Determinants of pulmonary blood flow distribution

Comprehensive Physiology

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 39-59

  Glenny, Robb W ^a   Robertson, H Thomas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANOXIA; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; EXERCISE; GRAVITY; HUMAN; LUNG; LUNG CIRCULATION; LUNG GAS EXCHANGE; PHYSIOLOGY; VASCULARIZATION; VASOCONSTRICTION;

ANOXIA; EXERCISE; GRAVITATION; HUMANS; LUNG; MODELS, CARDIOVASCULAR; PULMONARY CIRCULATION; PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE; VASOCONSTRICTION;

EID: 84861960744     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20404603     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c090002     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Adhikari NK, Burns KE, Friedrich JO, Granton JT, Cook DJ, Meade MO. Effect of nitric oxide on oxygenation and mortality in acute lung injury: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 334: 779, 2007.
2. Altemeier WA, McKinney S, Glenny RW. Fractal nature of regional ventilation distribution. J Appl Physiol 88: 1551-1557, 2000.
3. Altemeier WA, Robertson HT, Glenny RW. Pulmonary gas-exchange analysis by using simultaneous deposition of aerosolized and injected microspheres. J Appl Physiol 85: 2344-2351, 1998.
4. Amis TC, Heather JD, Hughes JM, Jones HA, Rhodes CG. Regional distribution of pulmonary ventilation and perfusion in the conscious dog [proceedings]. J Physiol 295: 40P, 1979.
5. Arai TJ, Henderson AC, Dubowitz DJ, Levin DL, Friedman PJ, Buxton RB, Prisk GK, Hopkins SR. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction does not contribute to pulmonary blood flow heterogeneity in normoxia in normal supine humans. J Appl Physiol 106 (4): 1057-1064, 2009.
6. Arborelius M Jr, Lilja B, Zauner CW. The relative effect of hypoxia and gravity on pulmonary blood flow. Respiration 31: 369-380, 1974.
7. Bake B, Bjure J, Widimsky J. The effect of sitting and graded exercise on the distribution of pulmonary blood flow in healthy subjects studied with the 133xenon technique. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 22: 99-106, 1968.
8. Ball WC Jr, Stewart PB, Newsham LG, Bates DV. Regional pulmonary function studied with xenon 133. J Clin Invest 41: 519-531, 1962.
9. Banister J, Torrance RW. The effects of the tracheal pressure upon flow: Pressure relations in the vascular bed of isolated lungs. Q J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci 45: 352-367, 1960.
10. Bartsch P, Mairbaurl H, Maggiorini M, Swenson ER. Physiological aspects of high-altitude pulmonary edema. J Appl Physiol 98: 1101-1110, 2005.
11. BaumgartnerWA Jr, Jaryszak EM, Peterson AJ, Presson RG Jr,Wagner WW Jr. Heterogeneous capillary recruitment among adjoining alveoli. J Appl Physiol 95: 469-476, 2003.
12. Beck KC, Rehder K. Differences in regional vascular conductances in isolated dog lungs. J Appl Physiol 61: 530-538, 1986.
13. Beck KC, Schroeder M. Distribution of regional pulmonary blood flow in maximally distended vasculature of isolated dog lungs. FASEB J 3: A1162, 1989.
14. Bryan AC, Bentivoglio LG, Beerel F, Macleish H, Zidulka A, Bates DV. Factors affecting regional distribution of ventilation and perfusion in the lung. J Appl Physiol 19: 395-402, 1964.
15. Burrowes KS, Hunter PJ, Tawhai MH. Investigation of the relative effects of vascular branching structure and gravity on pulmonary arterial blood flow heterogeneity via an image-based computational model. Acad Radiol 12: 1464-1474, 2005.
16. Burrowes KS, Tawhai MH. Computational predictions of pulmonary blood flowgradients:Gravity versus structure. Respir PhysiolNeurobiol 154: 515-523, 2006.
