Assembling the squamate tree of life: Perspectives from the phenotype and the fossil record

Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History

Volumn 53, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 3-308

  Gauthier, Jacques A ^a   Kearney, Maureen ^b   Maisano, Jessica Anderson ^c   Rieppel, Olivier ^d   Behlke, Adam D B ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^d FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Anguimorpha; Autarchoglossa; Biogeography; Divergence times; Evolution; Fossils; Gekkota; Homoplasy; Iguania; Morphology; Morphology vs. molecules; Mosasauria; Phylogeny; Polyglyphanodontia; Rhynchocephalia; Scincomorpha; Scleroglossa; Serpentes; Squamata; Taxon sampling

Indexed keywords

ANGUIMORPHA; AUTARCHOGLOSSA; DIBAMIDAE; GEKKOTA; IGUANIA; SCINCOMORPHA; SCLEROGLOSSA; SERPENTES; SPHENODONTIA; SQUAMATA; TEIIDAE; VARANOIDEA;

EID: 84861039772     PISSN: 0079032X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3374/014.053.0101     Document Type: Review

References (393)

1. AGASSIZ, L. 1857. Essay on Classification. Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America, Volume 1. Cambridge: Little, Brown. 452 pp.
2. ALBERT, E.M., D. SANMAURO, M. GARCÍA-PARÍS, L. RÜBER AND R. ZARDOYA. 2009. Effect of taxon sampling on recovering the phylogeny of squamate reptiles based on complete mitochondrial genome and nuclear gene sequence data. Gene 441(1-2):12-21.
3. ALEXANDER, G. AND J. MARAIS. 2007. A Guide to the Reptiles of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik Publishers. 408 pp.
4. ALIFANOV, V.R. 1993. Some peculiarities of the Cretaceous and Palaeogene lizard faunas of the Mongolian People's Republic. Kaupia 3:9-13.
5. -2000. Macrocephalosaurs and the Early Evolution of Lizards of Central Asia. Moscow: GEOS. 126 pp. In Russian.
6. ANDRADE, D.V., L.B. NASCIMENTO AND A.S. ABE. 2006. Habits hidden underground: a review on the reproduction of the Amphisbaenia with notes on four neotropical species. Amphibia-Reptilia 27:207-217. (Pubitemid 44151425)
7. APESTEGUÍA, S. AND F.N. NOVAS. 2003. Large Cretaceous sphenodontian from Patagonia provides insight into lepidosaur evolution in Gondwana. Nature 425:609-612. (Pubitemid 37280141)
8. APESTEGUÍA, S. AND H. ZAHER. 2006. A Cretaceous terrestrial snake with robust hindlimbs and a sacrum. Nature 440:1027-1040. doi:10.1038/ nature04413
9. ARNOLD, E.N. 1998. Cranial kinesis in lizards; variations, uses, and origins. In: P. Eggleton and R.I. Vane-Wright, eds. Phylogeny and Ecology. London: Academic Press. pp. 323-357.
10. ARNOLD, E.N. AND D.W.E. OVENDEN. 2002. Reptiles and Amphibians of Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 288 pp.
11. AUGÉ, M.L. 2005. Evolution des lézards du Paléogéne en Europe. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Muséum. 369 pp. (Memoirs du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 192).
12. AUGÉ, M.L. AND J.-C. RAGE. 2006. Herpetofaunas from the Upper Paleocene and Lower Eocene of Morocco. Annales de Paleontologie 92(3):235-253. (Pubitemid 44509764)
13. BALLINGER, R.E., G.R. SMITH AND J.W. NIETFELDT. 2000. Reproduction in females of three species of crevice-dwelling lizards (genus Xenosaurus) from Mexico. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 35:179-183. (Pubitemid 32045007)
14. BAUR, G. 1895. Cope on the temporal part of the skull, and on the systematic position of the Mosasauridae-a reply. American Naturalist 29:998-1002.
15. -1896. The paroccipital of the Squamata and the affinities of the Mosasauridae once more. A rejoinder to Professor E.D. Cope. American Naturalist 30:143-152.
16. BELL, C.J., J.I. MEAD AND S.L. SWIFT. 2009. Cranial osteology of Moloch horridus (Reptilia: Squamata: Agamidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 25:201-237.
17. BELL, G.L. 1997. A phylogenetic revision of North American and Adriatic Mosasauroidea. In: J. Callaway and E. Nicholls, eds. Ancient Marine Reptiles. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 293-332.
18. BELLAIRS, A.d'A. AND G. UNDERWOOD. 1951. The origin of snakes. Biological Reviews 26:193-237.
19. BENABIB, M. 1994. Reproduction and lipid utilization of tropical populations of Sceloporus variabilis. Herpetological Monographs 8:160-180. (Pubitemid 2141647)
20. BENTON, M.J. 1984. The relationships and early evolution of the Diapsida. In: M.W.J. Ferguson, ed. The Structure, Development and Evolution of Reptiles. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 575-596. (Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 52).
21. BERMAN, D.S. 1973. Spathorhynchus fossorium, a Middle Eocene amphisbaenian (Reptilia) from Wyoming. Copeia 1973(4):704-721.
22. -1976. A new amphisbaenian (Reptilia: Amphisbaenia) from the Oligocene-Miocene John Day Formation, Oregon. Journal of Paleontology 50:165-174.
23. BHULLAR, B-A.S. 2009. A reevaluation of the unusual abdominal musculature of squamate reptiles (Reptilia: Squamata). The Anatomical Record 292:1154-1161.
24. BLAKE, E. 1982. The captive breeding of Chinese water dragon and attendant difficulties. Annual Report Zoological Society of Scotland 70:46-52.
25. BLANC, C.P. 1971. Etudes sur les Iguanidae de Madagascar. Contribution a l'etude de quelques aspects de la reproduction de Chalarodon madagascariensis Peters, 1854 (Reptilia, Iguanidae) Résumé de these. Annales Université Madagascar (Sciences) 8:225-227.
26. BLOXAM, Q.M.C. AND S.J. TONGE. 1986. The Round Island boa Casarea dussumieri breeding program at the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust. Dodo, Journal of the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust 23:101-107.
27. BORSUK-BIALYNICKA, M. 1984. Anguimorphans and related lizards from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert, Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 46:5-105.
28. -1987. Carusia, a new name for the Late Cretaceous lizard Carolina Borsuk-Bial/ynicka, 1985. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 32: 151.
29. -1988. Globaura venusta gen. et sp. n. and Eoxanta lacertifrons gen. et sp. n.-non-teiid lacertoids from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 33: 211-248.
30. BORSUK-BIALYNICKA, M. AND S.M. MOODY. 1984. Priscagaminae, a new subfamily of the Agamidae (Sauria) from the late Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 29:51-81.
31. BRANCH, B. 1998. Field Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa. 3rd ed. Sanibel Island: Ralph Curtis Books. 399 pp.
32. BRANDLEY, M.C., J.P. HUELSENBECK AND J.J. WIENS. 2008. Rates and patterns in the evolution of snake-like body form in squamate reptiles: evidence for repeated re-evolution of lost digits and long-term persistence of intermediate body forms. Evolution 62:2042-2064. (Pubitemid 352033265)
33. BRANDLEY, M.C., A. SCHMITZ AND T.W. REEDER 2005. Partitioned Bayesian analyses, partition choice, and the phylogenetic relationships of scincid lizards. Systematic Biology 54:373-390. (Pubitemid 41040438)
34. BROMHAM, L. 2009. Why do species vary in their rate of molecular evolution? Biology Letters 5(3):401-404.
35. BRONGNIART, A. 1800a. Essai d'une Classification Naturelle des Reptiles. Part 1. Bulletin des Sciences par la Société Philomatique 35:81-82.
