메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 13, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 944-951

General anesthetics in pediatric anesthesia: Influences on the developing brain

Author keywords

Anesthesia; Neonate; Neuroapoptosis; Neurocognition; Neurotoxicity

Indexed keywords

ANESTHETIC AGENT; ARTICAINE; BUPIVACAINE; CARNITINE; CLONAZEPAM; DEXMEDETOMIDINE; DIAZEPAM; ESTRADIOL; HALOTHANE; ISOFLURANE; KETAMINE; LIDOCAINE; LITHIUM; MELATONIN; MEPIVACAINE; MIDAZOLAM; NITROUS OXIDE; OPIATE; PENTOBARBITAL; PRILOCAINE; PROCAINE; PROPOFOL; ROPIVACAINE; SEVOFLURANE; TETRACAINE; THIOPENTAL; XENON;

EID: 84861717404     PISSN: 13894501     EISSN: 18735592     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138945012800675768     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (75)

References (93)
  • 1
    • 0025034710 scopus 로고
    • Pediatric anesthesia morbidity and mortality in the perioperative period
    • Cohen MM, Cameron CB, Duncan PG. Pediatric anesthesia morbidity and mortality in the perioperative period. Anesthesia and analgesia 1990; 70: 160-7.
    • (1990) Anesthesia and analgesia , vol.70 , pp. 160-167
    • Cohen, M.M.1    Cameron, C.B.2    Duncan, P.G.3
  • 3
    • 3342957149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anesthetic agents and the immature brain: Are these toxic or therapeutic?
    • Anand KJ, Soriano SG. Anesthetic agents and the immature brain: are these toxic or therapeutic? Anesthesiology 2004; 101: 527-30.
    • (2004) Anesthesiology , vol.101 , pp. 527-530
    • Anand, K.J.1    Soriano, S.G.2
  • 4
    • 0018372689 scopus 로고
    • Comparative aspects of the brain growth spurt
    • Dobbing J, Sands J. Comparative aspects of the brain growth spurt. Early human development 1979; 3: 79-83.
    • (1979) Early human development , vol.3 , pp. 79-83
    • Dobbing, J.1    Sands, J.2
  • 5
    • 0032947526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blockade of NMDA receptors and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain
    • Ikonomidou C, Bosch F, Miksa M, et al. Blockade of NMDA receptors and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain. Science 1999; 283: 70-4.
    • (1999) Science , vol.283 , pp. 70-74
    • Ikonomidou, C.1    Bosch, F.2    Miksa, M.3
  • 6
    • 33847222701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of anesthetic agents in neonates and young children
    • Mellon RD, Simone AF, Rappaport BA. Use of anesthetic agents in neonates and young children. Anesth Analg 2007; 104: 509-20.
    • (2007) Anesth Analg , vol.104 , pp. 509-520
    • Mellon, R.D.1    Simone, A.F.2    Rappaport, B.A.3
  • 7
    • 0037069448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiepileptic drugs and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain
    • Bittigau P, Sifringer M, Genz K, et al. Antiepileptic drugs and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99: 15089-94.
    • (2002) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.99 , pp. 15089-15094
    • Bittigau, P.1    Sifringer, M.2    Genz, K.3
  • 8
    • 3142548954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fetal alcohol syndrome at the cellular level
    • Olney JW. Fetal alcohol syndrome at the cellular level. Addict Biol 2004; 9: 137-49.
    • (2004) Addict Biol , vol.9 , pp. 137-149
    • Olney, J.W.1
  • 9
    • 0037321378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early exposure to common anesthetic agents causes widespread neurodegeneration in the developing rat brain and persistent learning deficits
    • Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Hartman RE, Izumi Y, et al. Early exposure to common anesthetic agents causes widespread neurodegeneration in the developing rat brain and persistent learning deficits. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 876-82.
    • (2003) J Neurosci , vol.23 , pp. 876-882
    • Jevtovic-Todorovic, V.1    Hartman, R.E.2    Izumi, Y.3
  • 10
    • 34548201806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neonatal exposure to a combination of N-methyl-D-aspartate and gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor anesthetic agents potentiates apoptotic neurodegeneration and persistent behavioral deficits
    • Fredriksson A, Ponten E, Gordh T, et al. Neonatal exposure to a combination of N-methyl-D-aspartate and gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor anesthetic agents potentiates apoptotic neurodegeneration and persistent behavioral deficits. Anesthesiology 2007; 107: 427-36.
    • (2007) Anesthesiology , vol.107 , pp. 427-436
    • Fredriksson, A.1    Ponten, E.2    Gordh, T.3
  • 11
    • 34447576670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine-induced neuronal cell death in the perinatal rhesus monkey
    • Slikker W Jr, Zou X, Hotchkiss CE, et al. Ketamine-induced neuronal cell death in the perinatal rhesus monkey. Toxicol Sci 2007; 98: 145-58.
