Antioxidants as antidepressants: Fact or fiction?

CNS Drugs

Volumn 26, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 477-490

  Scapagnini, Giovanni ^a   Davinelli, Sergio ^a   Drago, Filippo ^b   De Lorenzo, Antonino ^c   Oriani, Giovannangelo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MOLISE   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CATANIA   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ROME TOR VERGATA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2 CYCLOHEXENONE; ACETYLCYSTEINE; ALPHA CAROTENE; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL PHOSPHATE; AMINE OXIDASE (FLAVIN CONTAINING); AMINO ACID; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; ASCORBIC ACID; BETA CAROTENE; BETA CRYPTOXANTHIN; CAROTENOID; CURCUMIN; DOPAMINE; GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT; GLUTAMIC ACID; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; NEUROTRANSMITTER; PLACEBO; PLANT MEDICINAL PRODUCT; POLYPHENOL; REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; SELENIUM; SEROTONIN; UBIDECARENONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VITAMIN; ZINC;

ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTIVITY; BIPOLAR I DISORDER; BIPOLAR II DISORDER; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DEPRESSION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; ENZYME INHIBITION; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MITOCHONDRION; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

ANIMALS; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; ANTIOXIDANTS; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; OXIDATIVE STRESS;

EID: 84861856558     PISSN: 11727047     EISSN: 11791934     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/11633190-000000000-00000     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Murray C, Lopez A. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 1997; 349 (9064): 1498-504 (Pubitemid 27216360)
2. Maes M, Leonard B, Fernandez A, et al. (Neuro)inflammation and neuroprogression as new pathways and drug targets in depression: from antioxidants to kinase inhibitors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35 (3): 659-63
3. Kulkarni S, Dhir A, Akula KK. Potentials of curcumin as an antidepressant. Scientific World J 2009; 9: 1233-41
4. Coppen A. The biochemistry of affective disorders. Br J Psychiatry 1967; 113 (504): 1237-64
5. Schildkraut JJ. The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: a review of supporting evidence. Am J Psychiatry 1965; 122 (5): 509-22
6. Owens MJ. Selectivity of antidepressants: from the monoamine hypothesis of depression to the SSRI revolution and beyond. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65 Suppl. 4: 5-10
7. Maes M, Bosmans E, Suy E, et al. Immune disturbances during major depression: upregulated expression of interleukin-2 receptors. Neuropsychobiology 1990-1991; 24 (3): 115-20
8. Stefansson H, Ophoff RA, Steinberg S, et al. Common variants conferring risk of schizophrenia. Nature 2009; 460 (7256): 744-7
9. Maes M, Smith R, Scharpe S. The monocyte-T-lymphocyte hypothesis of major depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1995; 20 (2): 111-6 (Pubitemid 24366194)
10. Zorrilla EP, Luborsky L, McKay JR, et al. The relationship of depression and stressors to immunological assays: a meta-analytic review. Brain Behav Immun 2001; 15 (3): 199-226 (Pubitemid 33070955)
11. Dowlati Y, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, et al. A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67 (5): 446-57
12. Bower JE, Ganz PA, Aziz N, et al. Fatigue and proinflammatory cytokine activity in breast cancer survivors. Psychosom Med 2002; 64 (4): 604-11 (Pubitemid 34791163)
13. Meyers CA, Albitar M, Estey E. Cognitive impairment, fatigue, and cytokine levels in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Cancer 2005; 104 (4): 788-93 (Pubitemid 41113679)