17. Caruthers SD, Harris TR. Effects of pulmonary blood flowon the fractal nature of flow heterogeneity in sheep lungs. J Appl Physiol 77: 1474-1479, 1994.
18. Dirken NMJ, Heemstra H. Alveloar oxygen tension and lung circulation. Q J Exp Physiol 34: 193-210, 1948.
19. Dock W. Apical localization of phthisis; its significance in treatment by prolonged rest in bed. Am Rev Tuberc 53: 297-305, 1946.
20. Dollery CT, Dyson NA, Sinclair JD. Regional variations in uptake of radioactive CO in the normal lung. J Appl Physiol 15: 411-417, 1960.
21. Feder K. Fractals. New York: Plenum, 1988.
22. Frostell C, Fratacci MD, Wain JC, Jones R, Zapol WM. Inhaled nitric oxide. A selective pulmonary vasodilator reversing hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Circulation 83: 2038-2047, 1991.
23. Frostell CG, Blomqvist H, Hedenstierna G, Lundberg J, Zapol WM. Inhaled nitric oxide selectively reverses human hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictionwithout causing systemic vasodilation. Anesthesiology 78: 427-435, 1993.
24. Fung YC, Sobin SS. Elasticity of the pulmonary alveolar sheet. Circ Res 30: 451-469, 1972.
25. Glaister DH. Distribution of pulmonary blood flow and ventilation during forward (plus Gx) acceleration. J Appl Physiol 29: 432-439, 1970.
26. Glazier JB, DeNardo GL. Pulmonary function studied with the xenon-133 scanning technique. Normal values and a postural study. Am Rev Respir Dis 94: 188-194, 1966.
27. Glazier JB, Hughes JM, Maloney JE, West JB. Measurements of capillary dimensions and blood volume in rapidly frozen lungs. J Appl Physiol 26: 65-76, 1969.
28. Glenny R. Counterpoint: Gravity is not the major factor determining the distribution of blood flow in the healthy human lung. J Appl Physiol 104: 1533-1535, discussion 1535-1536, 2008.
29. Glenny R, Bernard S, Neradilek B, Polissar N. Quantifying the genetic influence on mammalian vascular tree structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104: 6858-6863, 2007.
30. Glenny RW. Spatial correlation of regional pulmonary perfusion. J Appl Physiol 72: 2378-2386, 1992.
31. Glenny RW. Determinants of regional ventilation and blood flow in the lung. Int Care Med 35(11): 1833-1842, 2009.
32. Glenny RW, Bernard S, Robertson HT, Hlastala MP. Gravity is an important but secondary determinant of regional pulmonary blood flow in upright primates. J Appl Physiol 86: 623-632, 1999.
33. Glenny RW, Bernard SL, Luchtel DL, Neradilek B, Polissar NL. The spatial-temporal redistribution of pulmonary blood flow with postnatal growth. J Appl Physiol 102: 1281-1288, 2007.
34. GlennyRW,Bernard SL,RobertsonHT. Pulmonary blood flowremains fractal down to the level of gas exchange. J Appl Physiol 89: 742-748, 2000.
35. Glenny RW, Lamm WJ, Albert RK, Robertson HT. Gravity is a minor determinant of pulmonary blood flow distribution. J Appl Physiol 71: 620-629, 1991.
36. Glenny RW, Lamm WJ, Bernard SL, An D, Chornuk M, Pool SL, Wagner WW Jr, Hlastala MP, Robertson HT. Selected contribution: Redistribution of pulmonary perfusion during weightlessness and increased gravity. J Appl Physiol 89: 1239-1248, 2000.
37. Glenny RW,McKinney S, Robertson HT. Spatial pattern of pulmonary blood flow distribution is stable over days. J Appl Physiol 82: 902-907, 1997.
38. Glenny RW, Polissar NL, McKinney S, Robertson HT. Temporal heterogeneity of regional pulmonary perfusion is spatially clustered. J Appl Physiol 79: 986-1001, 1995.