    • (2007) Toxicol Sci , vol.98 , pp. 145-158
    • Slikker Jr., W.1    Zou, X.2    Hotchkiss, C.E.3
  • 12
    • 33744817928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of ketamine on dendritic arbor development and survival of immature GABAergic neurons in vitro
    • Vutskits L, Gascon E, Tassonyi E, et al. Effect of ketamine on dendritic arbor development and survival of immature GABAergic neurons in vitro. Toxicol Sci 2006; 91: 540-9.
    • (2006) Toxicol Sci , vol.91 , pp. 540-549
    • Vutskits, L.1    Gascon, E.2    Tassonyi, E.3
  • 13
    • 17844403514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinically relevant concentrations of propofol but not midazolam alter in vitro dendritic development of isolated gamma-aminobutyric acidpositive interneurons
    • Vutskits L, Gascon E, Tassonyi E, et al. Clinically relevant concentrations of propofol but not midazolam alter in vitro dendritic development of isolated gamma-aminobutyric acidpositive interneurons. Anesthesiology 2005; 102: 970-6.
    • (2005) Anesthesiology , vol.102 , pp. 970-976
    • Vutskits, L.1    Gascon, E.2    Tassonyi, E.3
  • 14
    • 65349125308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of p75 neurotrophin receptor attenuates isoflurane-mediated neuronal apoptosis in the neonatal central nervous system
    • Head BP, Patel HH, Niesman IR, et al. Inhibition of p75 neurotrophin receptor attenuates isoflurane-mediated neuronal apoptosis in the neonatal central nervous system. Anesthesiology 2009; 110: 813-25.
    • (2009) Anesthesiology , vol.110 , pp. 813-825
    • Head, B.P.1    Patel, H.H.2    Niesman, I.R.3
  • 15
    • 55849088705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sedative and anticonvulsant drugs suppress postnatal neurogenesis
    • Stefovska VG, Uckermann O, Czuczwar M, et al. Sedative and anticonvulsant drugs suppress postnatal neurogenesis. Ann Neurol 2008; 64: 434-45.
    • (2008) Ann Neurol , vol.64 , pp. 434-445
    • Stefovska, V.G.1    Uckermann, O.2    Czuczwar, M.3
  • 16
    • 65349114721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isoflurane differentially affects neurogenesis and long-term neurocognitive function in 60-day-old and 7-day-old rats
    • Stratmann G, Sall JW, MayLD, et al. Isoflurane differentially affects neurogenesis and long-term neurocognitive function in 60-day-old and 7-day-old rats. Anesthesiology 2009; 110: 834-48.
    • (2009) Anesthesiology , vol.110 , pp. 834-848
    • Stratmann, G.1    Sall, J.W.2    May, L.D.3
  • 17
    • 77649106829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Volatile anesthetics rapidly increase dendritic spine density in the rat medial prefrontal cortex during synaptogenesis
    • Briner A, De Roo M, Dayer A. et al. Volatile anesthetics rapidly increase dendritic spine density in the rat medial prefrontal cortex during synaptogenesis. Anesthesiology 2010; 112: 546-56.
    • (2010) Anesthesiology , vol.112 , pp. 546-556
    • Briner, A.1    de Roo, M.2    Dayer, A.3
  • 18
    • 70350289958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dendritic spine remodeling after spinal cord injury alters neuronal signal processing
    • Tan AM, Choi JS, Waxman SG, et al. Dendritic spine remodeling after spinal cord injury alters neuronal signal processing. J Neurophysiol 2009; 102: 2396-409.
    • (2009) J Neurophysiol , vol.102 , pp. 2396-2409
    • Tan, A.M.1    Choi, J.S.2    Waxman, S.G.3
  • 19
    • 70349482096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anesthetics rapidly promote synaptogenesis during a critical period of brain development
    • De Roo M, Klauser P, Briner A, et al. Anesthetics rapidly promote synaptogenesis during a critical period of brain development. PLoS One 2009; 4: e7043.
    • (2009) PLoS One , vol.4
    • de Roo, M.1    Klauser, P.2    Briner, A.3
  • 20
    • 34948867658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extrapolating brain development from experimental species to humans
    • Clancy B, Finlay BL, Darlington RB, et al. Extrapolating brain development from experimental species to humans. Neurotoxicology 2007; 28: 931-7.
    • (2007) Neurotoxicology , vol.28 , pp. 931-937
    • Clancy, B.1    Finlay, B.L.2    Darlington, R.B.3
  • 21
    • 34247112727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Web-based method for translating neurodevelopment from laboratory species to humans
    • Clancy B, Kersh B, Hyde J, et al. Web-based method for translating neurodevelopment from laboratory species to humans. Neuroinformatics 2007; 5: 79-94.
    • (2007) Neuroinformatics , vol.5 , pp. 79-94
    • Clancy, B.1    Kersh, B.2    Hyde, J.3
  • 22
    • 0020511610 scopus 로고
    • Ethanol-sensitive times for the human conceptus
    • Renwick JH, Asker RL. Ethanol-sensitive times for the human conceptus. Early Hum Dev 1983; 8: 99-111.
    • (1983) Early Hum Dev , vol.8 , pp. 99-111
    • Renwick, J.H.1    Asker, R.L.2
  • 23
    • 0036932564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repeated administration of ketamine may lead to neuronal degeneration in the developing rat brain
    • Hayashi H, Dikkes P, Soriano SG. Repeated administration of ketamine may lead to neuronal degeneration in the developing rat brain. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12: 770-4.