36. -1800b. Essai d'une Classification Naturelle des Reptiles. Part 2. Bulletin des Sciences par la Société Philomatique 36:89-91.
37. CADLE, J.E. 1987. Geographic distribution: problems in phylogeny and zoogeography. In: R.A. Seigel, J.T. Collins and S.S. Novak, eds. Snakes: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 77-105.
38. CALDWELL, M.W. 1999. Squamate phylogeny and the relationships of snakes and mosasauroids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 125:115-147. (Pubitemid 129316447)
39. -2000. On the aquatic squamate Dolichosaurus longicollis Owen, 1850 (Cenomanian, Upper Cretaceous), and the evolution of elongate necks in squamates. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20:720-735.
40. -2006. A new species of Pontosaurus (Squamata, Pythonomorpha) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon and a phylogenetic analysis of Pythonomorpha. Memorie della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano 34:1-42.
41. CALDWELL, M.W. AND A. ALBINO. 2002. Exceptionally preserved skeletons of the Cretaceous snake Dinilysia patagonica, Woodward, 1901. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22:861-866. (Pubitemid 44550818)
42. CALDWELL, M.W., R.L. CARROLL AND H. KAISER. 1995. The pectoral girdle and forelimb of Carsosaurus marchesetti (Aigialosauridae), with a preliminary phylogenetic analysis of mosasauroids and varanoids. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15:516-531.
43. CALDWELL, M.W. AND M.S.Y. LEE. 1997. A snake with legs from the marine Cretaceous of the Middle East. Nature 386: 705-709. (Pubitemid 27256313)
44. CALDWELL, M.W. AND A. PALCI. 2010. A new species of marine ophidiomorph lizard, Adriosaurus skrbinensis, from the Upper Cretaceous of Slovenia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30:747-755.
45. CAMP, C.L. 1923. Classification of the lizards. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 48:289-481.
46. -1942. California Mosasaurs. Berkeley: University of California Press. 68 pp. (University of California Memoirs 13[1]).
47. -1951. Plotosaurus, a new generic name for Kolposaurus Camp, preoccupied. Journal of Paleontology 25:822.
48. CAMPBELL, J.A. 1973. A captive hatching of Micrurus fulvius tenere (Serpentes, Elapidae). Journal of Herpetology 7:312-315.
49. CARROLL, R.L. 1975. Permo-Triassic "lizards" from the Karoo. Paleontographica Africana 18:17-87.
50. -1985. A pleurosaur from the Lower Jurassic and the taxonomic position of the Sphenodontida. Palaeontographica Series A 189(1-3):1-28.
51. -1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. New York: W.H. Freeman.698 pp.
52. CASTANET, J. 1994. Age estimation and longevity in reptiles. Gerontology 40:174-192. (Pubitemid 24172290)
53. CISNEROS-HEREDIA, D.F. 2005. Anilius scytale (red pipesnake): reproduction. The Herpetological Bulletin 92:28-29. (Pubitemid 41381498)
54. COATES, M. AND M. RUTA. 2000. Nice snake, shame about the legs. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15:503-507.
55. COCUDE-MICHEL, M. 1963. Les rhynchocephales et les sauriens des calcaires lithographiques (Jurassique supérieur) d'Europe occidentale. Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Lyon 7:1-187.
56. CONRAD, J.L. 2008. Phylogeny and systematics of Squamata (Reptilia) based on morphology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 310:1-182.
57. CONRAD, J.L., S. MONTANARI, J.C. AST AND M.A. NORELL. 2010. A combined evidence phylogenetic analysis of Anguimorpha (Reptilia: Squamata). Cladistics 26:1-48.
58. CONRAD, J.L. AND M.A. NORELL. 2006. High-resolution X-ray computed tomography of an Early Cretaceous gekkonomorph (Squamata) from Öösh (Övörkhangai; Mongolia). Historical Biology 2006:1-27.
59. -2007. A complete Late Cretaceous iguanian (Squamata, Reptilia) from the Gobi and identification of a new iguanian clade. American Museum Novitates 3584:1-47.
60. -2008. The braincases of two glyptosaurines (Anguidae, Squamata) and anguid phylogeny. American Museum Novitates 3613:1-24.
61. CONRAD, J.L., O. RIEPPEL, J.A. GAUTHIER and M.A. NORELL. 2011. Osteology of Gobiderma pulchrum (Monstersauria, Lepidosauria, Reptilia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 362:1-88.
62. CONRAD, J.L., O. RIEPPEL AND L. GRANDE. 2008. Re-assessment of varanid evolution based on new data from Saniwa ensidens Leidy, 1870 (Squamata, Reptilia). American Museum Novitates 3630:1-15.
63. COPE, E.D. 1861. [On Tantilla, Taeniophis, Lepidocephalus, Aepidae, Rhabdion, Callirhinus, Simotes, Erythrolamprus, Rhineura]. Proceeding of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1861:73-75.
64. -1864. On the characters of the higher groups of Reptilia Squamata, and especially of the Diploglossa. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1864: 224-231.
65. -1869. On the reptilian orders Pythonomorpha and Streptosauria. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 12:250-266.
66. -1872. On the geology and paleontology of the Cretaceous strata of Kansas. In: F.V. Hayden, ed. Preliminary Report on the United States Geological Survey of Montana and Portions of Adjacent Territories; being a Fifth Annual Report of Progress, Part 3, Paleontology. Washington, DC: GPO. pp. 318-349.
67. -1878. Professor Owen on the Pythonomorpha. Bulletin of the U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories (Hayden Survey) 4:299-311.
68. -1892. The osteology of the Lacertilia. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 30:185-220.
69. -1895a. Baur on the temporal part of the skull, and on the morphology of the skull in the Mosasauridae. American Naturalist 29:855-859.
70. -1895b. Reply to Dr. Baur's critique of my paper on the paroccipital bone of the scaled reptiles and the systematic position of the Pythonomorpha. American Naturalist 29:1003-1005.
71. -1896. Criticism of Dr. Baur's rejoinder on the homologies of the paroccipital bone etc. American Naturalist 30:147-152.
72. -1900. The crocodilians, lizards, and snakes of North America. Annual Report of the United States National Museum for 1898, part 2, pp. 151-1294.
73. CROTHER, B.I., M.M. MIYAMOTO AND W.F. PRESCH. 1986. Phylogeny and biogeography of the lizard family Xantusiidae. Systematic Zoology 35:37-45.
74. CRUZ, F.B., E. TEISAIRE, L. NIETO AND A. ROLDAN. 1999. Reproductive biology of Teius teyou in the semiarid Chaco of Salta, Argentina. Journal of Herpetology 33:420-429.
75. CUNDALL, D. 1995. Feeding behaviour in Cylindrophis and its bearing on the evolution of alethinophidian snakes. Journal of Zoology 237:353-376. (Pubitemid 3000225)
76. CUNDALL, D. AND F.J. IRISH. 1989. The function of the intramaxillary joint in the Round Island boa, Casarea dussumieri. Journal of Zoology 217:569-598.
77. CUNDALL, D., V. WALLACH AND D.A. ROSSMAN. 1993. The systematic relationships of the snake genus Anomochilus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 109:275-299.
78. CUNY, G., J.-J. JAEGER, M. MAHBOUBI AND J.-C. RAGE. 1990. Les plus anciens serpents (Reptilia, Squamata) connus. Mise au point sur l'âge géologique des serpents de la partie moyenne du Crétacé. Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Sciences Paris, Series 2, 311:1267-1272.
