Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

Journal of Applied Physiology

Volumn 98, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 390-403

  Moudgil, Rohit ^a   Michelakis, Evangelos D ^a   Archer, Stephen L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cor pulmonale; Cyclic adenosine 5 diphosphate ribose; Endothelin; Mitochondrial electron transport chain; Oxygen sensing; Pulmonary hypertension; Reactive oxygen species; Redox; Rho kinase; Voltage gated potassium channels

Indexed keywords

15 HYDROXY 11ALPHA,9ALPHA EPOXYMETHANOPROSTA 5,13 DIENOIC ACID; 4 (1 AMINOETHYL) N (4 PYRIDYL)CYCLOHEXANECARBOXAMIDE; 4 AMINOPYRIDINE; ANTIMYCIN A1; CALCIUM ION; CYCLIC ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE; DIPHENYLIODONIUM SALT; ENDOTHELIN; ENZYME INHIBITOR; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAIN KINASE; MYXOTHIAZOL; OXYGEN; POTASSIUM ION; PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITOR; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE OXIDASE; RHO KINASE; ROTENONE; VOLTAGE GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL;

ALTITUDE; ANIMAL MODEL; ATELECTASIS; CALCIUM TRANSPORT; DOG; ELECTRON TRANSPORT; ENZYME PHOSPHORYLATION; HIGH ALTITUDE PULMONARY EDEMA; HUMAN; HYPOXEMIA; HYPOXIA; LUNG ARTERY; LUNG EDEMA; LUNG VASOCONSTRICTION; MITOCHONDRION; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; PATHOGENESIS; POTASSIUM TRANSPORT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENSOR; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE;

ANIMALS; ANOXIA; HEMOSTASIS; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY; LUNG; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; OXYGEN; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; VASCULAR RESISTANCE; VASOCONSTRICTION;

EID: 11144249439     PISSN: 87507587     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00733.2004     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. + channel distribution in smooth muscle cells isolated from the pulmonary arterial tree of the rat. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 208: 183-189, 1995.
2. 2 sensors, and controversies. News Physiol Sci 17: 131-137, 2002.
3. Archer S, Will J, and Weir E. Redox status in the control of pulmonary vascular tone. Herz 11: 127-141, 1986.
4. Archer SL, Hampl V, Nelson DP, Sidney E, Peterson DA, and Weir EK. Dithionite increases radical formation and decreases vasoconstriction in the lung. Evidence that dithionite does not mimic alveolar hypoxia. Circ Res 77: 174-181, 1995.
5. 2 sensor in rat pulmonary vasculature. Circ Res 73: 1100-1112, 1993.
6. Archer SL, Huang JMC, Reeve HL, Hampl V, Tolarova S, Michelakis ED, and Weir EK. Differential distribution of electrophysiologically distinct myocytes in conduit and resistance arteries determines their response to nitric oxide and hypoxia. Circ Res 78: 431-442, 1996.
7. Archer SL, London B, Hampl V, Wu X, Nsair A, Puttagunta L, Hashimoto K, Waite RE, and Michelakis ED. Impairment of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in mice lacking the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.5. FASEB J 15: 1801-1803, 2001.
8. Archer SL, Nelson D, and Weir EK. Characterization of radical production by xanthine/xanthine oxidase, in vitro and in rat lungs, using chemiluminescence. J Appl Physiol 67: 1912-1921, 1989.
9. Archer SL, Nelson DP, and Weir EK. Detection of activated oxygen species in vitro and in rat lungs using chemiluminescence. J Appl Physiol 67: 1912-1921, 1989.
10. 2 radicals and pulmonary vascular reactivity in rat lung. J Appl Physiol 67: 1903-1911, 1989.
11. Archer SL, Peterson D, Nelson DP, DeMaster EG, Kelly B, Eaton JW, and Weir EK. Oxygen radicals and antioxidant enzymes alter pulmonary vascular reactivity in the rat lung. J Appl Physiol 66: 102-111, 1989.
12. 2 sensing is preserved in mice lacking the gp91 phox subunit of NADPH oxidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 7944-7949, 1999.
13. Archer SL, Souil E, Dinh-Xuan AT, Schremmer B, Mercier JC, El Yaagoubi A, Nguyen-Huu L, Reeve HL, and Hampl V. Molecular identification of the role of voltage-gated K+ channels, Kv1.5 and Kv21, in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and control of resting membrane potential in rat pulmonary artery myocytes. J Clin Invest 101: 2319-2330, 1998.
