Analysis of industrial c-Si solar cell's front metallization by advanced numerical simulation

Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 490-500

  Yang, Yang ^a   Altermatt, Pietro P ^b   Zhu, Weihua ^a   Liang, Xueqin ^a   Shen, Hui ^a  

^a SUN YAT SEN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b LEIBNIZ UNIVERSITY HANNOVER   (Germany)

Author keywords

light induced plating; metallization; numerical simulation; screen printing; silicon solar cells

Indexed keywords

ASPECT RATIO; COMPUTER SIMULATION; ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS; EFFICIENCY; METALLIZING; METALS; NUMERICAL MODELS; SCREEN PRINTING; SOLAR CELLS;

CELL EFFICIENCY; CIRCUIT MODELING; CONTACT RESISTIVITIES; EFFICIENCY GAIN; INCREASING COSTS; LIGHT-INDUCED PLATINGS; MASS PRODUCTION; POTENTIAL CHANGE;

SILICON SOLAR CELLS;

EID: 84861333817     PISSN: 10627995     EISSN: 1099159X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/pip.1148     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Altermatt PP, Steingrube S, Yang Y, Sprodowski C, Dezhdar T, Koc S, Veith B, Herrman S, Bock R, Bothe K,. Highly predictive modelling of entire Si solar cells for industrial applications. 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Hamburg, Germany, 2009; 901-907.
2. Hilali MM, Rohatgi A, To B,. A review and understanding of screen-printed contacts and selective-emitter formation. 14th Workshop on Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells and Modules, Winter Park, CO, 2004; 109-116.
3. Erath D, Filipovic A, Retzlaff M, Goetz AK, Clement F, Biro D, Preu R,. Advanced screen printing technique for high definition front side metallization of crystalline silicon solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2010; 94 (1): 57-61.
4. Hoornstra J, de Moor H, Weeber A, Wyers P,. Improved front side metallization on silicon solar cells with stencil printing. 16th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Glasgow, UK, 2000; 1416-1419.
5. Yao G, Zhao J, Cotter JE,. Metal stencil-printed selective emitter silicon solar cell fabrication on CZ wafer. 20th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Barcelona, Spain, 2005; 749-752.
6. Cotter JE, Yao G, Eggleston B,. Laser-formed stencils for printed silicon solar cells. Conference Record of the 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2005; 1169-1172.
7. Falcon T,. Aspect ratio improvements for printed frontside conductors on silicon solar cells. 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Hamburg, Germany, 2009; 1338-1347.
8. Murata K,. Super-fine ink-jet printing for nanotechnology. 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Osaka, Japan, 2003; 346-349.
9. Teng KF, Vest R,. Metallization of solar cells with ink jet printing and silver metallo-organic inks. IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology 1988; 11 (3): 291-297.
10. Mette A, Pysch D, Emanuel G, Erath D, Preu R, Glunz SW,. Series resistance characterization of industrial silicon solar cells with screen-printed contacts using hotmelt paste. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 2007; 15 (6): 493-505. (Pubitemid 47359499)
11. Olaisen BR, Holt A, Marstein ES, Sauar E, Shaikh A, McVicker K, Salami J, Miranda H, Kim SS,. Hot-melt screen-printing of front contacts on crystalline silicon solar cells. Conference Record of the 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Orlando, FL, 2005; 1084-1087. (Pubitemid 41667974)
12. Huljic DM, Thormann S, Preu R, Ludemann R, Willeke G,. Pad printed front contacts for c-Si solar cells-a technological and economical evaluation. 29th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, New Orleans, LA, 2002; 126-129.
13. Hezel R,. High-efficiency OECO Czochralski-silicon solar cells for mass production. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2002; 74 (1-4): 25-33.
14. 2 and η=23.3%. 14th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Barcelona, Spain, 1997; 392-395.