79. CUVIER, G. 1817. Le Règne Animal distribué d'après son Organisation, Volume 1. Paris: Déterville 540 pp.
80. DANIEL, P.M. 1960. Growth and cyclic behavior in the West African lizard, Agama agama africana. Copeia 1960(2): 94-97.
81. DARWIN, C. 1859. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. London: Charles Murray. 490 pp.
82. DAUDIN, F.M. 1803. Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière, des Reptiles, Volume 7. Paris: F. Dufart. 346 pp.
83. DAUDIN, H. 1926. Cuvier et Lamarck. Les Classes Zoologiques et l'Idée de Série Animale (1790-1830). Paris: Librairie Félix Alcan. 2 volumes.
84. DEBRAGA, M. and R.L. CARROLL. 1993. The origin of mosasaurs as a model of macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Evolutionary Biology 27:245-322. (Pubitemid 2005737)
85. The Deep Scaly Project. 2011. Aciprion formosum [internet]. Digital Morphology. Austin, TX: The High-Resolution X-ray Computed Tomography Facility at The University of Texas at Austin. Available from: http://digimorph.org/ specimens/Aciprion-formosum/.
86. DELFINO, M., T. KOTSAKIS, M. ARCA, C. TUVERI, G. PITRUZZELLA AND L. ROOK. 2008. Agamid lizards from the Plio-Pleistocene of Sardinia (Italy) and an overview of the European fossil record of the family. Geodiversitas 30:641-655.
87. DENTON, R.K. AND R.C. O'NEILL. 1995. Prototeius stageri, gen. et sp. nov., a new teiid lizard from the Upper Cretaceous Marshalltown Formation of New Jersey, with a preliminary phylogenetic revision of the Teiidae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15:235-253.
88. DE QUEIROZ, K. 1987. Phylogenetic systematics of iguanine lizards: a comparative osteological study. University of California Publications in Zoology 118:1-216.
89. DigiMorph.Org. c2002-2012. Digital Morphology: A National Science Foundation Digital Library at The University of Texas at Austin [internet]. Austin, TX: The High-Resolution X-ray Computed Tomography Facility at The University of Texas at Austin. Available from: http://www.digimorph.org/.
90. DINGERKUS, G. AND L.D. UHLER. 1977. Enzyme clearing of alcian blue stained whole small vertebrates for demonstration of cartilage. Stain Technology 52:229-232. (Pubitemid 8198057)
91. DONNELLAN, S.C., M.N. HUTCHINSON AND K.M. SAINT. 1999. Molecular evidence for the phylogeny of Australian gekkonid lizards. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 67:97-118. (Pubitemid 29252927)
92. DONOGHUE, M.S., J.A. DOYLE, J.A. GAUTHIER, A.G. KLUGE AND T. ROWE. 1989. The importance of fossils in phylogeny reconstruction. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 20:431-460.
93. DOUGLAS, D.A., A. JANKE AND U. ARNASON. 2006. A mitogenomic study of the phylogenetic position of snakes. Zoologica Scripta 35:545-558. (Pubitemid 44630109)
94. DOUGLAS, M.E., M.R. DOUGLAS, G.W. SCHUETT, D.D. BECK AND B.K. SULLIVAN. 2010. Conservation phylogenetics of helodermatid lizards using multiple molecular markers and a supertree approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55:153-167.
95. DUELLMAN, W.E. 1978. The biology of an equatorial herpetofauna in Amazonian Ecuador. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication 65:1-352.
96. DUMÉRIL, A.M.C. 1806. Zoologie Analytique, ou Méthode Naturelle de Classification des Animaux. Paris: Allais Librairie. 344 pp.
97. ESTES, R. 1983. Sauria Terrestria, Amphisbaenia. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer. 249 pp. (Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie [Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology] 10A).
98. ESTES, R., K. de QUEIROZ AND J. GAUTHIER. 1988. Phylogenetic relationships within Squamata. In: R. Estes and G. Pregill, eds. Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 119-282.
99. ESTES, R., T.H. FRAZZETTA AND E.E. WILLIAMS. 1970. Studies on the fossil snake Dinilysia patagonica Woodward. Part I, Cranial morphology. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 140:25-74.
100. ESTES, R. AND L.I. PRICE. 1973. Iguanid lizard from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil. Science 180:748-751.
101. ETHERIDGE, R. 1960. The relationships of the anoles (Reptilia: Sauria: Iguanidae): an interpretation based on skeletal morphology [dissertation]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. 249 pp. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, http://search.proquest.com/docview/301844301?accountid -15172
102. -1967. Lizard caudal vertebrae. Copeia 1967(4):699-721.
103. ETHERIDGE, R. AND K. de QUEIROZ. 1988. A phylogeny of Iguanidae. In: R. Estes and G. Pregill, eds. Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 283-367.
104. EVANS, S.E. 1980. The skull of a new eosuchian reptile from the Lower Jurassic of South Wales. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 70:203-264.
105. -1981. The postcranial skeleton of the Lower Jurassic eosuchian Gephyrosaurus bridensis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 73:81-116.
106. EVANS, S.E. AND J. BARBADILLO. 1997. Early Cretaceous lizards from Las Hoyas, Spain. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 119:23-49.
107. -1998. An unusual lizard from the Early Cretaceous of Las Hoyas, Spain. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 124:235-265.
108. EVANS, S.E. AND D.C. CHURE. 1998. Paramacellodid lizard skulls from the Jurassic Morrison Formation at Dinosaur National Monument, Utah. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18:99-114.
109. EVANS, S.E., G.V.R. PRASAD AND B.K. MANHAS. 2002. Fossil lizards from the Jurassic Kota Formation of India. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22:299-312. (Pubitemid 35022394)
110. EVANS, S.E., P. RAIA AND C. BARBERA. 2004. New lizards and rhynchocephalians from the Lower Cretaceous of southern Italy. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49:393-408. (Pubitemid 39008176)
111. FELSENSTEIN, J. 2004. Inferring Phylogenies. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. 664 pp.
112. FITCH, H.S. 1970. Reproductive cycles in lizards and snakes. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication 52:1-247.
113. FONG, A., R. VIÑA AND A. ARIAS. 1999. Aspectos de la historia natural de Cricosaura typica (Sauria: Xantusiidae) de Cuba. Caribbean Journal of Science 35:148-150.
114. FRASER, N.C. 1986. New Triassic sphenodontids from south west England and a review of their classification. Palaeontology 29:165-186.
115. -1988. The osteology and relationships of Clevosaurus (Reptilia: Spenodontida). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 321:125-178.
116. -1989. The Triassic reptiles Brachyrhinodon and Polysphenodon and the relationships of the sphenodontids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 96:413-445.
117. FRASER, N.C. AND G. WALKDEN. 1984. The postcranial skeleton of the Upper Triassic sphenodontid Planocephalosaurus robinsonae. Palaeontology 27:575-596.
118. FROST, D. AND R. ETHERIDGE. 1989. A phylogenetic analysis and taxonomy of iguanian lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Miscellaneous Publication of the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History 81:1-65.
119. FROST, D., D. JANIES, P. LEF. N. MOUTON AND T. TITUS. 2001. A molecular perspective on the phylogeny of the girdled lizards (Cordylidae, Squamata). American Museum Novitates 3310:1-10.
120. FRY, B.G., N. VIDAL, J.A. NORMAN, F.J. VONK, H. SCHEIB, S.F.R. RAMJAN, S. KURUPPU, K. FUNG, S.B. HEDGES, M.K. RICHARDSON, W.C. HODGSON, V. IGNJATOVIC, R. SUMMERHAYES AND E. KOCHVA. 2006. Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes. Nature 439:584-588. (Pubitemid 43185381)
121. GANS, C. 1975. Tetrapod limblessness: evolution and functional corollaries. American Zoologist 15:455-467.
122. -1978. The characteristics and affinities of the Amphisbaenia. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 34: 347-416.