14. Archer SL, Tolins JP, Raij L, and Weir EK. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is enhanced by inhibition of the synthesis of an endothelium derived relaxing factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 164: 1198-1205, 1989.
15. 2-sensitive K+ channels in resistance pulmonary arteries explains regional heterogeneity in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Ionic diversity in smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 95: 308-318, 2004.
16. Barrientos A and Moraes C. Titrating the effects of mitochondrial complex I impairment in the cell physiology. J Biol Chem 274: 16188-16197, 1999.
17. Bartsch P, Maggiorini M, Ritter M, Noti C, Vock P, and Oelz O. Prevention of high-altitude pulmonary edema by nifedipine. N Engl J Med 325: 1284-1289, 1991.
18. Bartsch P, Swenson ER, and Maggiorini M. Update: high altitude pulmonary edema. Adv Exp Med Biol 502: 89-106, 2001.
19. Bianchi C, Genova ML, Parenti Castelli G, and Lenaz G. The mitochondrial respiratory chain is partially organized in a supercomplex assembly: kinetic evidence using flux control analysis. J Biol Chem 279: 36562-36569, 2004.
20. Bindslev L, Jolin A, Hedenstierna G, Baehrendtz S, and Santesson J. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the human lung: effect of repeated hypoxic challenges during anesthesia. Anesthesiology 62: 621-625, 1985.
21. Bindslev L, Jolin-Carlsson A, Santesson J, and Gottlieb I. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in man: effects of hyperventilation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 29: 547-551, 1985.
22. Bradford J and Dean H. The pulmonary circulation. J Physiol 16: 34-96, 1894.
23. Brashers VL, Peach MJ, and Rose CE Jr. Augmentation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the isolated perfused rat lung by in vitro antagonists of endothelium-dependent relaxation. J Clin Invest 82: 1495-1502, 1988.
24. Brimioulle S, LeJeune P, and Naeije R. Effects of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction on pulmonary gas exchange. J Appl Physiol 81: 1535-1543, 1996.
25. a. Brouns I, Pintelon I, Van Genechten J, De Proost I, Timmermans JP, and Adriaensen D. Vesicular glutamate transporter 2 is expressed in different nerve fibre populations that selectively contact pulmonary neuroepithelial bodies. Histochem Cell Biol 121: 1-12, 2004.
26. Buescher P, Perse D, Pillai R, Litt M, Mitchell M, and Sylvester JT. Energy state and vasomotor tone in hypoxic pig lungs. J Appl Physiol 70: 1874-1881, 1991.
27. Burghuber O, Mathies MM, McMurtry IF, Reeves JT, and Voelkel NF. Lung edemea due to hydrogen peroxide is independent of cyclooxygenase products. J Appl Physiol 56: 900-905, 1984.
28. Burghuber OC. Nifedipine attenuates acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 52: 86-93, 1987.
29. Burke T and Wolin M. Hydrogen peroxide elicits pulmonary arterial relaxation and guanylate cyclase activation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 252: H721-H732, 1987.
30. Carlsson AJ, Bindslev L, Santesson J, Gottlieb I, and Hedenstierna G. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the human lung: the effect of prolonged unilateral hypoxic challenge during anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 29: 346-351, 1985.
31. 2 sensing. J Biol Chem 275: 25130-25138, 2000.
32. + channels. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 281: L1-L12, 2001.
33. Demiryurek AT, Wadsworth RM, and Kane KA. Pharmacological evidence for the role of mediators in hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction in sheep isolated intrapulmonary artery rings. Eur J Pharmacol 203: 1-8, 1991.
34. Dipp M and Evans AM. Cyclic ADP-ribose is the primary trigger for hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the rat lung in situ. Circ Res 89: 77-83, 2001.
35. Dipp M, Nye PC, and Evans AM. Hypoxic release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of pulmonary artery smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 281: L318-L325, 2001.
36. Dorrington KL, Clar C, Young JD, Jonas M, Tansley JG, and Robbins PA. Time course of the human pulmonary vascular response to 8 hours of isocapnic hypoxia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 273: H1126-H1134, 1997.
37. Duchen M and Biscoe T. Mitochondrial function in type 1 cells isolated from rabbit arterial chemoreceptors. J Physiol 450: 13-31, 1992.
38. Duchen MR. Contributions of mitochondria to animal physiology: from homeostatic sensor to calcium signalling and cell death. J Physiol 516: 1-17, 1999.