    • (2002) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.12 , pp. 770-774
    • Hayashi, H.1    Dikkes, P.2    Soriano, S.G.3
  • 24
    • 5744220644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental neurotoxicity of ketamine: Morphometric confirmation, exposure parameters, and multiple fluorescent labeling of apoptotic neurons
    • Scallet AC, Schmued LC, Slikker W Jr, et al. Developmental neurotoxicity of ketamine: morphometric confirmation, exposure parameters, and multiple fluorescent labeling of apoptotic neurons. Toxicol Sci 2004; 81: 364-70.
    • (2004) Toxicol Sci , vol.81 , pp. 364-370
    • Scallet, A.C.1    Schmued, L.C.2    Slikker Jr., W.3
  • 25
    • 30644479851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single-dose ketamine administration induces apoptosis in neonatal mouse brain
    • Rudin M, Ben-Abraham R, Gazit V, et al. Single-dose ketamine administration induces apoptosis in neonatal mouse brain. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2005; 16: 231-43.
    • (2005) J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol , vol.16 , pp. 231-243
    • Rudin, M.1    Ben-Abraham, R.2    Gazit, V.3
  • 26
    • 30544449399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential of ketamine and midazolam, individually or in combination, to induce apoptotic neurodegeneration in the infant mouse brain
    • Young C, Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Qin YQ, et al. Potential of ketamine and midazolam, individually or in combination, to induce apoptotic neurodegeneration in the infant mouse brain. Br J Pharmacol 2005; 146: 189-97.
    • (2005) Br J Pharmacol , vol.146 , pp. 189-197
    • Young, C.1    Jevtovic-Todorovic, V.2    Qin, Y.Q.3
  • 27
    • 0033917712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental pharmacology across species: Promise and problems
    • Berde C, Cairns B. Developmental pharmacology across species: promise and problems. Anesth Analg 2000; 91: 1-5.
    • (2000) Anesth Analg , vol.91 , pp. 1-5
    • Berde, C.1    Cairns, B.2
  • 28
    • 79953311290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine anesthesia during the first week of life can cause long-lasting cognitive deficits in rhesus monkeys
    • Paule MG, Li M, Allen RR, et al. Ketamine anesthesia during the first week of life can cause long-lasting cognitive deficits in rhesus monkeys. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2011; 33: 220-30
    • (2011) Neurotoxicol Teratol , vol.33 , pp. 220-230
    • Paule, M.G.1    Li, M.2    Allen, R.R.3
  • 29
    • 34250802718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine reduces the cell death following inflammatory pain in newborn rat brain
    • Anand KJ, Garg S, Rovnaghi CR, et al. Ketamine reduces the cell death following inflammatory pain in newborn rat brain. Pediatr Res 2007; 62: 283-90.
    • (2007) Pediatr Res , vol.62 , pp. 283-290
    • Anand, K.J.1    Garg, S.2    Rovnaghi, C.R.3
  • 30
    • 25844506986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anesthesia induces neuronal cell death in the developing rat brain via the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways
    • Yon JH, Daniel-Johnson J, Carter LB, et al. Anesthesia induces neuronal cell death in the developing rat brain via the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Neuroscience 2005; 135: 815-27.
    • (2005) Neuroscience , vol.135 , pp. 815-827
    • Yon, J.H.1    Daniel-Johnson, J.2    Carter, L.B.3
  • 31
    • 34147169147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Xenon mitigates isoflurane-induced neuronal apoptosis in the developing rodent brain
    • Ma D, Williamson P, Januszewski A, et al. Xenon mitigates isoflurane-induced neuronal apoptosis in the developing rodent brain. Anesthesiology 2007; 106: 746-53.
    • (2007) Anesthesiology , vol.106 , pp. 746-753
    • Ma, D.1    Williamson, P.2    Januszewski, A.3
  • 32
    • 53049085175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotection by nitrous oxide: Facts and evidence
    • Haelewyn B, David HN, Rouillon C, et al. Neuroprotection by nitrous oxide: facts and evidence. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 2651-9.
    • (2008) Crit Care Med , vol.36 , pp. 2651-2659
    • Haelewyn, B.1    David, H.N.2    Rouillon, C.3
  • 33
    • 0037716761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new model for prenatal brain damage. I. GABAA receptor activation induces cell death in developing rat hippocampus
    • Nunez JL, Alt JJ, McCarthy MM. A new model for prenatal brain damage. I. GABAA receptor activation induces cell death in developing rat hippocampus. Exp Neurol 2003; 181: 258-69.
    • (2003) Exp Neurol , vol.181 , pp. 258-269
    • Nunez, J.L.1    Alt, J.J.2    McCarthy, M.M.3
  • 34
    • 3242671409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurofunctional deficits and potentiated apoptosis by neonatal NMDA antagonist administration
    • Fredriksson A, Ponten E, Gordh T, et al. Neurofunctional deficits and potentiated apoptosis by neonatal NMDA antagonist administration. Behav Brain Res 2004; 153: 367-76.