14. Motivala SJ, Sarfatti A, Olmos L, et al. Inflammatory markers and sleep disturbance in major depression. Psychosom Med 2005; 67 (2): 187-94 (Pubitemid 40410952)
15. Sprague AH, Khalil RA. Inflammatory cytokines in vascular dysfunction and vascular disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78 (6): 539-52
16. Halliwell B. Biochemistry of oxidative stress. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 35 (Pt 5): 1147-50
17. Edwards R, Peet M, Shay J, et al. Depletion of docosahexaenoic acid in red blood cell membranes of depressive patients. Biochem Soc Trans 1998; 26 (2): S142 (Pubitemid 28263765)
18. Maes M, Christophe A, Delanghe J, et al. Lowered omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum phospholipids and cholesteryl esters of depressed patients. Psychiatry Res 1999; 85 (3): 275-91 (Pubitemid 29202389)
19. Finkel T, Holbrook NJ. Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of aging. Nature 2000; 408 (6809): 239-47
20. Bortolato M, Chen K, Shih JC. Monoamine oxidase inactivation: from pathophysiology to therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60 (13-14): 1527-33
21. Gardner A, Pagani M, Wibom R, et al. Alterations of rCBF and mitochondrial dysfunction in major depressive disorder: a case report. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003; 107 (3): 233-9
22. Stockmeier CA, Mahajan GJ, Konick LC, et al. Cellular changes in the postmortem hippocampus in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 56 (9): 640-50 (Pubitemid 39446845)
23. Campbell S, MacQueen G. An update on regional brain volume differences associated with mood disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2006; 19 (1): 25-33 (Pubitemid 44406141)
24. Zou K, Deng W, Li T, et al. Changes of brain morphometry in first-episode, drug-naïve, non-late-life adult patients with major depression: an optimized voxel-based morphometry study. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67 (2): 186-8
25. Baune BT, Miller R, McAfoose J, et al. The role of cognitive impairment in general functioning in major depression. Psychiatry Res 2010; 176 (2-3): 183-9
26. Aznar S, Knudsen GM. Depression and Alzheimer's disease: is stress the initiating factor in a common neuropathological cascade? J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 23 (2): 177-93
27. Hibbeln JR, Salem Jr N. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and depression: when cholesterol does not satisfy. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 62 (1): 1-9
28. Wolkowitz OM, Mellon SH, Epel ES, et al. Leukocyte telomere length in major depression: correlations with chronicity, inflammation and oxidative stress-preliminary findings. PLoS One 2011; 6 (3): e17837
29. Eren I, Nazroglu M, Demirdas A, et al. Venlafaxine modulates depression-induced oxidative stress in brain and medulla of rat. Neurochem Res 2007; 32 (3): 497-505 (Pubitemid 46295149)
30. Bilici M, Efe H, Koroglu MA, et al. Antioxidative enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in major depression: alterations by antidepressant treatments. J Affective Disord2001; 64 (1): 43-51 (Pubitemid 32268670)
31. Sarandol A, Sarandol E, Eker SS, et al. Major depressive disorder is accompanied with oxidative stress: shortterm antidepressant treatment does not alter oxidativeantioxidative systems. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 2007; 22 (2): 67-73 (Pubitemid 46505714)
32. Khanzode SD, Dakhale GN, Khanzode SS, et al. Oxidative damage and major depression: the potential antioxidant action of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors. Redox Rep 2003; 8 (6): 365-70 (Pubitemid 38128544)
33. Selley ML. Increased (E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and asymmetric dimethylarginine concentrations and decreased nitric oxide concentrations in the plasma of patients with major depression. J Affect Disord. 2004; 80 (2-3): 249-56 (Pubitemid 38597148)
34. Britt SG, Chiu VW, Redpath GT, et al. Elimination of ascorbic acid-induced membrane lipid peroxidation and serotonin receptor loss by Trolox-C, a water soluble analogue of vitamin E. J Recept Res 1992; 12 (2): 181-200