123. GAO, K. AND R.C. FOX. 1991. New teiid lizards from the Upper Cretaceous Oldman Formation (Judithian) of southwestern Alberta, Canada, with a review of the Cretaceous record of teiids. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 60:145-162.
124. GAO, K. AND M.A. NORELL. 1998. Taxonomic revision of Carusia (Reptilia: Squamata) from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert and phylogenetic relationships of anguimorphan lizards. American Museum Novitates 3230:1-51.
125. -2000. Taxonomic composition and systematics of Late Cretaceous lizard assemblages from Ukhaa Tolgod and adjacent localities, Mongolian Gobi Desert. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 249: 1-118.
126. GARDNER, J.D. AND J.D. CIFELLI. 1999. A primitive snake from the Cretaceous of Utah. Special Papers in Palaeontology 60:87-100.
127. GAUTHIER, J.A. 1982. Fossil Xenosauridae and Anguidae from the Lower Eocene Wasatch Formation, southcentral Wyoming, and a revision of the Anguioidea. University of Wyoming Contributions to Geology 21:7-54.
128. -1984. A cladistic analysis of the higher systematic categories of the Diapsida [dissertation]. Berkeley: University of California. Available from University Microfilms International (no. 85-12825). 564 pp.
129. GAUTHIER, J., R. ESTES, AND K. DE QUEIROZ. 1988. A phylogenetic analysis of Lepidosauromorpha. In: R. Estes and G. Pregill, eds. Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 15-98.
130. GAUTHIER, J., M. KEARNEY AND R.L. BEZY. 2008. Homology of cephalic scales in xantusiid lizards, with comments on night lizard phylogeny and morphological evolution. Journal of Herpetology 42(4):708-722.
131. GAUTHIER, J., A.G. KLUGE AND T. ROWE. 1988. Amniote phylogeny and the importance of fossils. Cladistics 4(2):105-209. (Pubitemid 19310711)
132. GAUTHIER, J.A., S.J. NESBITT, E. SCHACHNER, G.S. BEVER AND W.G. JOYCE. 2011. The bipedal stem crocodilian Poposaurus gracilis: inferring function in fossils and innovation in archosaur locomotion. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 52(1):107-126.
133. GILMORE, C.W. 1942. Osteology of Polyglyphanodon, an Upper Cretaceous lizard from Utah. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 92:229-265.
134. GIOVANNOTTI, M., V. CAPUTO, P.C.M. O'BRIEN, F.L. LOVELL, V. TRIFONOV, P. NISI CERIONI, E. OLMO, M.A. FERGUSONSMITH AND W. RENS. 2009. Skinks (Reptilia: Scincidae) have highly conserved karyotypes as revealed by chromosome painting. Cytogenetic and Genome Research 127:224-231.
135. GLAW, F. AND M. VENCES. 1994. A Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. 2nd ed. Köln, Germany: M. Vences and F. Glaw. 480 pp.
136. GOOD, D.A. 1987. An allozyme analysis of anguid subfamilial relationships (Lacertilia: Anguidae). Copeia 1987(3): 696-701.
137. GORJANOVIC-KRAMBERGER, K. 1901. Einige Bemerkungen zu Opetiosaurus Buccichi Kornhuber. Abhandlungen der kaiserlich-königlichen geologischen Reichsanstalt, Wien 11(12):271-272.
138. GORNIAK, G.C., H.I. ROSENBERG AND C. GANS. 1982. Mastication in the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus (Reptilia: Rhynchocephalia): structure and activity of the motor system. Journal of Morphology 171:321-353. (Pubitemid 12130735)
139. GOWER, D.J., N. VIDAL, J.N. SPINKS AND C.J. MCCARTHY. 2005. The phylogenetic position of Anomochilidae (Reptilia: Serpentes): first evidence from DNA sequences. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 43(4): 315-320. (Pubitemid 41727298)
140. GRAY, J.E. 1825. A synopsis of the genera of Reptiles and Amphibia, with a description of some new species. Annals of Philosophy, Series 2, 10:193-217.
141. -1845. Catalogue of the Specimens of Lizards in the Collection of the British Museum. London: Printed by order of the Trustees. 289 pp.
142. GRAY-LOVICH, K. 2005. Care and breeding of the emperor flat lizard, Platysaurus imperator, in captivity. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 40:201-203.
143. GREENE, H.W. 1997. Snakes: The Evolution of Mystery in Nature. Berkeley: University of California Press. 351 pp.
144. -2006. Parental behavior in anguid lizards. South American Journal of Herpetology 1:9-19.
145. GREENE, H.W., J.J. SIGALA-RODRIGUEZ AND B.J. POWELL. 2006. Parental care in anguid lizards. South American Journal of Herpetology 1:9-19.
146. GREER, A.E. 1970. A subfamilial classification of scincid lizards. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 139: 151-184.
147. -1985a. The relationships of the lizard genera Anelytropsis and Dibamus. Journal of Herpetology 19:116-156.
148. -1985b. Facial tongue-wiping in xantusiid lizards: its systematic implications. Journal of Herpetology 19:174-175.
149. -1989. The Biology and Evolution of Australian Lizards. Chipping Norton, NSW, Australia: Surrey Beatty. 264 pp.
150. GRIFFITH, H., A. NGO AND R.W. MURPHY. 2000. A cladistic evaluation of the cosmopolitan genus Eumeces Wiegmann (Reptilia, Squamata, Scincidae). Russian Journal of Herpetology 7:1-16.
151. GRISMER, L.L. 1988. Phylogeny, taxonomy, classification, and biogeography of eublepharid geckos. In: R. Estes and G. Pregill, eds. Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 369-469.
152. HAAS, G. 1979. On a new snakelike reptile from the Lower Cenomanian of Ein Jabrud, near Jerusalem. Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Series 4, 1:51-64.
153. -1980a. Pachyrhachis problematicus Haas, snakelike reptile from the Lower Cenomanian: ventral view of the skull. Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Series 4, 2:87-104.
154. - 1980b. Remarks on a new ophiomorph reptile from the lower Cenomanian of Ein Jabrud, Israel. In: L.L. Jacobs, ed. Aspects of Vertebrate History: Essays in Honor of Edwin Harris Colbert. [Flagstaff]: Museum of Northern Arizona Press. pp. 177-192.
155. HALLERMANN, J. 1998. The ethmoidal region of Dibamus taylori (Squamata: Dibamidae), with a phylogenetic hypothesis on dibamid relationships within Squamata. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 122:385-426.
156. -1994. Zur Morphologie der Ethmoidalregion der Iguania (Squamata): Eine vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchung. Bonn: Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig. 133 pp. (Bonner Zoologische Monographien 35).
157. HAMILTON, D.W. 1960. Observations on the morphology of the inner ear in certain gekkonoid lizards. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 41:983-1024.
158. HAMLETT, G.W.D. 1952. Notes on breeding and reproduction in the lizard Anolis carolinensis. Copeia 1952(3): 183-185.
159. HAN, D., K. ZHOU AND A.M. BAUER. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships among gekkotan lizards inferred from C-mos nuclear DNA sequences and a new classification of the Gekkota. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 83:353-368. (Pubitemid 39508994)
160. HARRIS, D. 1985. Infralingual plicae: support for Boulenger's Teiidae (Sauria). Copeia 1985(3):560-565.
161. HARVEY, M.B. AND R.L. GUTBERLET. 1995. Microstructure, evolution, and ontogeny of scale surfaces in cordylid and gerrhosaurid lizards. Journal of Morphology 226: 121-139.