    • (2004) Behav Brain Res , vol.153 , pp. 367-376
    • Fredriksson, A.1    Ponten, E.2    Gordh, T.3
  • 35
    • 23244444357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protection with estradiol in developmental models of apoptotic neurodegeneration
    • Asimiadou S, Bittigau P, Felderhoff-Mueser U, et al. Protection with estradiol in developmental models of apoptotic neurodegeneration. Ann Neurol 2005; 58: 266-76.
    • (2005) Ann Neurol , vol.58 , pp. 266-276
    • Asimiadou, S.1    Bittigau, P.2    Felderhoff-Mueser, U.3
  • 36
    • 44649160642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subanesthetic doses of propofol induce neuroapoptosis in the infant mouse brain
    • Cattano D, Young C, Straiko MM, et al. Subanesthetic doses of propofol induce neuroapoptosis in the infant mouse brain. Anesth Analg 2008; 106: 1712-4.
    • (2008) Anesth Analg , vol.106 , pp. 1712-1714
    • Cattano, D.1    Young, C.2    Straiko, M.M.3
  • 37
    • 0019786730 scopus 로고
    • Exposure to halothane and enflurane affects learning function of murine progeny
    • Chalon J, Tang CK, Ramanathan S, et al. Exposure to halothane and enflurane affects learning function of murine progeny. Anesth Analg 1981; 60: 794-7.
    • (1981) Anesth Analg , vol.60 , pp. 794-797
    • Chalon, J.1    Tang, C.K.2    Ramanathan, S.3
  • 38
    • 0022263257 scopus 로고
    • Effects of halothane on synaptogenesis and learning behavior in rats
    • Uemura E, Levin ED, Bowman RE. Effects of halothane on synaptogenesis and learning behavior in rats. Exp Neurol 1985; 89: 520-9.
    • (1985) Exp Neurol , vol.89 , pp. 520-529
    • Uemura, E.1    Levin, E.D.2    Bowman, R.E.3
  • 39
    • 0018838038 scopus 로고
    • Effects of halothane on cerebral synaptic density
    • Uemura E, Bowman RE. Effects of halothane on cerebral synaptic density. Exp Neurol 1980; 69:135-42.
    • (1980) Exp Neurol , vol.69 , pp. 135-142
    • Uemura, E.1    Bowman, R.E.2
  • 40
    • 41149174313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical anesthesia causes permanent damage to the fetal guinea pig brain
    • Rizzi S, Carter LB, Ori C, et al. Clinical anesthesia causes permanent damage to the fetal guinea pig brain. Brain Pathol 2008; 18: 198-210.
    • (2008) Brain Pathol , vol.18 , pp. 198-210
    • Rizzi, S.1    Carter, L.B.2    Ori, C.3
  • 41
    • 84954358692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subclinical concentration of sevoflurane potentiates neuronal apoptosis in the developing C57BL/6 mouse brain
    • Zhang X, Xue Z, Sun A. Subclinical concentration of sevoflurane potentiates neuronal apoptosis in the developing C57BL/6 mouse brain. Neurosci Lett 2008; 447: 109-14.
    • (2008) Neurosci Lett , vol.447 , pp. 109-114
    • Zhang, X.1    Xue, Z.2    Sun, A.3
  • 42
    • 77950658997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fundamentals of neuronal apoptosis relevant to pediatric anesthesia
    • Blaylock M, Engelhardt T, Bissonnette B. Fundamentals of neuronal apoptosis relevant to pediatric anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth 2010; 20: 383-95.
    • (2010) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.20 , pp. 383-395
    • Blaylock, M.1    Engelhardt, T.2    Bissonnette, B.3
  • 43
    • 33244492125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melatonin reduces the severity of anesthesia-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing rat brain
    • Yon JH, Carter LB, Reiter RJ, et al. Melatonin reduces the severity of anesthesia-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing rat brain. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 21: 522-30.
    • (2006) Neurobiol Dis , vol.21 , pp. 522-530
    • Yon, J.H.1    Carter, L.B.2    Reiter, R.J.3
  • 45
    • 77951685246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine activates cell cycle signaling and apoptosis in the neonatal rat brain
    • Soriano SG, Liu Q, Li J, et al. Ketamine activates cell cycle signaling and apoptosis in the neonatal rat brain. Anesthesiology 2010; 112:1155-63.
    • (2010) Anesthesiology , vol.112 , pp. 1155-1163
    • Soriano, S.G.1    Liu, Q.2    Li, J.3
  • 47
    • 44649190425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General anesthetics induce apoptotic neurodegeneration in the neonatal rat spinal cord
    • Sanders RD, Xu J, Shu Y, et al. General anesthetics induce apoptotic neurodegeneration in the neonatal rat spinal cord. Anesth Analg 2008; 106: 1708-11.
    • (2008) Anesth Analg , vol.106 , pp. 1708-1711
    • Sanders, R.D.1    Xu, J.2    Shu, Y.3
  • 48
    • 77954177814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of intrathecal ketamine in the neonatal rat: Evaluation of apoptosis and long-term functional outcome
    • Walker SM, Westin BD, Deumens R, et al. Effects of intrathecal ketamine in the neonatal rat: evaluation of apoptosis and long-term functional outcome. Anesthesiology 2010; 113: 147-59.