35. Takuma K, Baba A, Matsuda T. Astrocyte apoptosis: implications for neuroprotection. ProgNeurobiol 2004; 72 (2): 111-27 (Pubitemid 38519589)
36. Mattson MP. Modification of ion homeostasis by lipid peroxidation: roles in neuronal degeneration and adaptive plasticity. Trends Neurosci 1998; 21 (2): 53-7 (Pubitemid 28078902)
37. Maes M, Mihaylova I, Kubera M, et al. IgM-mediated autoimmune responses directed against multiple neoepitopes in depression: new pathways that underpin the inflammatory and neuroprogressive pathophysiology. JAffect Disord 2011; 135 (1-3): 414-8
38. Maes M, Ringel K, Kubera M, et al. Increased autoimmune activity against 5-HT: a key component of depression that is associated with inflammation and activation of cell-mediated immunity, and with severity and staging of depression. J Affect Disord. Epub 2011 Dec 12
39. Szuster-Ciesielska A, Słotwińska M, Stachura A, et al. Accelerated apoptosis of blood leukocytes and oxidative stress in blood of patients with major depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32 (3):686-94 (Pubitemid 351312366)
40. Herken H, Gurel A, Selek S, et al. Adenosine deaminase, nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase, and xanthine oxidase in patients with major depression: impact of antidepressant treatment. Arch Med Res 2007; 38 (2): 247-52 (Pubitemid 46080553)
41. Cumurcu BE, Ozyurt H, Etikan I, et al. Total antioxidant capacity and total oxidant status in patients with major depression: impact of antidepressant treatment. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2009; 63 (5): 639-45
42. Clay HB, Sillivan S, Konradi C. Mitochondrial dysfunction and pathology in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29 (3): 311-24
43. Fattal O, Budur K, Vaughan AJ, et al. Review of the literature on major mental disorders in adult patients with mitochondrial diseases. Psychosomatics 2006; 47 (1): 1-7 (Pubitemid 43017115)
44. Shao L, Martin MV, Watson SJ, et al. Mitochondrial involvement in psychiatric disorders. Ann Med 2008; 40 (4): 281-95 (Pubitemid 351563935)
45. Ben-Shachar D, Karry R. Neuroanatomical pattern of mitochondrial complex I pathology varies between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression. PLoS One 2008; 3 (11): e3676
46. Andreazza AC, Kauer-Sant'anna M, Frey BN, et al. Oxidative stress markers in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2008; 111 (2-3): 135-44
47. Abdalla DS, Monteiro HP, Oliveira JA, et al. Activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in schizophrenic and manic-depressive patients. Clin Chem 1986; 32 (5): 805-7 (Pubitemid 17028354)
48. Kuloglu M, Ustundag B, Atmaca M, et al. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme levels in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Cell Biochem Funct 2002; 20 (2): 171-5
49. Andreazza AC, Frey BN, Erdtmann B, et al. DNA damage in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 2007; 153 (1): 27-32 (Pubitemid 47376945)
50. Wang JF, Shao L, Sun X, et al. Increased oxidative stress in the anterior cingulate cortex of subjects with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11 (5): 523-9
51. Kato T, Kato N. Mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2000; 2 (3 Pt 1): 180-90
52. Andreazza AC, Kapczinski F, Kauer-Sant'Anna M, et al. 3-Nitrotyrosine and glutathione antioxidant system in patients in the early and late stages of bipolar disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2009; 34 (4): 263-71
53. Iwamoto K, Bundo M, Kato T. Altered expression of mitochondria-related genes in postmortem brains of patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia, as revealed by large-scale DNA microarray analysis. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14 (2): 241-53
54. Huang J, Perlis RH, Lee PH, et al. Cross-disorder genomewide analysis of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. Am J Psychiatry 2010; 167 (10): 1254-63