162. HAY, J.M., S.D. SARRE, D.M. LAMBERT, F.W. ALLENDORF AND C.H. DAUGHERTY. 2010. Genetic diversity and taxonomy: a reassessment of the species designation in tuatara (Sphenodon: Reptilia) Conservation Genetics 11:1063-1081.
163. HEAD, J.J., P. HOLROYD, J.H. HUTCHISON AND R.L. CIOCHON. 2005. First report of snakes (Serpentes) from the Late Middle Eocene Pondaung Formation, Myanmar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25:246-250. (Pubitemid 40447449)
164. HECHT, M.K. 1959. Amphibians and reptiles. In: P.O. McGrew, ed. The Geology and Paleontology of the Elk Mountain and Tabernacle Butte Area, Wyoming. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 117(art. 3):130-146.
165. HEDGES, S.B., R.L. BEZY AND L.R. MAXSON. 1991. Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of xantusiid lizards inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 8:767-780. (Pubitemid 21895927)
166. HEMBREE, D.I. 2006 Amphisbaenian paleobiogeography: evidence of vicariance and geodispersal patterns. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 235:340-354. (Pubitemid 43728385)
167. HEULSENBECK, J.P. AND F. RONQUIST. 2001. MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17:754-755. (Pubitemid 32851390)
168. HILLIS, D.M. AND J.J. BULL. 1993. An empirical test of bootstrapping as a method for assessing confidence in phylogenetic analysis. Systematic Biology 42:182-192.
169. HOFFSTETTER, R. 1967. Coup d'oeil sur les Sauriens (lacertiliens) des couches de Purbeck (Jurassique supérieur d'Angleterre Résumé d'un Mémoire). Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 163: 349-371.
170. HOLMAN, J.A. 2000. Fossil Snakes of North America: Origin, Evolution, Distribution, Paleoecology. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 357 pp.
171. HOWLAND, J.M., L.J. VITT AND P.T. LOPEZ. 1990. Life on the edge: ecology and life history of the tropidurine iguanid lizard Uranoscodon superciliosus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:1366-1373.
172. HUGALL, A.F., R. FOSTER AND M.S.Y. LEE. 2007. Calibration choice, rate smoothing, and the pattern of tetrapod diversification according to the long nuclear gene RAG-1. Systematic Biology 56:543-563. (Pubitemid 47171630)
173. HUGALL, A.F. AND M.S.Y. LEE. 2004. Molecular claims for Gondwanan age for Australian agamid lizards are untenable. Molecular Biology and Evolution 21:2102-2110. (Pubitemid 39391986)
174. INGER, R.F. AND B. GREENBERG. 1966. Annual reproductive patterns of lizards from a Bornean rain forest. Ecology 47:1007-1021.
175. ISAAC, L.A. 2003. The thermal ecology of the European grass snake, Natrix natrix, in southeastern England [master's thesis]. Victoria, BC, Canada: University of Victoria. 83 pp.
176. JANENSCH, W. 1906. Über Archaeophis proavus Mass., eine Schlange auus dem Eozän des Monte Bolca. Beiträge zur Palaeontologie Österreich-Ungarns 19:1-33.
177. JI, X., W.G. DU AND X.-F. XU. 2001. Influences of thermal and hydric environments on incubating eggs and resultant hatchlings in a colubrid snake (Xenochrophis piscator). Acta Zoologica Sinica 47:45-52.
178. JIANG, Z.J., T.A. CASTOE, C. C. AUSTIN, F.T. BURBRINK, M. D. HERRON, J.A. MCGUIRE, C.L. PARKINSON AND D.D. POLLOCK. 2007. Comparative mitochondrial genomics of snakes: extraordinary substitution rate dynamics and functionality of the duplicate control region. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7:123.
179. JOHNSON, J.D. 2006. Care of bearded dragons. Exotic: A Practical Source for Clinicians 8:38-44.
180. JULLIEN, R. AND S. RENOUS-LÉCURU. 1972. Variations du target du nerf ulnaire (ulnaris) et de l'innervations des muscles dorsaux de la jambe chez les lacertiliens (reptiles, squamates): valeur systématique et application phylogénétique. Bulletin de Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle 23: 207-245.
181. KARDONG, K.V. 1994. Kinesis of the jaw apparatus during the strike in the cottonmouth snake, Agkistrodon piscivorus. Forma et Functio 7(4):327-354.
182. KEARNEY, M. 2002. Appendicular skeleton in amphisbaenians (Reptilia: Squamata). Copeia 2002(3):719-738.
183. -2003a. Systematics of the Amphisbaenia (Lepidosauria: Squamata) based on morphological evidence from Recent and fossil forms. Herpetological Monographs 17:1-74.
184. -2003b. The phylogenetic position of Sineoamphisbaena hexatabularis reexamined. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23:394-403.
185. KEARNEY, M., J.A. MAISANO AND T. ROWE. 2005. Cranial anatomy of the extinct amphisbaenian Rhineura hatcherii (Squamata, Amphisbaenia) based on high-resolution X-ray computed tomography. Journal of Morphology 264(1): 1-33. (Pubitemid 40580635)
186. KEARNEY, M. AND B.L. STUART. 2004. Repeated evolution of limblessness and digging heads in worm lizards revealed by DNA from old bones. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 271:1677-1683. (Pubitemid 39107987)
187. KEISER, E.D. JR. 1970. Sexual dimorphism and ontogenetic variation in the haemapophyses of ophidian postcloacal vertebrae. Herpetologica 26(3):331-334.
188. KELLY, C.M.R., N.P. BARKER, M.H. VILLET AND D.G. BROADLEY. 2009. Phylogeny, biogeography and classification of the snake superfamily Elapoidea: a rapid radiation in the Late Eocene. Cladistics 25:38-63.
189. KLEY, N.J. AND M. KEARNEY. 2007. Adaptations for digging and burrowing. In: B. Hall, ed. Fins into Limbs: Evolution, Development, and Transformation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 284-309.
190. KLUGE, A.G. 1967. Higher taxonomic categories of the gekkonid lizards and their evolution. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135:1-59.
191. -1987. Cladistic relationships in the Gekkonoidea (Squamata, Sauria). Ann Arbor: Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. 54 pp. (Miscellaneous Publications 173).
192. -1991. Boine Snake Phylogeny and Research Cycles. Ann Arbor: Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. 58 pp. (Miscellaneous Publications 178).
193. -1993a. Calabaria and the phylogeny of erycine snakes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 107:293-351.
194. -1993b. Aspidites and the Phylogeny of Pythonine Snakes. [Sydney South, NSW, Australia]: Australian Museum. 77 pp. (Records of the Ausralian Museum Suppl. 19).
195. KORNHUBER, A. 1873. Über einen neuen fossilen Saurier aus Lesina. Abhandlungen der kaiserlich-königlichen geologischen Reichsanstalt, Wien 5(4):75-90.
196. -1901. Opetiosaurus bucchichi: Eine neue fossile Eidechse aus der unteren Kreide von Lesina in Dalmatien. Wien: Abhandlungen der kaiserlich- königlichen geologischen Reichsanstalt. 24 pp. (Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 17[5]).
197. KRAUSE, D.W., S.E. EVANS AND K.-Q. GAO. 2003. First definitive record of Mesozoic lizards from Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23:842-856. (Pubitemid 38241803)
198. KUDRYAVTSEV, S.V. AND D.B. VASSILYEV. 1998. Reproduction of Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl 1930 at the Moscow Zoo. Russian Journal of Herpetology 5:15-16.