    • (2010) Anesthesiology , vol.113 , pp. 147-159
    • Walker, S.M.1    Westin, B.D.2    Deumens, R.3
  • 49
    • 77954177557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of a preclinical spinal safety model: Effects of intrathecal morphine in the neonatal rat
    • Westin BD, Walker SM, Deumens R, et al. Validation of a preclinical spinal safety model: effects of intrathecal morphine in the neonatal rat. Anesthesiology 2010; 113: 183-99.
    • (2010) Anesthesiology , vol.113 , pp. 183-199
    • Westin, B.D.1    Walker, S.M.2    Deumens, R.3
  • 50
    • 79958132583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal anesthesia in infant rats: Development of a model and assessment of neurologic outcomes
    • Yahalom B, Athiraman U, Soriano SG, et al. Spinal anesthesia in infant rats: development of a model and assessment of neurologic outcomes. Anesthesiology 2011; 114: 1325-35.
    • (2011) Anesthesiology , vol.114 , pp. 1325-1335
    • Yahalom, B.1    Athiraman, U.2    Soriano, S.G.3
  • 51
    • 33747444621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General anesthesia activates BDNF-dependent neuroapoptosis in the developing rat brain
    • Lu LX, Yon JH, Carter LB, et al. General anesthesia activates BDNF-dependent neuroapoptosis in the developing rat brain. Apoptosis 2006; 11: 1603-15.
    • (2006) Apoptosis , vol.11 , pp. 1603-1615
    • Lu, L.X.1    Yon, J.H.2    Carter, L.B.3
  • 52
    • 47149094688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential of xenon to induce or to protect against neuroapoptosis in the developing mouse brain
    • Cattano D, Williamson K, Fukui K, et al. Potential of xenon to induce or to protect against neuroapoptosis in the developing mouse brain. Can J Anaesth 2008; 55: 429-36.
    • (2008) Can J Anaesth , vol.55 , pp. 429-436
    • Cattano, D.1    Williamson, K.2    Fukui, K.3
  • 53
    • 39149096576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of L-carnitine on the combination of, inhalation anesthetic-induced developmental, neuronal apoptosis in the rat frontal cortex
    • Zou X, Sadovova N, Patterson TA, et al. The effects of L-carnitine on the combination of, inhalation anesthetic-induced developmental, neuronal apoptosis in the rat frontal cortex. Neuroscience 2008; 151: 1053-65.
    • (2008) Neuroscience , vol.151 , pp. 1053-1065
    • Zou, X.1    Sadovova, N.2    Patterson, T.A.3
  • 54
    • 65349084335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lithium protects against anesthesia-induced developmental neuroapoptosis
    • Straiko MM, Young C, Cattano D, et al. Lithium protects against anesthesia-induced developmental neuroapoptosis. Anesthesiology 2009; 110: 862-8.
    • (2009) Anesthesiology , vol.110 , pp. 862-868
    • Straiko, M.M.1    Young, C.2    Cattano, D.3
  • 55
    • 65549162169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dexmedetomidine attenuates isoflurane-induced neurocognitive impairment in neonatal rats
    • Sanders RD, Xu J, Shu Y, et al. Dexmedetomidine attenuates isoflurane-induced neurocognitive impairment in neonatal rats. Anesthesiology 2009; 110: 1077-85.
    • (2009) Anesthesiology , vol.110 , pp. 1077-1085
    • Sanders, R.D.1    Xu, J.2    Shu, Y.3
  • 56
    • 77953163439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dexmedetomidine provides cortical neuroprotection: Impact on anaesthetic-induced neuroapoptosis in the rat developing brain
    • Sanders RD, Sun Y, Patel S, et al. Dexmedetomidine provides cortical neuroprotection: impact on anaesthetic-induced neuroapoptosis in the rat developing brain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2010; 54: 710-6.
    • (2010) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.54 , pp. 710-716
    • Sanders, R.D.1    Sun, Y.2    Patel, S.3
  • 57
    • 76249129971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The young: Neuroapoptosis induced by anesthetics and what to do about it
    • Creeley CE, Olney JW. The young: neuroapoptosis induced by anesthetics and what to do about it. Anesth Analg 2010; 110: 442-8.
    • (2010) Anesth Analg , vol.110 , pp. 442-448
    • Creeley, C.E.1    Olney, J.W.2
  • 58
    • 61949147525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An exaggerated hypertensive response to glycopyrrolate therapy for bradycardia associated with high-dose dexmedetomidine
    • Mason K, Zgleszewski S, Forman RE, et al. An exaggerated hypertensive response to glycopyrrolate therapy for bradycardia associated with high-dose dexmedetomidine. Anesth Analg 2009; 108: 906-8.
