Neuroeconomics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Differential influences of medial, dorsal, and ventral prefrontal brain networks on suboptimal decision making?

Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 72, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 126-133

  Sonuga Barke, Edmund J S ^a   Fairchild, Graeme ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

ADHD; decision making; dopamine; dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; medial prefrontal cortex; neuroeconomics; orbitofrontal cortex; planning; reinforcement; reward; utility; value; ventral striatum

Indexed keywords

CATECHOLAMINE; DOPAMINE;

AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ARTICLE; ASSOCIATION; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS; BRAIN DYSFUNCTION; CONDUCT DISORDER; CORPUS STRIATUM; DECISION MAKING; DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; ENDOPHENOTYPE; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; GENETIC HETEROGENEITY; HEALTH SERVICE; HUMAN; MENTAL PATIENT; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER; ORBITAL CORTEX; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; POSTERIOR CINGULATE; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROCESS OPTIMIZATION; REINFORCEMENT; STIMULUS RESPONSE; TREATMENT PLANNING; VENTROMEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX;

EID: 84862887200     PISSN: 00063223     EISSN: 18732402     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.004     Document Type: Review

References (160)

1. T.E. Wilens, S.V. Faraone, J. Biederman Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults JAMA 292 2004 619 623
2. G. Polanczyk, M.S. de Lima, B.L. Horta, J. Biederman, L.A. Rohde The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: A systematic review and metaregression analysis Am J Psychiatry 164 2007 942 948
3. E. Taylor Disorders of attention and activity M. Rutter, D. Bishop, D. Pine, S. Scott, J.S. Stevenson, E.A. Taylor, A. Thapar, Rutter's Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 5th Edition 2009 Wiley-Blackwell Oxford, UK 521 542
4. L. Hakkaart-van Roijen, B.W. Zwirs, C. Bouwmans, S.S. Tan, T.W. Schulpen, L. Vlasveld, J.K. Buitelaar Societal costs and quality of life of children suffering from attention deficient hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 16 2007 316 326
5. E. Taylor, M. Dopfner, J. Sergeant, P. Asherson, T. Banaschewski, J. Buitelaar European clinical guidelines for hyperkinetic disorder-first upgrade Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 13 suppl 1 2004 I7 I30
6. T. Banaschewski, D. Coghill, P. Santosh, A. Zuddas, P. Asherson, J. Buitelaar Long-acting medications for the hyperkinetic disorders A systematic review and European treatment guideline Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 15 2006 476 495
7. E.M. Forster Treatment for ADHD: Is more complex treatment cost-effective for more complex cases? Health Serv Res 42 2007 165 182
8. P. Hazell The challenges to demonstrating long-term effects of psychostimulant treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Curr Opin Psychiatry 24 2011 286 290
9. S.H. Curry Translational science: Past, present, and future Biotechniques 44 2008 ii viii
10. J. Nigg What Causes ADHD? Understanding What Goes Wrong and Why 2006 Guildford Press New York
11. R.E. Glasgow What types of evidence are most needed to advance behavioral medicine? Ann Behav Med 35 2008 19 25
12. E.J. Sonuga-Barke Editorial: The elephant in the laboratory-on the influence of non-scientific assumptions on research in child psychology and psychiatry J Child Psychol Psychiatry 52 2011 1 2
13. I. Singh Beyond polemics: Science and ethics of ADHD Nat Rev Neurosci 9 2008 957 964
14. E.J. Sonuga-Barke, J.M. Halperin Developmental phenotypes and causal pathways in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Potential targets for early intervention? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 51 2010 368 389