39. GlennyRW,RobertsonHT. Fractal properties of pulmonary blood flow: Characterization of spatial heterogeneity. J Appl Physiol 69: 532-545, 1990.
40. Glenny RW, Robertson HT. Fractal modeling of pulmonary blood flow heterogeneity. J Appl Physiol 70: 1024-1030, 1991.
41. Glenny RW, Robertson HT. A computer simulation of pulmonary perfusion in three dimensions. J Appl Physiol 79: 357-369, 1995.
42. Glenny RW, Robertson HT. Regional differences in the lung: A changing perspective on blood flow distribution. In: Hlastala MP, Robertson HT, editors. Complexity In Structure and Function of the Lung. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1998, p. 461-481.
43. Glenny RW, Robertson HT, Hlastala MP. Vasomotor tone does not affect perfusion heterogeneity and gas exchange in normal primate lungs during normoxia. J Appl Physiol 89: 2263-2267, 2000.
44. Godbey PS, Graham JA, Presson RG Jr, Wagner WW Jr, Lloyd TC Jr. Effect of capillary pressure and lung distension on capillary recruitment. J Appl Physiol 79: 1142-1147, 1995.
45. Greenleaf JF, Ritman EL, Sass DJ, Wood EH. Spatial distribution of pulmonary blood flow in dogs in left decubitus position. Am J Physiol 227: 230-244, 1974.
46. Grunig E, Mereles D, Hildebrandt W, Swenson ER, Kubler W, Kuecherer H, Bartsch P. Stress Doppler echocardiography for identification of susceptibility to high altitude pulmonary edema. J AmColl Cardiol 35: 980-987, 2000.
47. Guntheroth WG, Luchtel DL,Kawabori I. Pulmonary microcirculation: Tubules rather than sheet and post. J Appl Physiol 53: 510-515, 1982.
48. Gupte SA, Wolin MS. Oxidant and redox signaling in vascular oxygen sensing: Implications for systemic and pulmonary hypertension. Antioxid Redox Signal 10: 1137-1152, 2008.
49. Hakim TS, Dean GW, Lisbona R. Quantification of spatial blood flow distribution in isolated canine lung. Invest Radiol 23: 498-504, 1988.
50. Hakim TS, Lisbona R, Dean GW. Gravity-independent inequality in pulmonary blood flow in humans. J Appl Physiol 63: 1114-1121, 1987.
51. Hanaoka M, Tanaka M, Ge RL, Droma Y, Ito A, Miyahara T, Koizumi T, Fujimoto K, Fujii T, Kobayashi T, Kubo K. Hypoxia-induced pulmonary blood redistribution in subjects with a history of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Circulation 101: 1418-1422, 2000.
52. Harf A, Pratt T, Hughes JM. Regional distribution of VA/Q in man at rest and with exercise measured with krypton-81m. J Appl Physiol 44: 115-123, 1978.
53. Hedenstierna G, White FC, Mazzone R, Wagner PD. Redistribution of pulmonary blood flow in the dog with PEEP ventilation. J Appl Physiol 46: 278-287, 1979.
54. Hillier SC, Graham JA, Hanger CC, Godbey PS, Glenny RW, Wagner WWJr. Hypoxic vasoconstriction in pulmonary arterioles and venules. J Appl Physiol 82: 1084-1090, 1997.
55. Hlastala MP, Bernard SL, Erickson HH, Fedde MR, Gaughan EM, McMurphy R, Emery MJ, Polissar N, Glenny RW. Pulmonary blood flow distribution in standing horses is not dominated by gravity. J Appl Physiol 81: 1051-1061, 1996.
56. Hlastala MP, Lamm WJ, Karp A, Polissar NL, Starr IR, Glenny RW. Spatial distribution of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the supine pig. J Appl Physiol 96: 1589-1599, 2004.
57. Hogan BL, Grindley J, Bellusci S, Dunn NR, Emoto H, Itoh N. Branching morphogenesis of the lung: New models for a classical problem. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 62: 249-256, 1997.