39. Duke HN and Killick EM. The effect of anoxia on the pulmonary arterial pressure. J Physiol 114: 3-4, 1951.
40. Durmowicz AG, Hofmeister S, Kadyraliev TK, Aldashev AA, and Stenmark KR. Functional and structural adaptation of the yak pulmonary circulation to residence at high altitude. J Appl Physiol 74: 2276-2285, 1993.
41. 2+ stores and the endothelium. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 132: 3-15, 2002.
42. Freeman BA and Crapo JD. Hyperoxia increases oxygen radical production in rat lungs and lung mitochondria. J Biol Chem 256: 10986-10992, 1981.
43. 2+ release induced by cyclic ADP-ribose. Trends Cell Biol 4: 431-436, 1994.
44. Gatley S and Sherratt H. The effects of diphenyleneiodonium on mitochondrial reactions. Biochem J 158: 307-315, 1976.
45. 2+ release from intracellular stores is an initial step in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction of rat pulmonary artery resistance vessels. Circulation 96: 3647-3654, 1997.
46. + channels in canine renal artery: novel mechanism for agonist-induced membrane depolarization. Circ Res 77: 121-130, 1995.
47. Gille L and Nohl H. The ubiquinol/bc1 redox couple regulates mitochondrial oxygen radical formation. Arch Biochem Biophys 388: 34-38, 2001.
48. Glasser SA, Domino KB, Lindgren L, Parcella P, Marshall C, and Marshall BE. Pulmonary blood pressure and flow during atelectasis in the dog. Anesthesiology 58: 225-231, 1983.
49. Grant JL, Naylor RW, and Crandell WB. Bronchial adenoma resection with relief of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Chest 77: 446-449, 1980.
50. Greenlees KJ and Tucker A. Hypoxic pressor responses in lungs from rats acutely exposed to simulated high altitude. Respiration 45: 169-174, 1984.
51. Gupte SA, Kaminski PM, Floyd B, Agarwal R, Ali N, Ahmad M, Edwards J, and Wolin MS. Cytosolic NADPH may regulate differences in basal Nox oxidase-derived superoxide generation in bovine coronary and pulmonary arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol (September 2, 2004).doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00629.2004
52. Hackett PH, Roach RC, Hartig GS, Greene ER, and Levine BD. The effect of vasodilators on pulmonary hemodynamics in high altitude pulmonary edema: a comparison. Int J Sports Med 13, Suppl 1: S68-S71, 1992.
53. Hambraeus-Jonzon K, Bindslev L, Mellgard AJ, and Hedenstierna G. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in human lungs. A stimulus-response study. Anesthesiology 86: 308-315, 1997.
54. Hampl V, Weir EK, and Archer SL. Endothelium-derived nitric oxide is less important for basal tone regulation in the pulmonary than the renal vessels of adult rat. J Vasc Med Biol 5: 22-30, 1994.
55. 2+-dependent action potentials in small pulmonary arteries of the cat. J Appl Physiol 59: 1389-1393, 1985.
56. a. Harris P and Heath D (Editors). Chemoreceptors and the pulmonary circulation. In: The Human Pulmonary Circulation (3rd ed.). New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1986.
57. + channel blockers on vascular tone in the perfused rat lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 144: 884-887, 1991.
58. Henry T, Archer SL, Nelson D, Weir EK, and From AHL. Enhanced chemiluminescence as a measure of oxygen-derived free radical generation during ischemia and reperfusion. Circ Res 167: 1453-1461, 1990.
59. Heymann M, Creasy R, and Rudolph A. Quantitation of Blood Flow Patterns in the Foetal Lamb in Utero. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1973.
60. 2+ channel to beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation in cardiac myocytes. Circ Res 91: 601-609, 2002.
61. Ide T, Tsutsui H, Kinugawa S, Utsumi H, Kang D, Hattori N, Uchida K, Arimura K, Egashira K, and Takeshita A. Mitochondrial electron transport complex I is a potential source of oxygen free radicals in the failing myocardium. Circ Res 85: 357-363, 1999.
62. Janiak R, Wilson SM, Montague S, and Hume JR. Heterogeneity of calcium stores and elementary release events in canine pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 280: C22-C33, 2001.
63. Jiang C and Haddad GG. A direct mechanism for sensing low oxygen levels by central neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 7198-7201, 1994.
64. Johnson W, Nohria A, Garrett L, Fang JC, Igo J, Katai M, Ganz P, and Creager MA. Contribution of endothelin to pulmonary vascular tone under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 283: H568-H575, 2002.