15. Pysch D, Mette A, Filipovic A, Glunz SW,. Comprehensive analysis of advanced solar cell contacts consisting of printed fine-line seed layers thickened by silver plating. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 2009; 17 (2): 101-114.
16. Hörteis M, Bartsch J, Radtke V, Filipovic A, Glunz SW,. Different aspects of seed layer-printed and light-induced plated front side contacts. 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Hamburg, Germany, 2009; 985-989.
17. Chunduri SK,. Be selective! PHOTON International 2009; 6: 108-116.
18. Lauermann T, Dastgheib-Shirazi A, Book F, Raabe B, Hahn G, Haverkamp H, Habermann D, Demberger C, Schmid C,. InSECT: an inline selective emitter concept with high efficiencies at competitive process costs improved with inkjet masking technology. 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Hamburg, Germany, 2009; 1767-1771.
19. Green MA,. Solar cells: operating principles, technology, and system applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1982; 288 p.
20. Stuckings MF, Blakers AW,. A study of shading and resistive loss from the fingers of encapsulated solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 1999; 59 (3): 233-242. (Pubitemid 129590859)
21. Bergamin L, Sammaraee T,. Waved glass: towards optimal light distribution on solar cell surfaces for high efficient modules. Solar Energy 2010; 84 (1): 90-100.
22. + solar cell and compact SPICE modeling. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 2008; 354 (31): 3780-3784.
23. Zekry A, Al-Mazroo A,. A distributed spice -model of a solar cell. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 1996; 43 (5): 691-700. (Pubitemid 126774282)
24. Castañer L, Silvestre S,. Modelling Photovoltaic Systems Using pspice. John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, 2002.
25. Galiana B, Algora C, Rey-Stolle I,. Comparison of 1D and 3D analysis of the front contact influence on GaAs concentrator solar cell performance. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2006; 90 (16): 2589-2604. (Pubitemid 43975748)
26. Maffezzoni P, D'Amore D,. Compact electrothermal macromodeling of photovoltaic modules. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 2009; 56 (2): 162-166.
27. Greulich J, Glatthaar M, Krieg A, Emanuel G, Rein S,. JV characteristics of industrial silicon solar cells: influence of distributed series resistance and Shockley-Read-Hall recombination. 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Hamburg, Germany, 2009; 2065-2070.
28. Blakers AW,. Shading losses of solar-cell metal grids. Journal of Applied Physics 1992; 71 (10): 5237-5241.
29. Thaidigsmann B, Wolf A, Biro D,. Accurate determination of the IQE of screen printed silicon solar cells by accounting for the finite reflectance of metal contacts. 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Hamburg, Germany, 2009; 2056-2059.
30. Sentaurus, User Manual Version V-2008.09. Synopsys Inc., Mountain View, CA.
31. van Roosbroeck W,. The transport of added current carriers in a homogeneous semiconductor. Physics Reviews 1952; 91: 282-289.
32. Altermatt PP, Schumacher JO, Cuevas A, Kerr MJ, Glunz SW, King RR, Heiser G, Schenk A,. Numerical modeling of highly doped Si: P emitters based on Fermi-Dirac statistics and self-consistent material parameters. Journal of Applied Physics 2002; 92 (6): 3187-3197.
33. Schenk A,. Finite-temperature full random-phase approximation model of band gap narrowing for silicon device simulation. Journal of Applied Physics 1998; 84 (7): 3684-3695. (Pubitemid 128600505)
34. Altermatt PP, Schenk A, Geelhaar F, Heiser G,. Reassessment of the intrinsic carrier density in crystalline silicon in view of band-gap narrowing. Journal of Applied Physics 2003; 93 (3): 1598-1604.
35. Glunz SW, Dicker J, Altermatt PP,. Band gap narrowing in p-type base regions of solar cells. 17th EU Photovoltaic Energy Conference, Munich, Germany, 2001; 1391-1395.
36. Bothe K, Sinton R, Schmidt J,. Fundamental boron-oxygen-related carrier lifetime limit in mono- and multicrystalline silicon. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 2005; 13 (4): 287-296.