    • (2009) Anesth Analg , vol.108 , pp. 906-908
    • Mason, K.1    Zgleszewski, S.2    Forman, R.E.3
  • 59
    • 0036759656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuronal apoptosis associated with morphine tolerance: Evidence for an opioid-induced neurotoxic mechanism
    • Mao J, Sung B, Ji RR, et al. Neuronal apoptosis associated with morphine tolerance: evidence for an opioid-induced neurotoxic mechanism. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 7650-61.
    • (2002) J Neurosci , vol.22 , pp. 7650-7661
    • Mao, J.1    Sung, B.2    Ji, R.R.3
  • 60
    • 77957836723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anaesthetic-related neuroprotection: Intravenous or inhalational agents?
    • Schifilliti D, Grasso G, Conti A, et al. Anaesthetic-related neuroprotection: intravenous or inhalational agents? CNS Drugs 2010; 24: 893-907.
    • (2010) CNS Drugs , vol.24 , pp. 893-907
    • Schifilliti, D.1    Grasso, G.2    Conti, A.3
  • 61
    • 7244234419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial injury and caspase activation by the local anesthetic lidocaine
    • Johnson ME, Uhl CB, Spittler KH, et al. Mitochondrial injury and caspase activation by the local anesthetic lidocaine. Anesthesiology 2004; 101: 1184-94.
    • (2004) Anesthesiology , vol.101 , pp. 1184-1194
    • Johnson, M.E.1    Uhl, C.B.2    Spittler, K.H.3
  • 62
    • 74949100171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apoptosis induction by different local anaesthetics in a neuroblastoma cell line
    • Werdehausen R, Fazeli S, Braun S, et al. Apoptosis induction by different local anaesthetics in a neuroblastoma cell line. Br J Anaesth 2009; 103: 711-8.
    • (2009) Br J Anaesth , vol.103 , pp. 711-718
    • Werdehausen, R.1    Fazeli, S.2    Braun, S.3
  • 63
    • 0026602715 scopus 로고
    • The effects of obstetric conditions on neonatal behaviour in Japanese infants
    • Eishima K. The effects of obstetric conditions on neonatal behaviour in Japanese infants. Early Hum Dev 1992; 28: 253-63.
    • (1992) Early Hum Dev , vol.28 , pp. 253-263
    • Eishima, K.1
  • 64
    • 68249160838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anesthesia for cesarean delivery and learning disabilities in a population-based birth cohort
    • Sprung J, Flick R, Wilder RT, et al. Anesthesia for cesarean delivery and learning disabilities in a population-based birth cohort. Anesthesiology 2009; 111: 302-10.
    • (2009) Anesthesiology , vol.111 , pp. 302-310
    • Sprung, J.1    Flick, R.2    Wilder, R.T.3
  • 65
    • 79958126300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuraxial Labor Analgesia for Vaginal Delivery and Its Effects on Childhood Learning Disabilities
    • Flick R, Lee K, Hofer RE, et al. Neuraxial Labor Analgesia for Vaginal Delivery and Its Effects on Childhood Learning Disabilities. Anesth Analg 2011; 112: 1424-31.
    • (2011) Anesth Analg , vol.112 , pp. 1424-1431
    • Flick, R.1    Lee, K.2    Hofer, R.E.3
  • 67
    • 20344407580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants after necrotizing enterocolitis
    • Hintz SR, Kendrick DE, Stoll BJ, et al. Neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants after necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatrics 2005; 115: 696-703.
    • (2005) Pediatrics , vol.115 , pp. 696-703
    • Hintz, S.R.1    Kendrick, D.E.2    Stoll, B.J.3
  • 68
    • 33646368137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laparotomy versus peritoneal drainage for necrotizing enterocolitis or isolated intestinal perforation in extremely low birth weight infants: Outcomes through 18 months adjusted age
    • Blakely ML, Tyson JE, Lally K, et al. Laparotomy versus peritoneal drainage for necrotizing enterocolitis or isolated intestinal perforation in extremely low birth weight infants: outcomes through 18 months adjusted age. Pediatrics 2006; 117: e680-7.
    • (2006) Pediatrics , vol.117
    • Blakely, M.L.1    Tyson, J.E.2    Lally, K.3
  • 69
    • 0024343852 scopus 로고
    • Severity of necrotizing enterocolitis: Influence on outcome at 2 years of age
    • Walsh MC, Kliegman RM, Hack M. Severity of necrotizing enterocolitis: influence on outcome at 2 years of age. Pediatrics 1989; 84: 808-14.
    • (1989) Pediatrics , vol.84 , pp. 808-814
    • Walsh, M.C.1    Kliegman, R.M.2    Hack, M.3
  • 70
    • 0029008795 scopus 로고
    • Neurodevelopmental outcome in very low birthweight infants with necrotizing enterocolitis requiring surgery
    • Tobiansky R, Lui K, Roberts S, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcome in very low birthweight infants with necrotizing enterocolitis requiring surgery. J Paediatr Child Health 1995; 31: 233-6.
    • (1995) J Paediatr Child Health , vol.31 , pp. 233-236
    • Tobiansky, R.1    Lui, K.2    Roberts, S.3
  • 71
    • 0027402597 scopus 로고
    • The effect of abdominal incisions on early motor development of infants with necrotizing enterocolitis
    • Simon N, Brady NR, Stafford RL, et al. The effect of abdominal incisions on early motor development of infants with necrotizing enterocolitis. Dev Med Child Neurol 1993; 35: 49-53.