65. Kataoka C, Egashira K, Inoue S, Takemoto M, Ni W, Koyanagi M, Kitamoto S, Usui M, Kaibuchi K, Shimokawa H, and Takeshita A. Important role of Rho-kinase in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular inflammation and remodeling induced by long-term blockade of nitric oxide synthesis in rats. Hypertension 39: 245-250, 2002.
66. Kato M and Staub N. Response of small pulmonary arteries to unilobar alveolar hypoxia and hypercapnia. Circ Res 19: 426-440, 1966.
67. Kennedy T and Summer W. Inhibition of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by nifedipine. Am J Cardiol 50: 864-868, 1982.
68. Kitazawa T, Eto M, Woodsome TP, and Brautigan DL. Agonists trigger G protein-mediated activation of the CPI-17 inhibitor phosphoprotein of myosin light chain phosphatase to enhance vascular smooth muscle contractility. J Biol Chem 275: 9897-9900, 2000.
69. 2+ release from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum linked to cyclic ADP-ribose stimulation. Antioxid Redox Signal 1: 55-69, 1999.
70. Leach RM, Hill HM, Snetkov VA, Robertson TP, and Ward JP. Divergent roles of glycolysis and the mitochondrial electron transport chain in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction of the rat: identity of the hypoxic sensor. J Physiol 536: 211-224, 2001.
71. Leach RM, Sheehan DW, Chacko VP, and Sylvester JT. Effects of hypoxia on energy state and pH in resting pulmonary and femoral arterial smooth muscles. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 275: L1051-L1060, 1998.
72. Liu JQ, Sham JS, Shimoda LA, Kuppusamy P, and Sylvester JT. Hypoxic constriction and reactive oxygen species in porcine distal pulmonary arteries. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 285: L322-L333, 2003.
73. Liu Q, Sham JS, Shimoda LA, and Sylvester JT. Hypoxic constriction of porcine distal pulmonary arteries: endothelium and endothelin dependence. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 280: L856-L865, 2001.
74. 2 in type I chemoreceptor cells. Science 241: 580-582, 1988.
75. Madden J, Vadula M, and Kurup V. Effects of hypoxia and other vasoactive agents on pulmonary and cerebral artery smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 263: L384-L393, 1992.
76. Malconian MK, Rock PB, Reeves JT, Cymerman A, and Houston CS. Operation Everest II: gas tensions in expired air and arterial blood at extreme altitude. Aviat Space Environ Med 64: 37-42, 1993.
77. Malvin GM and Walker BR. Sites and ionic mechanisms of hypoxic vasoconstriction in frog skin. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 280: R1308-R1314, 2001.
78. Marshall C, Mamary AJ, Verhoeven AJ, and Marshall BE. Pulmonary artery NADPH-oxidase is activated in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 15: 633-644, 1996.
79. Marshall C and Marshall B. Site and sensitivity for stimulation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. J Appl Physiol 55: 711-716, 1983.
80. McMurtry I, Davidson B, Reeves J, and Grover R. Inhibition of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by calcium antagonists in isolated rat lungs. Circ Res 38: 99-104, 1976.
81. McMurtry IF. BAY K 8644 potentiates and A23187 inhibits hypoxic vasoconstriction in rat lungs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 249: H741-H746, 1985.
82. McMurtry IF, Petrun MD, and Reeves JT. Lungs from chronically hypoxic rats have decreased pressor response to acute hypoxia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 235: H104-H109, 1978.
83. Michelakis E, Hampl V, Nsair A, Wu X, Harry G, Haromy A, Gurtu R, and Archer S. Diversity in mitochondrial function explains differences in vascular oxygen sensing. Circ Res 90: 1307-1315, 2002.
84. + channels in smooth muscle cells by a mitochondrial redox sensor. Circ Res 91: 478-486, 2002.
85. 2 sensor. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 267: L823-L831, 1994.
86. 2 mechanisms of guanylate cyclase activation in oxygen-dependent responses of rat pulmonary circulation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 268: L546-L550, 1995.
87. Moore LG, Niermeyer S, and Zamudio S. Human adaptation to high altitude: regional and life-cycle perspectives. Am J Phys Anthropol Suppl 27: 25-64, 1998.
88. 2+ release from ryanodine-sensitive store contributes to mechanism of hypoxic vasoconstriction in rat lungs. J Appl Physiol 92: 527-534, 2002.