15. J.Z. Sadler The psychiatric significance of the personal self Psychiatry 70 2007 113 129
16. G. Hasler Can the neuroeconomics revolution revolutionize psychiatry? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 36 2012 64 78
17. C. Sharp, J. Monterosso, P.R. Montague Neuroeconomics: A bridge for translational research Biol Psychiatry 72 2012 87 92
18. A.F. Da Rocha A neuroeconomic modeling of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder J Biol Sys 17 2009 597 622
19. E.J. Sonuga-Barke On dysfunction and function in psychological theories of childhood disorder J Child Psychol Psychiatry 35 1994 801 815
20. E.J. Sonuga-Barke, E. Taylor, S. Sembi, J. Smith Hyperactivity and delay aversion-I The effect of delay on choice J Child Psychol Psychiatry 33 1992 387 398
21. E. Sonuga-Barke, P. Bitsakou, M. Thompson Beyond the dual pathway model: Evidence for the dissociation of timing, inhibitory, and delay-related impairments in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49 2010 345 355
22. E.J. Sonuga-Barke, J.A. Sergeant, J. Nigg, E. Willcutt Executive dysfunction and delay aversion in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Nosologic and diagnostic implications Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 17 2008 367 384 ix
23. R. Marco, A. Miranda, W. Schlotz, A. Melia, A. Mulligan, U. Muller Delay and reward choice in ADHD: An experimental test of the role of delay aversion Neuropsychology 23 2009 367 380
24. E.J. Sonuga-Barke, J. De Houwer, K. De Ruiter, M. Ajzenstzen, S. Holland AD/HD and the capture of attention by briefly exposed delay-related cues: Evidence from a conditioning paradigm J Child Psychol Psychiatry 45 2004 274 283
25. M.M. Plichta, N. Vasic, R.C. Wolf, K.P. Lesch, D. Brummer, C. Jacob Neural hyporesponsiveness and hyperresponsiveness during immediate and delayed reward processing in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Biol Psychiatry 65 2009 7 14
26. J. Lemiere, M. Danckaerts, W. Van Hecke, M.A. Mehta, R. Peeters, S. Sunaert, E. Sonuga-Barke Brain activation to cues threatening inescapable delay in adolescent attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: An fMRI pilot study Brain Res 1450 2012 57 66
27. E.J. Sonuga-Barke, R. Kumsta, W. Schlotz, J. Lasky-Su, R. Marco, A. Miranda A functional variant of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) moderates impulsive choice in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder boys and siblings Biol Psychiatry 70 2011 230 236
28. N.D. Volkow, G.J. Wang, S.H. Kollins, T.L. Wigal, J.H. Newcorn, F. Telang Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: Clinical implications JAMA 302 2009 1084 1091
29. R.D. Rogers The roles of dopamine and serotonin in decision making: Evidence from pharmacological experiments in humans Neuropsychopharmacology 36 2011 114 132
30. B. Figner, R.J. Mackinlay, F. Wilkening, E.U. Weber Affective and deliberative processes in risky choice: Age differences in risk taking in the Columbia Card Task J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 35 2009 709 730
31. T. Kahnt, J. Heinzle, S.Q. Park, J.D. Haynes Decoding the formation of reward predictions across learning J Neurosci 31 2011 14624 14630
32. F.X. Castellanos, E.J. Sonuga-Barke, M.P. Milham, R. Tannock Characterizing cognition in ADHD: Beyond executive dysfunction Trends Cogn Sci 10 2006 117 123
33. G. Bush Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and attention networks Neuropsychopharmacology 35 2010 278 300
34. K. Rubia "Cool" inferior frontostriatal dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder versus "hot" ventromedial orbitofrontal-limbic dysfunction in conduct disorder: A review Biol Psychiatry 69 2011 e69 e87
35. M. Luman, G. Tripp, A. Scheres Identifying the neurobiology of altered reinforcement sensitivity in ADHD: A review and research agenda Neurosci Biobehav Rev 34 2010 744 754