55. Gawryluk JW, Wang JF, Andreazza AC, et al. Decreased levels of glutathione, the major brain antioxidant, in postmortem prefrontal cortex from patients with psychiatric disorders. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 14 (1): 123-30
56. Gawryluk JW, Wang JF, Andreazza AC, et al. Prefrontal cortex glutathione S-transferase levels in patients with bipolar disorder, major depression and schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 14 (8): 1069-74
57. Kapczinski F, Frey BN, Andreazza AC, et al. Increased oxidative stress as a mechanism for decreased BDNF levels in acute manic episodes. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2008; 30 (3): 243-5
58. Kuloglu M, Atmaca M, Tezcan E, et al. Antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde levels in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychobiology 2002; 46 (1): 27-32 (Pubitemid 35002315)
59. Chakraborty S, Singh OP, Dasgupta A, et al. Correlation between lipid peroxidation-induced TBARS level and disease severity in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33 (2): 363-6
60. Ersan S, Bakir S, Erdal Ersan E, et al. Examination of free radical metabolism and antioxidant defence system elements in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006; 30 (6): 1039-42 (Pubitemid 43928217)
61. Ozdemir E, Cetinkaya S, Ersan S, et al. Serum selenium and plasma malondialdehyde levels and antioxidant enzyme activities in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33 (1): 62-5
62. Selek S, Herken H, Bulut M, et al. Oxidative imbalance in obsessive compulsive disorder patients: a total evaluation of oxidant-antioxidant status. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32 (2): 487-91 (Pubitemid 351187832)
63. Halliwell B, Whiteman M. Measuring reactive species and oxidative damage in vivo and in cell culture: how should you do it and what do the results mean? Br J Pharmacol 2004; 142 (2): 231-55 (Pubitemid 38746160)
64. Litescu SC, Eremia S, Radu GL. Methods for the determination of antioxidant capacity in food and raw materials. Adv Exp Med Biol 2011; 698: 241-9
65. Pun PB, Gruber J, Tang SY, et al. Ageing in nematodes: do antioxidants extend lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans? Biogerontology 2010; 11 (1): 17-30
66. McLoughlin IJ, Hodge JS. Zinc in depressive disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1990; 82: 451-3
67. Whittle N, Lubec G, Singewald N. Zinc deficiency induces enhanced depression-like behavior and altered limbic activation reversed by antidepressant treatment in mice. Amino Acids 2009; 36: 147-58
68. Takeda A, Tamano H, Ogawa T, et al. Significance of serum glucocorticoid and chelatable zinc in depression and cognition in zinc deficiency. Behav Brain Res. Epub 2011 Sep 19
69. Rayman MP. The importance of selenium to human health. Lancet 2000; 356 (9225): 233-41 (Pubitemid 30446984)
70. Lai J, MoxeyA,NowakG, et al. The efficacy of zinc supplementation in depression: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. J Affect Disord Epub 2011 Jul 26
71. Rice ME. Ascorbate regulation and its neuroprotective role in the brain. Trends Neurosci 2000; 23 (5): 209-16 (Pubitemid 30236180)
72. DeSantis J. Scurvy and psychiatric symptoms. Perspec Psychiatr Care 1993; 29 (1): 18-22
73. Coochi P, Silenzi M, Calabri G, et al. Antidepressant effect of vitamin C. Pediatrics 1980; 65 (4): 862-3 (Pubitemid 10110491)
74. Brody S. High-dose ascorbic acid increases intercourse frequency and improves mood: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 52 (4): 371-4 (Pubitemid 35245977)
75. Brody S, Preut R, Schommer K, et al. A randomized controlled trial of high dose ascorbic acid for reduction of blood pressure, cortisol, and subjective responses to psychological stress. Psychopharmacology 2002; 159 (3): 319-24 (Pubitemid 34143381)