199. KUMAZAWA, Y. 2007. Mitochondrial genomes from major lizard families suggest their phylogenetic relationships and ancient radiations. Gene 388:19-26. (Pubitemid 46014009)
200. LAMB, T., A.M. MEEKER, A.M. BAUER AND W.R. BRANCH. 2003. On the systematic status of the desert plated lizard (Angolosaurus skoogi): phylogenetic inference from DNA sequence analysis of the African Gerrhosauridae. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 78(2):253-261. (Pubitemid 36453445)
201. LANG, M. 1989. Phylogenetic and biogeographic patterns of basiliscine iguanians (Reptilia: Squamata: "Iguanidae"). Bonner zoologische Monographien 28:1-172.
202. -1991. Generic relationships within Cordyliformes (Reptilia: Serpentes). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 61:121-188.
203. LAWSON, R., J.B. SLOWINSKI AND F.T. BURBRINK. 2004. A molecular approach to discerning the phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic snake Xenophidion schaeferi among the Alethinophidia. Journal of Zoology, London 263: 285-294. (Pubitemid 38893628)
204. LEE, M.S.Y. 1997a. The phylogeny of varanoid lizards and the affinities of snakes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 352:53-91. (Pubitemid 127738814)
205. -1997b. On snake-like dentition in mosasaurian lizards. Journal of Natural History 31:303-314.
206. -1998. Convergent evolution and character correlation in burrowing reptiles: towards a resolution of squamate phylogeny. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 65:369-453.
207. -2000. Soft anatomy, diffuse homoplasy, and the relationships of lizards and snakes. Zoologica Scripta 29: 101-130.
208. -2005. Squamate phylogeny, taxon sampling, and data congruence. Organismic Diversity and Evolution 5:25-45.
209. -2009. Hidden support from unpromising data sets strongly unites snakes with anguimorph 'lizards.' Journal of Evolutionary Biology 22(6):1308-1316.
210. LEE, M.S.Y. AND M.W. CALDWELL. 1998. Anatomy and relationships of Pachyrhachis problematicus, a primitive snake with hindlimbs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 353:1521-1552. (Pubitemid 28490547)
211. -2000. Adriosaurus and the affinities of mosasaurs, dolichosaurs, and snakes. Journal of Paleontology 74: 915-937.
212. LEE, M.S.Y., M.N. HUTCHINSON, T.H. WORTHY, M. ARCHER, A.J.D. TENNYSON, J.P. WORTHY AND R.P. SCOFIELD. 2009. Miocene skinks and geckos reveal long-term conservatism of New Zealand's lizard fauna. Biology Letters 5:833-837.
213. LEE, M.S.Y. AND J.D. SCANLON. 2002. Snake phylogeny based on osteology, soft anatomy, and ecology. Biological Reviews 77:333-401. (Pubitemid 34976480)
214. LEHMANN, H.D. 1970. Beobachtungen bie der Haltung und Aufsucht von Trachyboa boulengeri (Serpentes, Boidae). Salamandra 6:32-42.
215. LINDGREN, J., M.W. CALDWELL AND J.W.M. JAGT. 2008. New data on the postcranial anatomy of the California mosasaur Plotosaurus bennisoni (Camp, 1942) (Upper Cretaceous: Maastrichtian), and the taxonomic status of P. tuckeri (Camp, 1942). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28(4): 1043-1054.
216. LINDGREN, J., J.W.M. JAGT AND M.W. CALDWELL. 2007. A fishy mosasaur: the axial skeleton of Plotosaurus (Reptilia, Squamata) reassessed. Lethaia 40:153-160. (Pubitemid 46830286)
217. LIST, J.C. 1966. Comparative Osteology of the Snake Families Typhlopidae and Leptotyphlopidae. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 112 pp. (Illinois Biological Monographs 36).
218. LONGLEY, G. 1939. The blue-tongued lizard (Tiliqua scincoides). Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales 1938-39:39-42.
219. LUAN, X., C. WALKER, S. DANGARIA, Y. ITO, R. DRUZINSKY, K. JAROSIUS, H. LESOT AND O. RIEPPEL. 2009. The mosasaur tooth attachment apparatus as paradigm for the evolution of the gnathostome peridontium. Evolution and Development 11:247-259.
220. LUISELLI, L. AND G.C. AKANI. 2002. Is thermoregulation really unimportant for tropical reptiles? Comparative study of four sympatric snake species from Africa. Acta Oecologica 23:59-68. (Pubitemid 34667519)
221. MACEY, J.R., T.J. PAPENFUSS, J.V. KUEHL, H.M. FOURCADE AND J.L. BOORE. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships among amphisbaenian reptiles based on complete mitochondrial genomic sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33:22-31. (Pubitemid 39138734)
222. MACEY, J.R., J.A. SCHULTE II AND A. LARSON. 2000. Evolution and phylogenetic information content of mitochondrial genomic structural features illustrated with acrodont lizards. Systematic Biology 49(2):257-277.
223. MACEY, J.R., J.A. SCHULTE II, A. LARSON, N.B. ANAJEVA, Y. WANG, R. PETHIYAGODA, N. RASTEGARPOUYANI AND T. J. PAPENFUSS. 2000. Evaluating trans-Tethys migration: an example using acrodont lizard phylogenetics. Systematic Biology 49:233-256.
224. MACEY, J.R., J.A. SCHULTE II, A. LARSON, B.S. TUNIYEVB, N. ORLOVC AND T. J. PAPENFUSS. 1999. Molecular phylogenetics, tRNA evolution, and historical biogeography in anguid lizards and related taxonomic families. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 12:250-272. (Pubitemid 129499306)
225. MADDISON, D.R. AND W.P. MADDISON. 2005. MacClade 4: Analysis of Phylogeny and Character Evolution [computer program and electronic manual]. Version 4.08a. Available at http://macclade.org/
226. MAHLER, L. AND M. KEARNEY. 2006. The palatal dentition in squamate reptiles: morphology, development, attachment, and replacement. Fieldiana 1540:1-61.
227. MAISANO, J.A. 2001. A survey of state of ossification in neonatal squamates. Herpetological Monographs 15: 135-157.
228. -2002a. The potential utility of postnatal skeletal developmental patterns in in squamate phylogenetics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136:277-313.
229. -2002b. Postnatal skeletal ontogeny in five xantusiids (Squamata: Scleroglossa). Journal of Morphology 254:1-38.
230. -2002c. Terminal fusions of skeletal elements as indicators of maturity in squamates. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22:268-275.
231. -2008. A protocol for clearing and double-staining squamate specimens. Herpetological Review 39:52-54.
232. MANTHEY, U. AND N. SCHUSTER. 1996. Agamid Lizards. Neptune, NJ: Tropical Fish Hobbyist Publications. 189 pp. English translation.
233. MCDOWELL, S.B. AND C.M. BOGERT. 1954. The systematic position of Lanthanotus and the affinities of anguinomorphan lizards. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 105:1-142.
234. MCGUIRE, J. 1996. Phylogenetic systematics of crotaphytid lizards (Reptilia: Iguania: Crotaphytidae). Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 32:1-143.
235. MEHRTENS, J.M. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling. 480 pp.
236. MERCK, J.W. JR. 1999. A digital analysis of the ordering of multistate characters. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19(Suppl. 3):63A.
237. MESZOELY, C. 1970. North American fossil anguid lizards. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 139: 87-149.
238. MONTANUCCI, R. 1973. Systematics and evolution of the Andean lizard genus Pholidobolus (Sauria: Teiidae). University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Publication 59:1-52.