36. S. Durston, J. van Belle, P. de Zeeuw Differentiating frontostriatal and fronto-cerebellar circuits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Biol Psychiatry 69 2011 1178 1184
37. C.W. Hobson, S. Scott, K. Rubia Investigation of cool and hot executive function in ODD/CD independently of ADHD J Child Psychol Psychiatry 52 2011 1035 1043
38. E.J. Sonuga-Barke, J.R. Wiersema, J.J. van der Meere, H. Roeyers Context-dependent dynamic processes in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Differentiating common and unique effects of state regulation deficits and delay aversion Neuropsychol Rev 20 2010 86 102
39. G. Fairchild The developmental psychopathology of motivation in adolescence Dev Cogn Neurosci 1 2011 414 429
40. E.J. Sonuga-Barke, F.X. Castellanos Spontaneous attentional fluctuations in impaired states and pathological conditions: A neurobiological hypothesis Neurosci Biobehav Rev 31 2007 977 986
41. F.X. Castellanos, D.S. Margulies, C. Kelly, L.Q. Uddin, M. Ghaffari, A. Kirsch Cingulate-precuneus interactions: A new locus of dysfunction in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Biol Psychiatry 63 2008 332 337
42. J. Berger Where consumers diverge from others: Identity signaling and product domains J Consum Res 34 2007 121 134
43. M. van Buuren, T.E. Gladwin, B.B. Zandbelt, R.S. Kahn, M. Vink Reduced functional coupling in the default-mode network during self-referential processing Hum Brain Mapp 31 2010 1117 1127
44. D.A. Gusnard, E. Akbudak, G.L. Shulman, M.E. Raichle Medial prefrontal cortex and self-referential mental activity: Relation to a default mode of brain function Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 2001 4259 4264
45. S.C. Johnson, T.W. Schmitz, T.N. Kawahara-Baccus, H.A. Rowley, A.L. Alexander, J. Lee, R.J. Davidson The cerebral response during subjective choice with and without self-reference J Cogn Neurosci 17 2005 1897 1906
46. C.S. Sripada, R. Gonzalez, K.L. Phan, I. Liberzon The neural correlates of intertemporal decision-making: Contributions of subjective value, stimulus type, and trait impulsivity Hum Brain Mapp 32 2011 1637 1648
47. R.N. Spreng, W.D. Stevens, J.P. Chamberlain, A.W. Gilmore, D.L. Schacter Default network activity, coupled with the frontoparietal control network, supports goal-directed cognition Neuroimage 53 2010 303 317
48. C.P. Kaller, B. Rahm, J. Spreer, C. Weiller, J.M. Unterrainer Dissociable contributions of left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in planning Cereb Cortex 21 2011 307 317
49. A. D'Argembeau, H. Jedidi, E. Balteau, M. Bahri, C. Phillips, E. Salmon Valuing one's self: Medial prefrontal involvement in epistemic and emotive investments in self-views Cereb Cortex 22 2012 659 667
50. S. Bray, S. Shimojo, J.P. O'Doherty Human medial orbitofrontal cortex is recruited during experience of imagined and real rewards J Neurophysiol 103 2010 2506 2512
51. D.J. Packer, W.A. Cunningham Neural correlates of reflection on goal states: The role of regulatory focus and temporal distance Soc Neurosci 4 2009 412 425
52. E. Koechlin, A. Hyafil Anterior prefrontal function and the limits of human decision-making Science 318 2007 594 598
53. R.G. Benoit, S.J. Gilbert, E. Volle, P.W. Burgess When I think about me and simulate you: Medial rostral prefrontal cortex and self-referential processes Neuroimage 50 2010 1340 1349
54. R.N. Spreng, C.L. Grady Patterns of brain activity supporting autobiographical memory, prospection, and theory of mind, and their relationship to the default mode network J Cogn Neurosci 22 2010 1112 1123
55. D.A. Fair, J. Posner, B.J. Nagel, D. Bathula, T.G. Dias, K.L. Mills Atypical default network connectivity in youth with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder Biol Psychiatry 68 2010 1084 1091
56. D. Tomasi, N.D. Volkow Abnormal functional connectivity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Biol Psychiatry 71 2012 443 450
57. S.B. Klein Memory and self-knowledge in young adults with ADHD Self and Identity 10 2011 213 230