37. Rein S, Glunz SW,. Electronic properties of the metastable defect in boron-doped Czochralski silicon: unambiguous determination by advanced lifetime spectroscopy. Applied Physics Letters 2003; 82 (7): 1054-1056.
38. Schmidt J, Cuevas A,. Electronic properties of light-induced recombination centers in boron-doped Czochralski silicon. Journal of Applied Physics 1999; 86 (6): 3175-3180. (Pubitemid 129648249)
39. Trupke T, Green MA, Wurfel P, Altermatt PP, Wang A, Zhao J, Corkish R,. Temperature dependence of the radiative recombination coefficient of intrinsic crystalline silicon. Journal of Applied Physics 2003; 94 (8): 4930-4937.
40. Kerr MJ, Cuevas A,. General parameterization of Auger recombination in crystalline silicon. Journal of Applied Physics 2002; 91 (4): 2473-2480.
41. Schmidt J, Kerr M, Altermatt PP,. Coulomb-enhanced Auger recombination in crystalline silicon at intermediate and high-injection densities. Journal of Applied Physics 2000; 88 (3): 1494-1497.
42. 2Si interface. Journal of Applied Physics 1999; 86 (1): 683-691.
43. Altermatt PP, Schmidt J, Heiser G, Aberle AG,. Assessment and parameterisation of Coulomb-enhanced Auger recombination coefficients in lowly injected crystalline silicon. Journal of Applied Physics 1997; 82 (10): 4938-4944. (Pubitemid 127560212)
44. Klaassen DBM,. A unified mobility model for device simulation-I. Model equations and concentration dependence. Solid-State Electronics 1992; 35 (7): 953-959. (Pubitemid 23567459)
45. Klaassen DBM,. A unified mobility model for device simulation-II. Temperature dependence of carrier mobility and lifetime. Solid-State Electronics 1992; 35 (7): 961-967. (Pubitemid 23567458)
46. Aberle AG,. Surface passivation of crystalline silicon solar cells: a review. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 2000; 8 (5): 473-487. (Pubitemid 32018624)
47. Schmidt J, Schuurmans FM, Sinke WC, Glunz SW, Aberle AG,. Observation of multiple defect states at silicon-silicon nitride interfaces fabricated by low-frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Applied Physics Letters 1997; 71 (2): 252-254. (Pubitemid 127650520)
48. Robinson SJ, Wenham S, Altermatt P, Aberle A, Heiser G, Green M,. Recombination rate saturation mechanisms at oxidized surfaces of high-efficiency silicon solar cells. Journal of Applied Physics 1995; 78: 4740-4754.
49. Aberle AG, Glunz S, Warta W,. Impact of illumination level and oxide parameters on Shockley-Read-Hall recombination at the Si-SiO interface. Journal of Applied Physics 1992; 71: 4422-4431.
50. Haase F, Müller J, Altermatt PP, Brendel R,. Effects of metallization in the semiconductor part-insights from experiments and device modeling. 2nd Metallization Workshop, Constance, Germany, 2010.
51. Woehl R, Hörteis M, Glunz SW,. Analysis of the optical properties of screen-printed and aerosol-printed and plated fingers of silicon solar cells. Advances in OptoElectronics 2008; 2008: DOI: 10.1155/2008/759340.
52. Optical dispersion measured by Andreas Wolf, Institute for Solar Energy Research Hamelin (ISFH), Germany.
53. Green MA,. Self-consistent optical parameters of intrinsic silicon at 300K including temperature coefficients. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2008; 92 (11): 1305-1310.
54. Shiles E, Sasaki T, Inokuti M, Smith D,. Self-consistency and sum-rule tests in the Kramers-Kronig analysis of optical data: applications to aluminum. Physical Review B 1980; 22 (4): 1612-1628.
55. International Electrotechnical Commission. Standard IEC 60904-3: Photovoltaic Devices. Part 3: Measurement Principles for Terrestrial Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Devices with Reference Spectral Irradiance Data. IEC Central Office: Geneva, Switzerland, 2008.
56. Vinod PN,. Evaluation of the ohmic properties of the silver metal contacts of an improved sintering process on the multicrystalline silicon solar cells. The 2007 International Workshop on the Physics of Semiconductor Devices, Mumbai, India 2007; 953-956.
57. Berger HH,. Models for contacts to planar devices. Solid-State Electronics 1972; 15 (2): 145-158.