239. MOODY, S. 1980. Phylogenetic and historical biogeographical relationships of the genera in the family Agamidae (Reptilia: Lacertilia) [dissertation]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. 373 pp. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses; http://search.proquest.com/docview/303010854?accountid -15172
240. MOUTON, P. LEF. N. AND H. VANWYCK. 1997. Adaptive radiation in cordyliform lizards: an overview. African Journal of Herpetology 46:76-88.
241. MÜLLER, J., C.A. HIPSLEY, J.J. HEAD, N. KARDJILOV, A. HILGER, M. WUTTKE AND R.R. REISZ. 2011. Eocene lizard from Germany reveals amphisbaenian origins. Nature 473(7347):364-367.
242. MUTH, A. 1980. Physiological ecology of desert iguana (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) eggs: temperature and water relations. Ecology 61:1335-1343.
243. NAYA, D.E., C. VELOSO AND F. BOZINOVIC. 2008. Physiological flexibility in the Andean lizard Liolaemus bellii: seasonal changes in energy acquisition, storage and expenditure. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 178:1007-1015.
244. NEČAS, P. AND W. SCHMIDT. 2004. Stump-tailed Chameleons: Miniature Dragons of the Rainforest. Frankfurt: Edition Chimaira. 256 pp.
245. NIXON, K.C. 1999. The Parsimony Ratchet, a new method for rapid parsimony analysis. Cladistics 15:407-414. (Pubitemid 30203167)
246. NIXON, K.C. AND Q.D. WHEELER. 1992. Extinction and the origin of species. In: M.J. Novacek and Q.D. Wheeler, eds. Extinction and Phylogeny. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 119-143.
247. NOPCSA, F. 1903. Über die Varanus-Artigen Lacerten Istriens. Beiträge zur Palaeontologie und Geologie Österreich- Ungarns 15:31-42.
248. -1908. Zur Kenntnis der fossilen Eidechsen. Beiträge zur Palaeontologie und Geologie Österreich-Ungarns 21:33-62.
249. -1923. Eidolosaurus und Pachyophis. Zwei neue Neocom- Reptilien. Palaeontographica 65:97-154.
250. -1925. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens, II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharrîje-Stufe (unterstes Caenoman). 5. Die Symoliophis- Reste. Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung 30:1-27.
251. NORELL, M.A. 2004. Estesia mongolienis. In: E. Pianka and D. King, eds. Varanoid Lizards of the World. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 539-541.
252. NORELL, M.A. AND K.-Q. GAO. 1997. Braincase and phylogenetic relationships of Estesia mongoliensis from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert and the recognition of a new clade of lizards. American Museum Novitates 3211:1-25.
253. NORELL, M.A., K.-Q. GAO AND J. CONRAD. 2008. A new platynotan lizard (Diapsida: Squamata) from the Late Cretaceous Gobi Desert (Omnogov), Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 3605:1-22.
254. NORELL, M.A., M.C. MCKENNA AND M.J. NOVACEK. 1992. Estesia mongoliensis, a new fossil varanoid from the Cretaceous Barun Goyot Formation of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 3045:1-24.
255. NORTHCUTT, G. 1978. Forebrain and midbrain organization in lizards and its phylogenetic significance. In: N. Greenberg AND P.D. MACLEAN, eds. Behavior and Neurology of Lizards. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health. pp. 11-64.
256. NYDAM, R.L. 2002. Lizards of the Mussentuchit Local Fauna (Albian-Cenomanian boundary) and comments on the evolution of the Cretaceous lizard fauna of North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22: 645-660. (Pubitemid 35198011)
257. NYDAM, R.L., M.W. CALDWELL AND F. FANTI. 2010. Borioteiioidean lizard skulls from Kleskun Hil (Wapiti Formation; Upper Campanian), west-central Alberta, Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30:1090-1099.
258. NYDAM, R.J., J.G. EATON AND J. SANKEY. 2007. New taxa of transversely-toothed lizards (Squamata: Scincomorpha) and new information of the evolutionary history of "teiids." Journal of Paleontology 81(3):538-549. (Pubitemid 46770560)
259. NYDAM, R.L. AND B.M. FITZPATRICK. 2009. The occurrence of Contogenys-like lizards in the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary of the Western Interior of the USA. Journal of Herpetology 29:677-701.
260. NYDAM, R.L. AND G.E. VOCI. 2007. Teiid-like scincomorphan lizards from the Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles 41:211-219. (Pubitemid 46983310)
261. ODIERNA, G., A. CANAPA, F. ANDREONE, G. APREA, M. BARUCCA, T. CAPRIGLIONE AND E. OLMO. 2002. A phylogenetic analysis of Cordyliformes (Reptilia: Squamata): comparisons of molecular and karyological data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23:37-42. (Pubitemid 35181495)
262. OELRICH, T.M. 1956. Anatomy of the Head of Ctenosaura pectinata (Iguanidae). Ann Arbor, MI: Museum of Zoology. 122 pp. (Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology of the University of Michigan 94).
263. OKAJIMA, Y. AND Y. KUMAZAWA. 2010. Mitochondrial genomes of acrodont lizards: timing of gene rearrangements and phylogenetic and biogeographic implications. BMC Evolutionary Biology 10:141; http://www.biomedcentral. com/1471-2148/10/141
264. OPPEL, M. 1811. Die Ordnungen, Familien, und Gattungen der Reptilien, als Prodrom einer Naturgeschichte derselben. Munich: Joseph Lindauer. 86 pp.
265. O'SHEA, M. 2007. Boas and Pythons of the World. London: New Holland Publishers (UK). 160 pp.
266. OWEN, R. 1877. On the rank and affinities in the reptilian class of Mosasauridae Gervais. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 33:682-715.
267. -1878. On the affinities of the Mosasauridae Gervais, as exemplified in the bony structure of the fore fin. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 34:784-753.
268. PACKARD, M.J., M.B. THOMPSON, K.N. GOLDIE AND M. VOS. 1988. Aspects of shell formation in eggs of the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus. Journal of Morphology 197:147-157.
269. PALCI, A. AND M.W. CALDWELL. 2010. Redescription of Acetosaurus tomasinii von Meyer, 1860, and a discussion of evolutionary trends within the clade Ophiomorpha. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30:94-108.
270. PIANKA, E.R., D. KING AND R.A. KING. 2004. Varanoid Lizards of the World. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 588 pp.
271. PIERCE, S.E. AND M.W. CALDWELL. 2004. Redescription and phylogenetic position of the Adriatic (Upper Cretaceous; Cenomanian) dolichosaur Pontosaurus lesinensis (Kornhuber, 1873). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24:373-386. (Pubitemid 38908366)
272. POLCYN, M.J., L.L. JACOBS AND A. HABER. 2005. A morphological model and CT assessment of the skull of Pachyrhachis problematicus (Squamata: Serpentes): a 98 million-year-old snake with legs from the Middle East. Palaeontologica Electronica [online journal] 8(1):26A (24p, 2MB). Available at: http://palaeo-electronica.org/2005-1/polcyn26/issue1-05. htm
273. PREGILL, G.K., J.A. GAUTHIER AND H.W. GREENE. 1986. The evolution of helodermatid squamates, with description of a new taxon and an overview of Varanoidea. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 21:167-202.
274. PRESCH, W. 1974a. Evolutionary relationships and biogeography of the macroteiid lizards (Family Teiidae, Subfamily Teiinae). Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 73:22-32.
275. -1974b. A survey of the dentition of the macroteiid lizards (Teiidae: Lacertilia). Herpetologica 30:344-349.
276. -1983. The lizard family Teiidae: is it a monophyletic group? Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 77:189-197.