58. J.S. Owens, M.E. Goldfine, N.M. Evangelista, B. Hoza, N.M. Kaiser A critical review of self-perceptions and the positive illusory bias in children with ADHD Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 10 2007 335 351
59. J.D. McQuade, M. Tomb, B. Hoza, D.A. Waschbusch, E.A. Hurt, A.J. Vaughn Cognitive deficits and positively biased self-perceptions in children with ADHD J Abnorm Child Psychol 39 2011 307 319
60. S. Young, R. Morris, B. Toone, C. Tyson Planning ability in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Neuropsychology 21 2007 581 589
61. G.M. Marzocchi, J. Oosterlaan, A. Zuddas, P. Cavolina, H. Geurts, D. Redigolo Contrasting deficits on executive functions between ADHD and reading disabled children J Child Psychol Psychiatry 49 2008 543 552
62. J. Bramham, F. Ambery, S. Young, R. Morris, A. Russell, K. Xenitidis Executive functioning differences between adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autistic spectrum disorder in initiation, planning and strategy formation Autism 13 2009 245 264
63. A.M. Boonstra, J.J. Kooij, J. Oosterlaan, J.A. Sergeant, J.K. Buitelaar To act or not to act, that's the problem: Primarily inhibition difficulties in adult ADHD Neuropsychology 24 2010 209 221
64. A. Nyman, T. Taskinen, M. Gronroos, L. Haataja, J. Lahdetie, T. Korhonen Elements of working memory as predictors of goal-setting skills in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder J Learn Disabil 43 2010 553 562
65. M. Kliegel Planning and prospective remembering in children with ADHD Kindheit und Entwicklung 14 2005 103 111
66. C. Gawrilow If-then plans benefit executive functions in children with ADHD J Soc Clin Psychol 30 2011 615 645
67. C. Desjardins, P. Scherzer, C.M. Braun, L. Godbout, H. Poissant A verbal planning impairment in adult ADHD indexed by script generation tasks J Atten Disord 14 2010 220 231
68. K.A. Kerns, K.J. Price An investigation of prospective memory in children with ADHD Child Neuropsychol 7 2001 162 171
69. M. Kliegel, A. Ropeter, R. Mackinlay Complex prospective memory in children with ADHD Child Neuropsychol 12 2006 407 419
70. M.A. Brandimonte, P. Filippello, E. Coluccia, M. Altgassen, M. Kliegel To do or not to do? Prospective memory versus response inhibition in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Memory 19 2011 56 66
71. Y. Paloyelis, P. Asherson, M.A. Mehta, S.V. Faraone, J. Kuntsi DAT1 and COMT effects on delay discounting and trait impulsivity in male adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and healthy controls Neuropsychopharmacology 35 2010 2414 2426
72. B.S. Bruce, M. Ungar, D.A. Waschbusch Perceptions of risk among children with and without attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 16 2009 189 196
73. J. Tanji, E. Hoshi Role of the lateral prefrontal cortex in executive behavioral control Physiol Rev 88 2008 37 57
74. S.W. Kennerley, M.E. Walton Decision making and reward in frontal cortex: Complementary evidence from neurophysiological and neuropsychological studies Behav Neurosci 125 2011 297 317
75. J.W. Kable, P.W. Glimcher The neurobiology of decision: Consensus and controversy Neuron 63 2009 733 745
76. E.M. Valera, S.V. Faraone, K.E. Murray, L.J. Seidman Meta-analysis of structural imaging findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Biol Psychiatry 61 2007 1361 1369
77. L.J. Seidman, J. Biederman, L. Liang, E.M. Valera, M.C. Monuteaux, A. Brown Gray matter alterations in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder identified by voxel based morphometry Biol Psychiatry 69 2011 857 866
78. I. Ellison-Wright, Z. Ellison-Wright, E. Bullmore Structural brain change in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder identified by meta-analysis BMC Psychiatry 8 2008 51
79. A. Qiu, D. Crocetti, M. Adler, E.M. Mahone, M.B. Denckla, M.I. Miller, S.H. Mostofsky Basal ganglia volume and shape in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Am J Psychiatry 166 2009 74 82
80. P. Shaw, K. Eckstrand, W. Sharp, J. Blumenthal, J.P. Lerch, D. Greenstein Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 2007 19649 19654