89. Mukai Y, Shimokawa H, Matoba T, Kandabashi T, Satoh S, Hiroki J, Kaibuchi K, and Takeshita A. Involvement of Rho-kinase in hypertensive vascular disease: a novel therapeutic target in hypertension. FASEB J 15: 1062-1064, 2001.
90. Naeije R, Hallemans R, Melot C, Boeynaems JM, Mois P, Lejeune P, and Rie MA. Eicosanoids and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in normal man. Bull Eur Physiopath Respir 23: 613-617, 1987.
91. Numaguchi K, Eguchi S, Yamakawa T, Motley ED, and Inagami T. Mechanotransduction of rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells requires RhoA and intact actin filaments. Circ Res 85: 5-11, 1999.
92. 2+ release. Antioxid Redox Signal 2: 47-54, 2000.
93. Oparil S, Chen SJ, Meng QC, Elton TS, Yano M, and Chen YF. Endothelin-A receptor antagonist prevents acute hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in the rat. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 268: L95-L100, 1995.
94. Paky A, Michael JR, Burke-Wolin T, Wolin MS, and Gurtner GH. Endogenous production of superoxide by rabbit lungs: effects of hypoxia or metabolic inhibitors. J Appl Physiol 74: 2868-2874, 1993.
95. Platoshyn O, Golovina VA, Bailey CL, Limsuwan A, Krick S, Juhaszova M, Seiden JE, Rubin LJ, and Yuan JX. Sustained membrane depolarization and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 279: C1540-C1549, 2000.
96. Post JM, Hume JR, Archer SL, and Weir EK. Direct role for potassium channel inhibition in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 262: C882-C890, 1992.
97. 2-sensitive potassium channel Kv1.5 reduces pulmonary hypertension and restores hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in chronically hypoxic rats. Circulation 107: 2037-2044, 2003.
98. Redding GJ, Tuck R, and Escourrou P. Nifedipine attenuates acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in awake piglets. Am Rev Respir Dis 129: 785-789, 1984.
99. Reeve HL, Michelakis E, Nelson DP, Weir EK, and Archer SL. Alterations in a redox oxygen sensing mechanism in chronic hypoxia. J Appl Physiol 90: 2249-2256, 2001.
100. + channel activity and tone in rat vascular tissue. Exp Physiol 80: 825-834, 1995.
101. 2 chemoreceptors mediate humoral catecholamine secretion from fish chromaffin cells. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 284: R990-R999, 2003.
102. 2+ sparks in rat intrapulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 283: L433-L444, 2002.
103. Robertson TP, Dipp M, Ward JP, Aaronson PI, and Evans AM. Inhibition of sustained hypoxic vasoconstriction by Y-27632 in isolated intrapulmonary arteries and perfused lung of the rat. Br J Pharmacol 131: 5-9, 2000.
104. Robertson TP, Hague D, Aaronson PI, and Ward JP. Voltage-independent calcium entry in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction of intrapulmonary arteries of the rat. J Physiol 525: 669-680, 2000.
105. Rounds S and McMurtry IF. Inhibitors of oxidative ATP production cause transient vasoconstriction and block subsequent pressor responses in rat lungs. Circ Res 48: 393-400, 1981.
106. i and respiratory responses to hypoxia. Brain Res 872: 188-193, 2000.
107. Rudolph AM. The pre- and post-natal pulmonary circulation. In: Congenital Diseases of the Heart: Clinical-Physiological Considerations in Diagnosis and Management, edited by Rudolph AM. Chicago, IL: Year Book, 1974, p. 29-48.
108. Salvaterra C and Goldman W. Acute hypoxia increases cytosolic calcium in cultured pulmonary arterial myocytes. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 264: L323-L328, 1993.
109. Scherrer U, Vollenweider L, Delabays A, Savcic M, Eichenberger U, Kleger GR, Fikrle A, Ballmer PE, Nicod P, and Bartsch P. Inhaled nitric oxide for high-altitude pulmonary edema. N Engl J Med 334: 624-629, 1996.
110. 2 to quinone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 4149-4153, 1999.
111. Segall JE, Manson MD, and Berg HC. Signal processing times in bacterial chemotaxis. Nature 296: 855-857, 1982.
112. Shirai M, Sada K, and Ninomiya I. Effects of regional alveolar hypoxia and hypercapnia on small pulmonary vessels in cats. J Appl Physiol 61: 440-448, 1986.