58. Hopkins SR, Garg J, Bolar DS, Balouch J, Levin DL. Pulmonary blood flow heterogeneity during hypoxia and high-altitude pulmonary edema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171: 83-87, 2005.
59. Hopkins SR, Henderson AC, Levin DL, Yamada K, Arai T, Buxton RB, Prisk GK. Vertical gradients in regional lung density and perfusion in the supine human lung: The Slinky effect. J Appl Physiol 103: 240-248, 2007.
60. Hoppin FG Jr, York E, Kuhl DE, Hyde RW. Distribution of pulmonary blood flow as affected by transverse (+Gx) acceleration. J Appl Physiol 22: 469-474, 1967.
61. Hughes JM, Glazier JB, Maloney JE, West JB. Effect of extra-alveolar vessels on distribution of blood flow in the dog lung. J Appl Physiol 25: 701-712, 1968.
62. Hughes JM, Glazier JB, Maloney JE, West JB. Effect of lung volume on the distribution of pulmonary blood flow in man. Respir Physiol 4: 58-72, 1968.
63. Hughes M, West JB. Point: Gravity is the major factor determining the distribution of blood flow in the human lung. J Appl Physiol 104: 1531-1533, 2008.
64. Hultgren HN. High-altitude pulmonary edema: Current concepts. Annu Rev Med 47: 267-284, 1996.
65. Jones AT, Hansell DM, Evans TW. Pulmonary perfusion in supine and prone positions: An electron-beam computed tomography study. J Appl Physiol 90: 1342-1348, 2001.
66. Kaneko K, Milic-Emili J, Dolovich MB, Dawson A, Bates DV. Regional distribution of ventilation and perfusion as a function of body position. J Appl Physiol 21: 767-777, 1966.
67. Krenz GS, Dawson CA. Vessel distensibility and flow distribution in vascular trees. J Math Biol 44: 360-374, 2002.
68. Kuebler WM, Ying X, Bhattacharya J. Pressure-induced endothelial Ca(2+) oscillations in lung capillaries. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 282: L917-L923, 2002.
69. Kuhnle GE, Leipfinger FH, Goetz AE. Measurement of microhemodynamics in the ventilated rabbit lung by intravital fluorescence microscopy. J Appl Physiol 74: 1462-1471, 1993.
70. Kuwahira I, Moue Y, Urano T, Kamiya U, Iwamoto T, Ishii M, Clancy RL, Gonzalez NC. Redistribution of pulmonary blood flow during hypoxic exercise. Int J Sports Med 22: 393-399, 2001.
71. Lamm WJ, Starr IR, Neradilek B, Polissar NL, Glenny RW, Hlastala MP. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is heterogeneously distributed in the prone dog. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 144: 281-294, 2004.
72. Lef'evre J. Teleonomical optimization of a fractal model of the pulmonary arterial bed. J Theor Biol 102: 225-248, 1983.
73. Lundberg JO, Lundberg JM, Settergren G, Alving K, Weitzberg E. Nitric oxide, produced in the upper airways, may act in an " aerocrine" fashion to enhance pulmonary oxygen uptake in humans. Acta Physiol Scand 155: 467-468, 1995.
74. Maggiorini M. High altitude-induced pulmonary oedema. Cardiovasc Res 72: 41-50, 2006.
75. Maggiorini M, Brunner-La Rocca HP, Peth S, Fischler M, Bohm T, Bernheim A, Kiencke S, Bloch KE, Dehnert C, Naeije R, Lehmann T, Bartsch P, Mairbaurl H. Both tadalafil and dexamethasone may reduce the incidence of high-altitude pulmonary edema: A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 145: 497-506, 2006.
76. Mandelbrot BB. The Fractal Geometry of Nature. San Francisco: Freeman, 1983.
77. Mandelbrot BB, Hudson RL. The Misbehavior of Markets: A Fractal View of Financial Turbulence. New York: Basic Books, 2006.
78. Martin C, Cline F, Marshall H. Lobar alveolar gas concentrations: Effect of body position. J Clin Invest 32: 617-621, 1953.