81. P. Shaw, M. Gilliam, M. Liverpool, C. Weddle, M. Malek, W. Sharp Cortical development in typically developing children with symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity: Support for a dimensional view of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Am J Psychiatry 168 2011 143 151
82. N. Makris, J. Biederman, E.M. Valera, G. Bush, J. Kaiser, D.N. Kennedy Cortical thinning of the attention and executive function networks in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Cereb Cortex 17 2007 1364 1375
83. B.E. Depue, G.C. Burgess, E.G. Willcutt, L. Ruzic, M.T. Banich Inhibitory control of memory retrieval and motor processing associated with the right lateral prefrontal cortex: Evidence from deficits in individuals with ADHD Neuropsychologia 48 2010 3909 3917
84. S. Jourdan Moser, S. Cutini, P. Weber, M.L. Schroeter Right prefrontal brain activation due to Stroop interference is altered in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder-A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study Psychiatry Res 173 2009 190 195
85. K. Rubia, R. Halari, A.B. Smith, M. Mohammad, S. Scott, M.J. Brammer Shared and disorder-specific prefrontal abnormalities in boys with pure attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder compared to boys with pure CD during interference inhibition and attention allocation J Child Psychol Psychiatry 50 2009 669 678
86. M. Kuwajima, T. Sawaguchi Similar prefrontal cortical activities between general fluid intelligence and visuospatial working memory tasks in preschool children as revealed by optical topography Exp Brain Res 206 2010 381 397
87. M. Sakagami, M. Watanabe Integration of cognitive and motivational information in the primate lateral prefrontal cortex Ann N Y Acad Sci 1104 2007 89 107
88. E.G. Willcutt, A.E. Doyle, J.T. Nigg, S.V. Faraone, B.F. Pennington Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review Biol Psychiatry 57 2005 1336 1346
89. R. Drechsler, P. Rizzo, H.C. Steinhausen Decision making with uncertain reinforcement in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Child Neuropsychol 16 2010 145 161
90. M. Luman, J. Oosterlaan, D.L. Knol, J.A. Sergeant Decision-making in ADHD: Sensitive to frequency but blind to the magnitude of penalty? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 49 2008 712 722
91. N. Garon, C. Moore, D.A. Waschbusch Decision making in children with ADHD only, ADHD-anxious/depressed, and control children using a child version of the Iowa Gambling Task J Atten Disord 9 2006 607 619
92. V.B. Wilson, S.H. Mitchell, E.D. Musser, C.F. Schmitt, J.T. Nigg Delay discounting of reward in ADHD: Application in young children J Child Psychol Psychiatry 52 2011 256 264
93. A. Scheres, C. Tontsch, A.L. Thoeny, A. Kaczkurkin Temporal reward discounting in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The contribution of symptom domains, reward magnitude, and session length Biol Psychiatry 67 2010 641 648
94. A. Scheres, M. Dijkstra, E. Ainslie, J. Balkan, B. Reynolds, E. Sonuga-Barke, F.X. Castellanos Temporal and probabilistic discounting of rewards in children and adolescents: Effects of age and ADHD symptoms Neuropsychologia 44 2006 2092 2103
95. E.E. DeVito, A.D. Blackwell, L. Kent, K.D. Ersche, L. Clark, C.H. Salmond The effects of methylphenidate on decision making in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder Biol Psychiatry 64 2008 636 639
96. K. Shiels, L.W. Hawk Jr, B. Reynolds, R.J. Mazzullo, J.D. Rhodes, W.E. Pelham Jr Effects of methylphenidate on discounting of delayed rewards in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 17 2009 291 301
97. B.D. Dunn, T. Dalgleish, A.D. Lawrence The somatic marker hypothesis: A critical evaluation Neurosci Biobehav Rev 30 2006 239 271
98. X. Li, Z.L. Lu, A. D'Argembeau, M. Ng, A. Bechara The Iowa Gambling Task in fMRI images Hum Brain Mapp 31 2010 410 423