    • (1993) Dev Med Child Neurol , vol.35 , pp. 49-53
    • Simon, N.1    Brady, N.R.2    Stafford, R.L.3
  • 72
    • 0032867895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth and neurodevelopmental outcome in extremely-low-birth-weight infants after laparotomy
    • Chacko J, Ford WD, Haslam R. Growth and neurodevelopmental outcome in extremely-low-birth-weight infants after laparotomy. Pediatr Surg Int 1999; 15: 496-9.
    • (1999) Pediatr Surg Int , vol.15 , pp. 496-499
    • Chacko, J.1    Ford, W.D.2    Haslam, R.3
  • 73
    • 0021612291 scopus 로고
    • Long-term prognosis of successfully operated oesophageal atresia-with aspects on physical and psychological development
    • Lindahl H. Long-term prognosis of successfully operated oesophageal atresia-with aspects on physical and psychological development. Z Kinderchir 1984; 39: 6-10.
    • (1984) Z Kinderchir , vol.39 , pp. 6-10
    • Lindahl, H.1
  • 74
    • 0032971827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term physical, psychological, and social functioning of children with esophageal atresia
    • Bouman NH, Koot HM, Hazebroek FW. Long-term physical, psychological, and social functioning of children with esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1999; 34: 399-404.
    • (1999) J Pediatr Surg , vol.34 , pp. 399-404
    • Bouman, N.H.1    Koot, H.M.2    Hazebroek, F.W.3
  • 75
    • 0031110234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of developmental dysfunction after surgery during infancy to correct transposition of the great arteries
    • Bellinger DC, Rappaport LA, Wypij D, et al. Patterns of developmental dysfunction after surgery during infancy to correct transposition of the great arteries. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1997; 18: 75-83.
    • (1997) J Dev Behav Pediatr , vol.18 , pp. 75-83
    • Bellinger, D.C.1    Rappaport, L.A.2    Wypij, D.3
  • 76
    • 0033520055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental and neurological status of children at 4 years of age after heart surgery with hypothermic circulatory arrest or low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass
    • Bellinger DC, Wypij D, Kuban KC, et al. Developmental and neurological status of children at 4 years of age after heart surgery with hypothermic circulatory arrest or low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation 1999; 100: 526-32.
    • (1999) Circulation , vol.100 , pp. 526-532
    • Bellinger, D.C.1    Wypij, D.2    Kuban, K.C.3
  • 77
    • 0344708490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurodevelopmental status at eight years in children with dextro-transposition of the great arteries: The Boston Circulatory Arrest Trial
    • Bellinger DC, Wypij D, duPlessis AJ, et al. Neurodevelopmental status at eight years in children with dextro-transposition of the great arteries: the Boston Circulatory Arrest Trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 126: 1385-96.
    • (2003) J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg , vol.126 , pp. 1385-1396
    • Bellinger, D.C.1    Wypij, D.2    duPlessis, A.J.3
  • 78
    • 0030034902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcome after open-heart surgery in infants and children
    • Miller G, Tesman JR, Ramer JC, et al. Outcome after open-heart surgery in infants and children. J Child Neurol 1996; 11: 49-53.
    • (1996) J Child Neurol , vol.11 , pp. 49-53
    • Miller, G.1    Tesman, J.R.2    Ramer, J.C.3
  • 79
    • 0030760643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive and motor development in preschool and school-aged children after neonatal arterial switch operation
    • Hovels-Gurich HH, Seghaye MC, Dabritz S, et al. Cognitive and motor development in preschool and school-aged children after neonatal arterial switch operation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997; 114: 578-85.
    • (1997) J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg , vol.114 , pp. 578-585
    • Hovels-Gurich, H.H.1    Seghaye, M.C.2    Dabritz, S.3
  • 80
    • 0036738018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in school-aged children after neonatal arterial switch operation
    • Hovels-Gurich HH, Seghaye MC, Schnitker R, et al. Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in school-aged children after neonatal arterial switch operation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002; 124: 448-58.
    • (2002) J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg , vol.124 , pp. 448-458
    • Hovels-Gurich, H.H.1    Seghaye, M.C.2    Schnitker, R.3
  • 81
    • 0742271004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arterial switch with full-flow cardiopulmonary bypass and limited circulatory arrest: Neurodevelopmental outcome
    • Karl TR, Hall S, Ford G, et al. Arterial switch with full-flow cardiopulmonary bypass and limited circulatory arrest: neurodevelopmental outcome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004; 127: 213-22.
    • (2004) J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg , vol.127 , pp. 213-222
    • Karl, T.R.1    Hall, S.2    Ford, G.3
  • 82
    • 0033738876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurodevelopmental status of newborns and infants with congenital heart defects before and after open heart surgery
    • Limperopoulos C, Majnemer A, Shevell MI, et al. Neurodevelopmental status of newborns and infants with congenital heart defects before and after open heart surgery. J Pediatr 2000; 137: 638-45.