76. Binfaré RW, Rosa AO, Lobato KR, et al. Ascorbic acid administration produces an antidepressant-like effect: evidence for the involvement of monoaminergic neurotransmission. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33 (3): 530-40
77. Tagliari B, Scherer EB, Machado FR, et al. Antioxidants prevent memory deficits provoked by chronic variable stress in rats. Neurochem Res. Epub 2011 Aug 7
78. Lobato KR, Cardoso CC, Binfaré RW, et al. alpha-Tocopherol administration produces an antidepressant-like effect in predictive animal models of depression. Behav Brain Res 2010; 209 (2): 249-59
79. Milaneschi Y, Bandinelli S, Penninx BW, et al. The relationship between plasma carotenoids and depressive symptoms in older persons. World J Biol Psychiatry. Epub 2011 Sep
80. Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Measure 1977; 1 (3): 385-401
81. Aruoma OI, Halliwell B, Hoey BM, et al. The antioxidant action of N-acetylcysteine: its reaction with hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, superoxide, and hypochlorous acid. Free Radic Biol Med 1989; 6 (6): 593-7 (Pubitemid 19147809)
82. Holdiness MR. Clinical pharmokinetics of N-acetylcysteine. Clin Pharmacokinet 1991; 20 (2): 123-34
83. Dean OM, van den Buuse M, Berk M, et al. N-acetyl cysteine restores brain glutathione loss in combined 2-cyclohexene-1-one and D-amphetamine-treated rats: relevance to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Neurosci Lett 2011; 499 (3): 149-53
84. Fontaine MA, Geddes JW, Banks A, et al. Effect of exogenous and endogenous antioxidants on 3-nitropionic acid-induced in vivo oxidative stress and striatal lesions: insights into Huntington's disease. J Neurochem 2000; 75 (4): 1709-15
85. Robinson RA, Joshi G, Huang Q, et al. Proteomic analysis of brain proteins in APP/PS-1 human double mutant knock-in mice with increasing amyloid b-peptide deposition: insights into the effects of in vivo treatment with N-acetylcysteine as a potential therapeutic intervention in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Proteomics. Epub 2011 Aug 30
86. Qian HR, Yang Y. Neuron differentiation and neuritogenesis stimulated by N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30 (7): 907-12
87. Janaky R, Dohovics R, Saransaari P, et al. Modulation of [3H]dopamine release by glutathione in mouse striatal slices. Neurochem Res 2007; 32 (8): 1357-64 (Pubitemid 46988197)
88. Khan M, Sekhon B, Jatana M, et al. Administration of N-acetylcysteine after focal cerebral ischemia protects brain and reduces inflammation in a rat model of experimental stroke. J Neurosci Res 2004; 76 (4): 519-27 (Pubitemid 38580467)
89. Ferreira FR, Biojone C, Joca SR, et al. Antidepressant-like effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2008; 19 (7): 747-50
90. Berk M, Copolov D, Dean O, et al. N-acetyl cysteine as a glutathione precursor for schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 64 (9): 361-8
91. Lafleur DL, Pittenger C, Kelmendi B, et al. N-acetylcysteine augmentation in serotonin reuptake inhibitor refractory obsessivecompulsive disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 184 (2): 254-6 (Pubitemid 43084809)
92. Odlaug BL, Grant JE. N-acetyl cysteine in the treatment of grooming disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 27 (2): 227-9 (Pubitemid 46594953)
93. Grant JE, Kim SW, Odlaug BL. N-acetyl cysteine, a glutamatemodulating agent, in the treatment of pathological gambling: a pilot study. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62 (6): 652-7 (Pubitemid 47314380)
94. Mardikian PN, LaRowe SD, Hedden S, et al. An open-label trial of N-acetylcysteine for the treatment of cocaine dependence: a pilot study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007; 31 (2): 389-94 (Pubitemid 46209420)
95. Berk M, Copolov DL, Dean O, et al. N-acetyl cysteine for depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 64 (6): 468-75
96. Magalhães PV, Dean OM, Bush AI, et al. N-acetyl cysteine add-on treatment for bipolar II disorder: a subgroupanalysis of a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Affect Disord 2011; 129 (1-3): 317-20
