A, Oka N, Kikuchi T, Miyazaki H, Kato S, Imaizumi T. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of caveolin-3 inhibits rat cardiomyocytehypertrophy. Hypertension 2003; 42: 213-9.
144. Galindo CL, Skinner MA, Errami M, et al. Transcriptional profileof isoproterenol-induced cardiomyopathy and comparison to exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy and human cardiac failure. BMCPhysiol 2009; 9: 23.
145. Klopsch C, Furlani D, Gabel R, et al. Intracardiac injection oferythropoietin induces stem cell recruitment and improves cardiacfunctions in a rat myocardial infarction model. J Cell Mol Med2009; 13: 664-79.