    • (2000) J Pediatr , vol.137 , pp. 638-645
    • Limperopoulos, C.1    Majnemer, A.2    Shevell, M.I.3
  • 83
    • 0034099787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurodevelopmental outcome and lifestyle assessment in school-aged and adolescent children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome
    • Mahle WT, Clancy RR, Moss EM, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcome and lifestyle assessment in school-aged and adolescent children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Pediatrics 2000; 105: 1082-9.
    • (2000) Pediatrics , vol.105 , pp. 1082-1089
    • Mahle, W.T.1    Clancy, R.R.2    Moss, E.M.3
  • 84
    • 33750710450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inguinal hernia: Relationship to respiratory disease in prematurity
    • Brooker RW, Keenan WJ. Inguinal hernia: relationship to respiratory disease in prematurity. J Pediatr Surg 2006; 41: 1818-21.
    • (2006) J Pediatr Surg , vol.41 , pp. 1818-1821
    • Brooker, R.W.1    Keenan, W.J.2
  • 85
    • 33751057076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxygen-elixir of life or Trojan horse? Part 2: Oxygen and neonatal anesthesia
    • van der Walt J. Oxygen-elixir of life or Trojan horse? Part 2: oxygen and neonatal anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth 2006; 16: 1205-12.
    • (2006) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.16 , pp. 1205-1212
    • van der Walt, J.1
  • 86
    • 58349119112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic inflammation induces acute behavioral and cognitive changes and accelerates neurodegenerative disease
    • Cunningham C, Campion S, Lunnon K, et al. Systemic inflammation induces acute behavioral and cognitive changes and accelerates neurodegenerative disease. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 65: 304-12.
    • (2009) Biol Psychiatry , vol.65 , pp. 304-312
    • Cunningham, C.1    Campion, S.2    Lunnon, K.3
  • 87
    • 40849095836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic inflammation switches the inflammatory cytokine profile in CNS Wallerian degeneration
    • Palin K, Cunningham C, Forse A, et al. Systemic inflammation switches the inflammatory cytokine profile in CNS Wallerian degeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 30: 19-29.
    • (2008) Neurobiol Dis , vol.30 , pp. 19-29
    • Palin, K.1    Cunningham, C.2    Forse, A.3
  • 88
    • 65349185029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early exposure to anesthesia and learning disabilities in a population-based birth cohort
    • Wilder RT, Flick R, Sprung J, et al. Early exposure to anesthesia and learning disabilities in a population-based birth cohort. Anesthesiology 2009; 110: 796-804.
    • (2009) Anesthesiology , vol.110 , pp. 796-804
    • Wilder, R.T.1    Flick, R.2    Sprung, J.3
  • 89
    • 70349742914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exposure to Anesthesia and the Risk of Developmental and Behaviroal Disorders in Young Children
    • DiMaggio CJ, S.L. Kakavouli A, Li G, Exposure to Anesthesia and the Risk of Developmental and Behaviroal Disorders in Young Children. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2009; 21:286-291.
    • (2009) J Neurosurg Anesthesiol , vol.21 , pp. 286-291
    • DiMaggio, C.J.S.L.1    Kakavouli, A.2    Li, G.3
  • 90
    • 65349136383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavior and development in children and age at the time of first anesthetic exposure
    • Kalkman CJ, Peelen L, Moons KG, et al. Behavior and development in children and age at the time of first anesthetic exposure. Anesthesiology 2009; 110: 805-12.
    • (2009) Anesthesiology , vol.110 , pp. 805-812
    • Kalkman, C.J.1    Peelen, L.2    Moons, K.G.3
  • 91
    • 80055099285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early Childhood Exposure to Anesthesia and Risk of Developmental and Behavioral Disorders in a Sibling Birth Cohort
    • Dimaggio C. L. Sun, and G. Li, Early Childhood Exposure to Anesthesia and Risk of Developmental and Behavioral Disorders in a Sibling Birth Cohort. Anesth Analg 2011; 113: 1143-51.
    • (2011) Anesth Analg , vol.113 , pp. 1143-1151
    • Dimaggio, C.1    Sun, L.2    Li, G.3
  • 92
    • 79955465251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Academic Performance in Adolescence after Inguinal Hernia Repair in Infancy: A Nationwide Cohort Study
    • Hansen TG, Pedersen JK, Henneberg SW, et al. Academic Performance in Adolescence after Inguinal Hernia Repair in Infancy: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Anesthesiology 2011; 114: 1076-85.
    • (2011) Anesthesiology , vol.114 , pp. 1076-1085
    • Hansen, T.G.1    Pedersen, J.K.2    Henneberg, S.W.3
  • 93
    • 67249155367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anesthesia and cognitive performance in children: No evidence for a causal relationshi
    • Bartels M, Althoff RR, Boomsma DI. Anesthesia and cognitive performance in children: no evidence for a causal relationshi. Twin Res Hum Genet 2009; 12: 246-53.
    • (2009) Twin Res Hum Genet , vol.12 , pp. 246-253
    • Bartels, M.1    Althoff, R.R.2    Boomsma, D.I.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.