113. + current in rat pulmonary artery muscle cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 266: H365-H370, 1994.
114. Smith MP, Russell MJ, Wincko JT, and Olson KR. Effects of hypoxia on isolated vessels and perfused gills of rainbow trout. Comp Biochem Physiol A 130: 171-181, 2001.
115. Somlyo AP and Somlyo AV. Signal transduction and regulation in smooth muscle. Nature 372: 231-236, 1994.
116. Somlyo AP and Somlyo AV. Signal transduction by G-proteins, rho-kinase and protein phosphatase to smooth muscle and non-muscle myosin II. J Physiol 522: 177-185, 2000.
117. Thomas HM 3rd and Garrett RC. Strength of hypoxic vasoconstriction determines shunt fraction in dogs with atelectasis. J Appl Physiol 53: 44-51, 1982.
118. Thomas H III, Carson R, Fried E, and Novitch R. Inhibition of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by diphenyleneiodonium. Biochem Pharmacol 42: R9-R12, 1991.
119. Thompson BT, Hassoun PM, Kradin RL, and Hales CA. Acute and chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in guinea pigs. J Appl Physiol 66: 920-928, 1989.
120. Tolins M, Weir E, Chesler E, Nelson D, and From A. Pulmonary vascular tone is increased by a voltage-dependent calcium channel potentiator. J Appl Physiol 60: 942-948, 1986.
121. Trumpower BL. Energy transduction by coupling of proton translocation to electron transfer by the cytochrome bc1 complex. J Biol Chem 265: 11409-11412, 1990.
122. Turrens JF, Alexandre A, and Lehninger AL. Ubisemiquinone is the electron donor for superoxide formation by complex III of heart mitochondria. Arch Biochem Biophys 237: 408-414, 1985.
123. 2+ spikes in conduit and resistance myocytes of the rabbit pulmonary artery. J Physiol 496: 103-109, 1996.
124. Vanden Hoek TL, Becker LB, Shao Z, Li C, and Schumacker PT. Reactive oxygen species released from mitochondria during brief hypoxia induce preconditioning in cardiomyocytes. J Biol Chem 273: 18092-18098, 1998.
125. Von Euler U and Liljestrand G. Observations on the pulmonary arterial blood pressure in the cat. Acta Physiol Scand 12: 301-320, 1946.
126. Waldman JD, Lamberti JJ, Mathewson JW, Kirkpatrick SE, Turner SW, George L, and Pappelbaum SJ. Congenital heart disease and pulmonary artery hypertension. I. Pulmonary vasoreactivity to 15% oxygen before and after surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2: 1158-1164, 1983.
127. Wang Z, Jin N, Ganguli S, Swartz DR, Li L, and Rhoades RA. Rho-kinase activation is involved in hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 25: 628-635, 2001.
128. Ward JP and Robertson TP. The role of the endothelium in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Exp Physiol 80: 793-801, 1995.
129. Waypa GB, Chandel NS, and Schumacker PT. Model for hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction involving mitochondrial oxygen sensing. Circ Res 88: 1259-1266, 2001.
130. Waypa GB, Marks JD, Mack MM, Boriboun C, Mungai PT, and Schumacker PT. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species trigger calcium increases during hypoxia in pulmonary arterial myocytes. Circ Res 91: 719-726, 2002.
131. Weir E and Will J. Oxidants: a new group of pulmonary vasodilators. Clin Resp Physiol 18: 81-85, 1982.
132. Weir EK, Wyatt CN, Reeve J, Huang J, Archer SL, and Peers C. Diphenyleneiodonium inhibits both potassium and calcium currents in isolated pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. J Appl Physiol 76: 2611-2615, 1994.
133. West JB and Mathieu-Costello O. High altitude pulmonary edema is caused by stress failure of pulmonary capillaries. Int J Sports Med 13, Suppl 1: S54-S58, 1992.
134. Wilson HL, Dipp M, Thomas JM, Lad C, Galione A, and Evans AM. ADP-ribosyl cyclase and cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase act as a redox sensor. A primary role for cyclic ADP-ribose in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. J Biol Chem 276: 11180-11188, 2001.
135. a. Youngson C, Nurse C, Yeger H, and Cutz E. Oxygen sensing in airway chemoreceptors. Nature 365: 153-155, 1993.
136. Zhang F, Woodmansey PA, and Morice AH. Acute hypoxic vasoconstriction in isolated rat small and large pulmonary arteries. Physiol Res 44: 7-18, 1995.