99. W. Schultz, P. Dayan, P.R. Montague A neural substrate of prediction and reward Science 275 1997 1593 1599
100. J.P. O'Doherty Reward representations and reward-related learning in the human brain: Insights from neuroimaging Curr Opin Neurobiol 14 2004 769 776
101. P.R. Montague, B. King-Casas, J.D. Cohen Imaging valuation models in human choice Annu Rev Neurosci 29 2006 417 448
102. J. O'Doherty, M.L. Kringelbach, E.T. Rolls, J. Hornak, C. Andrews Abstract reward and punishment representations in the human orbitofrontal cortex Nat Neurosci 4 2001 95 102
103. J.A. Gottfried, J. O'Doherty, R.J. Dolan Encoding predictive reward value in human amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex Science 301 2003 1104 1107
104. A.N. Hampton, P. Bossaerts, J.P. O'Doherty The role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in abstract state-based inference during decision making in humans J Neurosci 26 2006 8360 8367
105. J. Glascher, A.N. Hampton, J.P. O'Doherty Determining a role for ventromedial prefrontal cortex in encoding action-based value signals during reward-related decision making Cereb Cortex 19 2009 483 495
106. H. Kim, S. Shimojo, J.P. O'Doherty Is avoiding an aversive outcome rewarding? Neural substrates of avoidance learning in the human brain PLoS Biol 4 2006 e233
107. V.B. Gradin, P. Kumar, G. Waiter, T. Ahearn, C. Stickle, M. Milders Expected value and prediction error abnormalities in depression and schizophrenia Brain 134 2011 1751 1764
108. P.N. Tobler, J.P. O'Doherty, R.J. Dolan, W. Schultz Reward value coding distinct from risk attitude-related uncertainty coding in human reward systems J Neurophysiol 97 2007 1621 1632
109. A. Pine, B. Seymour, J.P. Roiser, P. Bossaerts, K.J. Friston, H.V. Curran, R.J. Dolan Encoding of marginal utility across time in the human brain J Neurosci 29 2009 9575 9581
110. P. Kumar, G. Waiter, T. Ahearn, M. Milders, I. Reid, J.D. Steele Abnormal temporal difference reward-learning signals in major depression Brain 131 2008 2084 2093
111. J.P. O'Doherty, P. Dayan, K. Friston, H. Critchley, R.J. Dolan Temporal difference models and reward-related learning in the human brain Neuron 38 2003 329 337
112. G.K. Murray, P.R. Corlett, L. Clark, M. Pessiglione, A.D. Blackwell, G. Honey Substantia nigra/ventral tegmental reward prediction error disruption in psychosis Mol Psychiatry 13 2008 239 267-276
113. T.D. Vloet, K. Konrad, B. Herpertz-Dahlmann, G. Kohls [The effect of social and monetary reward on inhibitory control in boys with hyperkinetic conduct disorder] Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother 39 2011 341 349
114. C.L. Carlson, L. Tamm Responsiveness of children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder to reward and response cost: Differential impact on performance and motivation J Consult Clin Psychol 68 2000 73 83
115. K. Konrad, S. Gauggel, A. Manz, M. Scholl Lack of inhibition: A motivational deficit in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and children with traumatic brain injury Child Neuropsychol 6 2000 286 296
116. E.B. Liddle, C. Hollis, M.J. Batty, M.J. Groom, J.J. Totman, M. Liotti Task-related default mode network modulation and inhibitory control in ADHD: Effects of motivation and methylphenidate J Child Psychol Psychiatry 52 2011 761 771
117. R.J. McInerney, K.A. Kerns Time reproduction in children with ADHD: Motivation matters Child Neuropsychol 9 2003 91 108
118. C.S. van Meel, D.J. Heslenfeld, J. Oosterlaan, M. Luman, J.A. Sergeant ERPs associated with monitoring and evaluation of monetary reward and punishment in children with ADHD J Child Psychol Psychiatry 52 2011 942 953
119. E. Demurie, H. Roeyers, D. Baeyens, E. Sonuga-Barke Common alterations in sensitivity to type but not amount of reward in ADHD and autism spectrum disorders J Child Psychol Psychiatry 52 2011 1164 1173
120. G. Kohls, B. Herpertz-Dahlmann, K. Konrad Hyperresponsiveness to social rewards in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Behav Brain Funct 5 2009 20