97. Berk M, Dean O, Cotton SM, et al. The efficacy of Nacetylcysteine as an adjunctive treatment in bipolar depression: an open label trial. J Affect Disord. Epub 2011 Jun 28
98. Scapagnini G, Caruso C, Calabrese V. Therapeutic potential of dietary polyphenols against brain ageing andneurodegenerative disorders. Adv Exp Med Biol 2011; 698: 27-35
99. Scapagnini G, Vasto S, Abraham NG, et al. Modulation of Nrf2/ARE pathway by food polyphenols: a nutritional neuroprotective strategy for cognitive and neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2011; 44 (2): 192-201
100. Priyadarsini KI, Guha SN, Rao MN. Physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of methoxy phenols. Free Radic Biol Med 1998; 24 (6): 933-41 (Pubitemid 28186233)
101. Sreejayan A, Rao MN. Nitric oxide scavenging by curcuminoids. J Pharm Pharmacol 1997; 49 (1): 105-7 (Pubitemid 27051040)
102. Masuda T, Hidaka K, Shinohara A, et al. Chemical studies on antioxidant mechanism of curcuminoid: analysis of radical reaction products from curcumin. J Agric Food Chem 1999; 47 (1): 71-7 (Pubitemid 29179626)
103. Jovanovic SV, Boone CW, Steenken S. How curcumin works preferentially with water soluble antioxidants.J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123 (13): 3064-8 (Pubitemid 32879574)
104. Huang MT, Newmark HL, Frenkel K. Inhibitory effects of curcumin on tumorigenesis in mice. J Cell Biochem Suppl 1997; 27: 26-34 (Pubitemid 28222116)
105. Ramos-Gomez M, Kwak MK, Dolan PM, et al. Sensitivity to carcinogenesis is increased and chemoprotective efficacy of enzyme inducers is lost in nrf2 transcription factor-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98 (6): 3410-5 (Pubitemid 32220859)
106. Singh S, Aggarwal BB. Activation of transcription factor NF-kappa B is suppressed by curcumin (diferuloylmethane).J Biol Chem 1995; 270 (42): 24995-5000
107. Balogun E, Hoque M, Gong P, et al. Curcumin activates the haem oxygenase-1 gene via regulation of Nrf2 and the antioxidant-responsive element. BiochemJ 2003; 371 (Pt 3): 887-95 (Pubitemid 36578887)
108. Kulkarni SK, Bhutani MK, Bishnoi M. Antidepressant activity of curcumin: involvement of serotonin and dopamine system. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 201 (3):435-42
109. Gupta A, Vij G, Sharma S, et al. Curcumin, a polyphenolic antioxidant, attenuates chronic fatigue syndrome in murine water immersion stressmodel. Immunobiology 2009; 214 (1):33-9
110. Xu Y, Ku B, Cui L, et al. Curcumin reverses impaired hippocampal neurogenesis and increases ser otonin receptor 1A mRNA and brain-derived neurotrophic factorexpression in chronically stressed rats. Brain Res 2007; 1162: 9-18 (Pubitemid 47088372)
111. Xu Y, Ku B, Tie L, et al. Curcumin reverses the effects of chronic stress on behavior, the HPA axis, BDNF expression and phosphorylation of CREB. Brain Res 2006; 1122 (1): 56-64 (Pubitemid 44708120)
112. Bhutani MK, Bishnoi M, Kulkarni SK. Anti-depressant like effect of curcumin and its combination with piperine in unpredictable chronic stress-induced behavioral, biochemicaland neurochemical changes. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 92 (1): 39-43
113. Zeni AL, Zomkowski AD, Maraschin M. Ferulic acid exerts antidepressant-like effect in the tail suspension test in mice: evidence for the involvement of the serotonergic system. Eur J Pharmacol. Epub 2012 Jan 12
114. Sachdeva AK, Kuhad A, Chopra K. Epigallocatechin gallate ameliorates behavioral and biochemical deficits in rat model of load-induced chronic fatigue syndrome. Brain Res Bull 2011; 86 (3-4): 165-72
115. Zhu WL, Shi HS, Wei YM, et al. Green tea polyphenols produce antidepressant-like effects in adult mice. Pharmacol Res 2012; 65 (1): 74-80
116. Rojas P, Serrano-García N, Medina-Campos ON, et al.Antidepressant-like effect of a Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) in the mouse forced swimming test: role of oxidative stress. Neurochem Int 2011; 59 (5): 628-36