Comprehensive analysis of advanced solar cell contacts consisting of printed fine-line seed layers thickened by silver plating

Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 101-114

  Pysch, D ^a,b   Mette, A ^b   Filipovic, A ^a   Glunz, S W ^a  

^a FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS ISE   (Germany)

^b Q Cells AG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Characterization; Contact resistance; Silicon solar cells; Two layer contacts

Indexed keywords

CONTACT RESISTANCE; PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS; SCREEN PRINTING; SILICON NITRIDE; SILICON SOLAR CELLS; SILVER; SILVER PLATING; SOLAR CELLS;

BEFORE AND AFTER; COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS; CONTACT FORMATIONS; CONTACT RESISTIVITIES; CONTACT STRUCTURES; CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC MODELS; CURRENT FLOWS; ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS; FLAT SURFACES; INDUSTRIAL SOLAR CELLS; PLATING PROCESS; SCREEN PRINTERS; SCREEN PRINTS; SEED LAYERS; SEM IMAGES; SURFACE DOPING; TWO-LAYER CONTACTS;

CRYSTALLITES;

EID: 63449140777     PISSN: 10627995     EISSN: 1099159X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/pip.855     Document Type: Article

References (23)

1. Glunz SW. Mette A, Alemán M, Richter PL, Filipovic A, Willeke G. New concepts for the front side metallization of silicon solor cells. Proceedings of the 21st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Dresden, Germany, 2006; 746.
2. Mette A, Schetter C, Wissen D. Lust S, Glunz SW, Willeke G. Increasing the efficiency of screen-printed silicon solar cells by light-induced silver plating. Proceedings of the 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion. Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA, 2006; 1056.
3. Coello J, Castro M, Sala G, Vazquez MA. Conversion of commercial Si solar cells to keep their efficient performance at 15 Suns. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 2004; 12: 323-331.
4. Alemán M, Streek A, Regenfuß P, Mette A, Ebert R, Exner H, Glunz SW, Willeke G. Laser micro-sintering as a new metallization technique for silicon solar cells. Proceedings of the 21st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Dresden, Germany, 2006; 705.
5. Mette A, Richter PL, Glunz SW, Willeke GP. Novel metal jet printing technique for the front side metallization of highly efficient industrial silicon solar cells. Proceedings of the 21st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Dresden, Germany, 2006; 1174.
6. Hörteis M, Mette A, Richter PL, Fidorra F, Glunz SW. Further progress in metal aerosol jet printing for front side metallization of silicon solar cells. Proceedings of the 22nd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Milan. Italy, 2007.
7. Huljic DM, Thormann S, Preu R, Lüdemann R. Willeke G. Pad printed front contacts for c-Si solar cells - a technological and economical evaluation. Proceedings of the 29th IEEE PVSC, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 2002; 126.
8. Durkee LF. US Patent 4 144 139, Solarex Corporation, Rockville, MD, USA 1979.
9. Späth W. Patentschrift 23 48 182, Siemens AG, Germany 1979.
10. Grenon LA. US Patent 4 251 327, Motorola, Inc., Schaumburg, IL, USA 1981.
11. Pysch D, Mette A, Filipovic A, Glunz SW. Detailed analysis of fine line printed and planted solar cell contacts. Proceedings of the 22nd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Milan, Italy, 2007.
12. Schroder DK, Meier DL. Solar cell contact resistance - a review. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices ED-31, 1984, 637.
13. Ballif C. Huljic DM. Willeke G, Hessler-Wyser A. Silver thick-film contacts on highly doped n-type silicon emitters: structural and electronic properties of the interface. Applied Physics Letters 2003; 82: 1878.
14. Huljic D. Fraunhofer ISE und Universität Konstanz, Freiburg/Konstanz 2003.
15. Hilali MM, To B, Rohatgi A. Understanding and development of AG pastes for silicon solar cells with high sheet-resistance emitters. Proceedings of the 14th Workshop on Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells and Modules NREL, Winter Park, Colorado, USA, 2004; 109.
16. Schubert G, Huster F, Fath P. Physical understanding of printed thick film front contacts of crystalline Si solar cells: review of existing models and recent developments. Proceedings of the 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Paris, France, 2004; 813.
17. Grupp G, Biro D, Emanuel G, Preu R, Schitthelm F, Willeke G. Analysis of silver thick-film contact formation on industrial silicon solar cells. Proceedings of the 31st IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (PVSEC), Orlando, Florida, 2005; 927.
18. Huljic DM, Ballif C, Hessler-Wyser A, Willeke G. Microstructural analyses of Ag thick-film contacts on n-type silicon emitters. Proceedings of the 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Osaka, Japan, 2003; 83.
19. Schubert G. Thick film metallisation of crystalline silicon solar cells. Doctoral thesis, Universität Konstanz. Konstanz 2006.
20. Gzowski O, Murawski L, Trzebiatowski K. The surface conductivity of lead glasses. Journal of Physics D (Applied Physics) 1982; 15: 1097.
21. Kontermann S, Emanuel G, Benick J, Preu R, Willeke G. Characterisation of silver thick-film contact formation on textured monocrystalline silicon solar cells. Proceedings of the 21st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Dresden. Germany, 2006; 613.
22. Khadilkar C, Sridharan S. Gnizak D, Pham T, Kim S. Shaikh A. Effect of glass chemistry and silicon orientation on the front contact microstructure formation in a silicon solar cell. Proceedings of the 20th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Barcelona, Spain, 2005; 1291.
23. Mette A. New concepts for front side metallization of industrial silicon solar cells. Doctoral Thesis, Faculty for Applied Science, Universität Freiburg: Freiburg, 2007; 231.