121. K.L. Humphreys Risk taking and sensitivity to punishment in children with ADHD, ODD, ADHD plus ODD, and controls J Psychopathol Behav Assess 33 2011 299 307
122. G. Tripp, B. Alsop Sensitivity to reward delay in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) J Child Psychol Psychiatry 42 2001 691 698
123. J.T. Mitchell Behavioral approach in ADHD: Testing a motivational dysfunction hypothesis J Atten Disord 13 2010 609 617
124. B. Hesslinger, L. Tebartz van Elst, T. Thiel, K. Haegele, J. Hennig, D. Ebert Frontoorbital volume reductions in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Neurosci Lett 328 2002 319 321
125. S. Carmona, E. Proal, E.A. Hoekzema, J.D. Gispert, M. Picado, I. Moreno Ventro-striatal reductions underpin symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Biol Psychiatry 66 2009 972 977
126. K.J. Plessen, R. Bansal, H. Zhu, R. Whiteman, J. Amat, G.A. Quackenbush Hippocampus and amygdala morphology in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry 63 2006 795 807
127. L.J. Seidman, E.M. Valera, N. Makris, M.C. Monuteaux, D.L. Boriel, K. Kelkar Dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex volumetric abnormalities in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder identified by magnetic resonance imaging Biol Psychiatry 60 2006 1071 1080
128. F. Amico, J. Stauber, N. Koutsouleris, T. Frodl Anterior cingulate cortex gray matter abnormalities in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A voxel-based morphometry study Psychiatry Res 191 2011 31 35
129. A. Scheres, M.P. Milham, B. Knutson, F.X. Castellanos Ventral striatal hyporesponsiveness during reward anticipation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Biol Psychiatry 61 2007 720 724
130. R. Stark, E. Bauer, C.J. Merz, M. Zimmermann, M. Reuter, M.M. Plichta ADHD related behaviors are associated with brain activation in the reward system Neuropsychologia 49 2011 426 434
131. A. Strohle, M. Stoy, J. Wrase, S. Schwarzer, F. Schlagenhauf, M. Huss Reward anticipation and outcomes in adult males with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder Neuroimage 39 2008 966 972
132. M. Stoy, F. Schlagenhauf, L. Schlochtermeier, J. Wrase, B. Knutson, U. Lehmkuhl Reward processing in male adults with childhood ADHD-a comparison between drug-naive and methylphenidate-treated subjects Psychopharmacology (Berl) 215 2011 467 481
133. S. Durston, M.C. Davidson, M.J. Mulder, J.A. Spicer, A. Galvan, N. Tottenham Neural and behavioral correlates of expectancy violations in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder J Child Psychol Psychiatry 48 2007 881 889
134. A. Conzelmann, R.F. Mucha, C.P. Jacob, P. Weyers, J. Romanos, A.B. Gerdes Abnormal affective responsiveness in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Subtype differences Biol Psychiatry 65 2009 578 585
135. M.J. Herrmann, T. Schreppel, S.C. Biehl, C. Jacob, M. Heine, A. Boreatti-Hummer Emotional deficits in adult ADHD patients: An ERP study Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 4 2009 340 345
136. K. Rubia, A.B. Smith, R. Halari, F. Matsukura, M. Mohammad, E. Taylor, M.J. Brammer Disorder-specific dissociation of orbitofrontal dysfunction in boys with pure conduct disorder during reward and ventrolateral prefrontal dysfunction in boys with pure ADHD during sustained attention Am J Psychiatry 166 2009 83 94
137. E.A. Crone, J.R. Jennings, M.W. van der Molen Sensitivity to interference and response contingencies in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder J Child Psychol Psychiatry 44 2003 214 226
138. N.D. Volkow, G.J. Wang, J. Newcorn, F. Telang, M.V. Solanto, J.S. Fowler Depressed dopamine activity in caudate and preliminary evidence of limbic involvement in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry 64 2007 932 940
139. W. Schultz Getting formal with dopamine and reward Neuron 36 2002 241 263
140. W. Schultz Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons J Neurophysiol 80 1998 1 27