79. Melsom MN, Flatebo T, Kramer-Johansen J, Aulie A, Sjaastad OV, Iversen PO, Nicolaysen G. Both gravity and non-gravity dependent factors determine regional blood flowwithin the goat lung. Acta Physiol Scand 153: 343-353, 1995.
80. Melsom MN, Flatebo T, Sjaastad OV, Aulie A, Nicolaysen G. Minor redistribution of ventilation and perfusion within the lung during exercise in sheep. Acta Physiol Scand 165: 283-292, 1999.
81. Melsom MN, Kramer-Johansen J, Flatebo T, Muller C, Nicolaysen G. Distribution of pulmonary ventilation and perfusion measured simultaneously in awake goats. Acta Physiol Scand 159: 199-208, 1997.
82. Metzger RJ, Klein OD, Martin GR, Krasnow MA. The branching programme of mouse lung development. Nature 453: 745-750, 2008.
83. Metzger RJ, Krasnow MA. Genetic control of branching morphogenesis. Science 284: 1635-1639, 1999.
84. Michels DB,West JB. Distribution of pulmonary ventilation and perfusion during short periods of weightlessness. J Appl Physiol 45: 987-998, 1978.
85. Montmerle S, Sundblad P, Linnarsson D. Residual heterogeneity of intra- and interregional pulmonary perfusion in short-term microgravity. J Appl Physiol 98: 2268-2277, 2005.
86. Moudgil R, Michelakis ED, Archer SL. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. J Appl Physiol 98: 390-403, 2005.
87. Neumann PH, Kivlen CM, Johnson A, Minnear FL, Malik AB. Effect of alveolar hypoxia on regional pulmonary perfusion. J Appl Physiol 56: 338-342, 1984.
88. Okada O, Presson RG Jr, Godbey PS, Capen RL, Wagner WW Jr. Temporal capillary perfusion patterns in single alveolar walls of intact dogs. J Appl Physiol 76: 380-386, 1994.
89. Okada O, Presson RG Jr, Kirk KR, Godbey PS, Capen RL, Wagner WW Jr. Capillary perfusion patterns in single alveolar walls. J Appl Physiol 72: 1838-1844, 1992.
90. Oyamada Y,MoriM, Kuwahira I, Aoki T, Suzuki Y, Suzuki K, Miyata A, Nishio K, Sato N, Naoki K, Kudo H, Ohta Y, Yamaguchi K. Effects of active vasoconstriction and total flow on perfusion distribution in the rabbit lung. Am J Physiol 273: R1465-R1473, 1997.
91. Parker JC, Ardell JL, Hamm CR, Barman SA, Coker PJ. Regional pulmonary blood flow during rest, tilt, and exercise in unanesthetized dogs. J Appl Physiol 78: 838-846, 1995.
92. Parker JC, Cave CB, Ardell JL, Hamm CR, Williams SG. Vascular tree structure affects lung blood flow heterogeneity simulated in three dimensions. J Appl Physiol 83: 1370-1382, 1997.
93. Pelletier N, Robinson NE, Kaiser L, Derksen FJ. Regional differences in endothelial function in horse lungs: Possible role in blood flow distribution? J Appl Physiol 85: 537-542, 1998.
94. Permutt S, Bromberger-Barnea B, Bane HN. Alveolar pressure, pulmonary venous pressure, and the vascular waterfall. Med Thorac 19: 239-260, 1962.
95. Petersson J, Rohdin M, Sanchez-Crespo A, Nyren S, Jacobsson H, Larsson SA, Lindahl SG, Linnarsson D, Glenny RW, Mure M. Paradoxical redistribution of pulmonary blood flow in prone and supine humans exposed to hypergravity. J Appl Physiol 100: 240-248, 2006.
96. Petersson J,RohdinM, Sanchez-Crespo A, Nyren S, JacobssonH, Larsson SA, Lindahl SG, Linnarsson D, Neradilek B, Polissar NL, Glenny RW, Mure M. Posture primarily affects lung tissue distribution with minor effect on blood flow and ventilation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 156: 293-303, 2007.
97. Prisk GK, Guy HJ, Elliott AR, West JB. Inhomogeneity of pulmonary perfusion during sustained microgravity on SLS-1. J Appl Physiol 76: 1730-1738, 1994.
98. Reed JH Jr, Wood EH. Effect of body position on vertical distribution of pulmonary blood flow. J Appl Physiol 28: 303-311, 1970.
99. Rudolph AM, Heymann MA. Measurement of flow in perfused organs, using microsphere techniques. Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh) 158: 112-127, 1972.
100. Sinclair SE,McKinney S, Glenny RW, Bernard SL, Hlastala MP. Exercise alters fractal dimension and spatial correlation of pulmonary blood flow in the horse. J Appl Physiol 88: 2269-2278, 2000.
101. Staub NC, Schultz EL. Pulmonary capillary length in dogs, cat and rabbit. Respir Physiol 5: 371-378, 1968.
102. Stone H, Warren B, Wagner H. The distribution of pulmonary blood flow in human subjects during zero-G. AGARD Conf Proc 2: 129-148, 1965.
103. Tawhai MH, Burrowes KS, Hoffman EA. Computational models of structure-function relationships in the pulmonary circulation and their validation. Exp Physiol 91: 285-293, 2006.
104. von Euler US, Liljjestrand G. Observations on the pulmonary arterial blood pressure in the cat. Acta Physiol Scand 12: 301-320, 1946.
105. Wagner W W Jr. Pulmonary microcirculatory observations in vivo under physiological conditions. J Appl Physiol 26: 375-377, 1969.
106. Wagner WW Jr, Todoran TM, Tanabe N, Wagner TM, Tanner JA, Glenny RW, Presson RG Jr. Pulmonary capillary perfusion: Intraalveolar fractal patterns and interalveolar independence. J Appl Physiol 86: 825-831, 1999.
107. Walther SM, Domino KB, Glenny RW, Hlastala MP. Pulmonary blood flowdistribution in sheep: Effects of anesthesia, mechanical ventilation, and change in posture. Anesthesiology 87: 335-342, 1997.
108. Ward JP. Point: Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is mediated by increased production of reactive oxygen species. J Appl Physiol 101: 993-995; discussion 999, 2006.
109. Wearn JT, Ernstene AC, Bromer AW, Barr JS, German WJ, Zschiesche LJ. The normal behavior of the pulmonary blood vessels with observations on the intermittence of the flow of blood in the arterioles and capillaries. Am J Physiol 109: 236-256, 1934.
110. Weibel E, Taylor C. Functional design of the human lung for gas exchange. In: Fishman A, editor. Fishman's Pulmonary Diseaes and Disorders. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998, p. 21-61.
111. Weibel ER. Morphometry of the Human Lung. New York: Academic Press, 1963.
112. Weibel ER. Fractal geometry: A design principle for living organisms. Am J Physiol 261: L361-L369, 1991.
113. West JB. Pulmonary gas flow and gas exchange. In: West JB, editor. Respiratory Physiology: People and Ideas. New York: Oxford Press, 1966, p. 140-169.
114. West JB. Regional differences in the lung. Chest 74: 426-437, 1978.
115. West GB, Brown JH, Enquist BJ. The fourth dimension of life: Fractal geometry and allometric scaling of organisms. Science 284: 1677-1679, 1999.
116. West JB, Dollery CT. Distribution of blood flow and ventilationperfusion ratio in the lung, measured with radioactive carbon dioxide.. J Appl Physiol 15: 405-410, 1960.
117. West JB, Dollery CT, Naimark A. Distribution of Blood flow in isolated lung; relation to vascular and alveolar pressures. J Appl Physiol 19: 713-724, 1964.
118. Zhuang FY, Yen MR, Fung YC, Sobin SS. How many pulmonary alveoli are supplied by a single arteriole and drained by a single venule? Microvasc Res 29: 18-31, 1985.