141. B.H. Schott, L. Minuzzi, R.M. Krebs, D. Elmenhorst, M. Lang, O.H. Winz Mesolimbic functional magnetic resonance imaging activations during reward anticipation correlate with reward-related ventral striatal dopamine release J Neurosci 28 2008 14311 14319
142. J.W. Buckholtz, M.T. Treadway, R.L. Cowan, N.D. Woodward, S.D. Benning, R. Li Mesolimbic dopamine reward system hypersensitivity in individuals with psychopathic traits Nat Neurosci 13 2010 419 421
143. N.D. Volkow, G.J. Wang, J.H. Newcorn, S.H. Kollins, T.L. Wigal, F. Telang Motivation deficit in ADHD is associated with dysfunction of the dopamine reward pathway Mol Psychiatry 16 2011 1147 1154
144. A. Conzelmann, E. Woidich, R.F. Mucha, P. Weyers, C.P. Jacob, K.P. Lesch, P. Pauli Methylphenidate normalizes emotional processing in adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Preliminary findings Brain Res 1381 2011 159 166
145. T. Sagvolden, E.B. Johansen, H. Aase, V.A. Russell A dynamic developmental theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) predominantly hyperactive/impulsive and combined subtypes Behav Brain Sci 28 2005 397 419 discussion 419-368
146. G. Tripp, J.R. Wickens Research review: Dopamine transfer deficit: A neurobiological theory of altered reinforcement mechanisms in ADHD J Child Psychol Psychiatry 49 2008 691 704
147. J. Williams, E. Taylor Dopamine appetite and cognitive impairment in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder Neural Plast 11 2004 115 132
148. J. Cockburn, C.B. Holroyd Focus on the positive: Computational simulations implicate asymmetrical reward prediction error signals in childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Brain Res 1365 2010 18 34
149. B. Knutson, C.M. Adams, G.W. Fong, D. Hommer Anticipation of increasing monetary reward selectively recruits nucleus accumbens J Neurosci 21 2001 RC159
150. M. Luman, C.S. Van Meel, J. Oosterlaan, J.A. Sergeant, H.M. Geurts Does reward frequency or magnitude drive reinforcement-learning in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Psychiatry Res 168 2009 222 229
151. L.M. Gatzke-Kopp, T.P. Beauchaine, K.E. Shannon, J. Chipman, A.P. Fleming, S.E. Crowell Neurological correlates of reward responding in adolescents with and without externalizing behavior disorders J Abnorm Psychol 118 2009 203 213
152. K.S. Kendler, C.A. Prescott, J. Myers, M.C. Neale The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for common psychiatric and substance use disorders in men and women Arch Gen Psychiatry 60 2003 929 937
153. R.F. Krueger, K.E. Markon, C.J. Patrick, W.G. Iacono Externalizing psychopathology in adulthood: A dimensional-spectrum conceptualization and its implications for DSM-V J Abnorm Psychol 114 2005 537 550
154. K.T. Kishida, B. King-Casas, P.R. Montague Neuroeconomic approaches to mental disorders Neuron 67 2010 543 554
155. B. King-Casas, C. Sharp, L. Lomax-Bream, T. Lohrenz, P. Fonagy, P.R. Montague The rupture and repair of cooperation in borderline personality disorder Science 321 2008 806 810
156. R. Lambek, R. Tannock, S. Dalsgaard, A. Trillingsgaard, D. Damm, P.H. Thomsen Validating neuropsychological subtypes of ADHD: How do children with and without an executive function deficit differ? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 51 2010 895 904
157. J.T. Nigg, E.G. Willcutt, A.E. Doyle, E.J. Sonuga-Barke Causal heterogeneity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Do we need neuropsychologically impaired subtypes? Biol Psychiatry 57 2005 1224 1230
158. E.J. Sonuga-Barke Causal models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: From common simple deficits to multiple developmental pathways Biol Psychiatry 57 2005 1231 1238
159. E.J. Sonuga-Barke Psychological heterogeneity in AD/HD-a dual pathway model of behaviour and cognition Behav Brain Res 130 2002 29 36
160. F.X. Castellanos, R. Tannock Neuroscience of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: The search for endophenotypes Nat Rev Neurosci 3 2002 617 628