277. -1988. Cladistic relationships within Scincomorpha. In: R. Estes and G. Pregill, eds. Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 471-492.
278. PYRON, R.A., F.T. BURBRINK, G.R. COLLI, A.N.M. DE OCA, L.J. VITT, C.A. KUCZYNSKI AND J.J. WIENS. 2010. The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58:329-342.
279. RADAINI, H. 2007. Ecological and Ecophysiological Aspects of Worm Lizard, Diplometopon zarudnyi in Al-Riyadh Region of Saudi Arabia: Summary [master's thesis abstract]. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: King Saud University.
280. RAGE, J.-C. 1982. La phylogénie des Lépidosauriens (Reptilia): une approche cladistique. Comptes Rendus, Académie des Sciences, Paris 294:563-566.
281. -1984. Serpentes. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer. 80 pp. (Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie [Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology] 11).
282. -1998. Fossil snakes from the Palaeocene of São José de Itaboraí, Brazil. Part I. Madtsoiidae, Aniliidae. Palaeovertebrata 27:109-144.
283. RAGE, J.-C. AND M. AUGÉ. 2003. Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the lower Eocene of Silveirinha (Portugal). Ciencias da Terra (UNL) 15:103-116.
284. RAGE, J.-C. AND F. ESCUILLIÉ. 2000. Un nouveau serpent bipède du Cénomanien (Crétacé). Implications phylétiques. Comptes Rendus à l' Académie des Sciences, Paris, Sciences de la Terre et des Planètes 330:513-520. (Pubitemid 30322543)
285. RAGE, J.-C., A. FOLIE, R.S. RANA, H. SINGH, K.D. ROSE AND T. SMITH. 2008. A diverse snake fauna from the Early Eocene of Vastan Lignite Mine, Gujarat, India. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 53:391-403.
286. RAGE, J.-C. AND C. WERNER. 1999. Mid-Cretaceous (Cenomanian) snakes from Wadi Abu Hashim, Sudan: the earliest snake assemblage. Palaeontologia Africana 35:85-110. (Pubitemid 30222124)
287. RAND, A.S. 1982. Clutch and egg size in Brazilian iguanid lizards. Herpetologica 38:171-178. (Pubitemid 15275933)
288. RASELIMANANA, A.P., B. NOONAN, K.P. KARANTH, J. GAUTHIER AND A.D. YODER. 2009. Phylogeny and evolution of Malagasy plated lizards. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 50(2):336-344.
289. RASMUSSEN, T.E. AND G. CALLISON. 1981. A new herbivorous sphenodontid (Rhynchocephalia: Reptilia) from the Jurassic of Colorado. Journal of Paleontology 55:1109-1116.
290. RAXWORTHY, C.J., M.R.J. FORSTNER AND R.A. NUSSBAUM. 2002. Chameleon radiation by oceanic dispersal. Nature 45:784-787. doi:10.1038/415784a (Pubitemid 34150498)
291. REAM, C.H. 1965. Notes on the behavior and egg laying of Corytophanes cristatus. Herpetologica 20:239-242.
292. REYNOSO, V.-H. 1998. Huehuecuetzpalli mixtecus gen. et sp. nov: a basal squamate (Reptilia) from the Early Cretaceous of Tepexi de Rodríguez, central México. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 353:477-500. (Pubitemid 128713040)
293. -2000. An unusual aquatic sphenodontian (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Tlayua Formation (Albian), Central Mexico. Journal of Paleontology 74:133-148.
294. RICHTER, A. 1994. Lacertilia aus der Unteren Kreide von Uña und Galve (Spanien) und Anoual (Marokko). Berlin: Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, FU Berlin. 146 pp. (Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen 14).
295. RIEPPEL, O. 1976. The homology of the laterosphenoid bone in snakes. Herpetologica 32:426-429.
296. -1979a. The braincase of Typhlops and Leptotyphlops (Reptilia, Serpentes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, London 65:161-176.
297. -1979b. The classification of primitive snakes and the testability of phylogenetic theories. Biologisches Zentralblatt 98:537-552.
298. -1980a. The sound transmitting apparatus of primitive snakes and its phylogenetic significance. Zoomorphology 96:45-62.
299. -1980b. The evolution of the ophidian feeding system. Zoologisches Jahrbuch, Abt. Anatomie 103:551-564.
300. -1981. The skull and jaw adductor musculature in some burrowing scincomorph lizards of the genera Acontias, Typhlosaurus and Feylinia. Journal of Zoology 195: 493-528.
301. - 1984a. Miniaturization of the lizard skull: its functional and evolutionary implications. In: M.W.J. Ferguson, ed. The Structure, Development and Evolution of Reptiles. London: Academic Press. pp. 503-520. (Zoological Society of London Symposia 52).
302. -1984b. The cranial morphology of the fossorial lizard genus Dibamus with a consideration of its phylogenetic relationships. Journal of Zoology, London 204:289-327.
303. -1985. The recessus scalae tympani and its bearing on the classification of reptiles. Journal of Herpetology 19:373-384.
304. -1987a. The phylogenetic relationships within the Chamaeleonidae, with comments on some aspects of cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 89:41-62.
305. -1987b. Pattern and process: the early classification of snakes. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 31:405-420.
306. -1988. A review of the origin of snakes. Evolutionary Biology 22:37-130.
307. -2007. The naso-frontal joint in snakes as revealed by highresolution X-ray computed tomography of intact and complete skulls. Zoologischer Anzeiger 246:177-191.
308. RIEPPEL, O., J. GAUTHIER AND J. MAISANO. 2008. Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 152(1):131-152. (Pubitemid 351156557)
309. RIEPPEL, O. AND L. GRANDE. 2007. The anatomy of the fossil varanid lizard Saniwa ensidens Leidy, 1870, based on a newly discovered complete skeleton. Journal of Paleontology 81:643-665. (Pubitemid 47104921)
310. RIEPPEL, O. AND J. HEAD. 2004. New specimens of the fossil snake genus Eupodophis Rage & Escuillié, from the mid- Cretaceous of Lebanon. Memorie della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano 32:1-26.
311. RIEPPEL, O., A.G. KLUGE AND H. ZAHER. 2002. Testing the phylogenetic relationships of the Pleistocene snake Wonambi naracoortensis Smith. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22:812-829. (Pubitemid 44550813)
312. RIEPPEL, O. AND H. ZAHER. 2000a. The intramandibular joint in squamates, and the phylogenetic relationships of the fossil snake Pachyrhachis problematicus Haas. Fieldiana (Geology) 1507:1-60.
313. - 2000b. The braincases of mosasaurs and Varanus, and the relationships of snakes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 129:489-514.
314. RIEPPEL, O., H. ZAHER, E. TCHERNOV AND M.J. POLCYN. 2003. The anatomy and relationships of Haasiophis terrasanctus, a fossil snake with well-developed hind limbs from the mid- Cretaceous of the Middle East. Journal of Paleontology 77:336-358.
315. ROBINSON, P.L. 1967. The evolution of the Lacertilia. Colloques International Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 163:395-407.
316. -1976. How Sphenodon and Uromastyx grow their teeth and use them. In: A.d'A. Bellairs and C.B. Cox, eds. Morphology and Biology of Reptiles. London: Academic Press. pp. 43-64.
317. ROGNER, M. 1997. Lizards. Malabar, FL: Kreiger Publishing. 646 pp. 2 volumes.
318. RONQUIST, F. AND J.P. HUELSENBECK. 2003. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19:1572-1574. (Pubitemid 37038874)
319. RUSSELL, D.A. 1967. Systematics and Morphology of American Mosasaurs. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. 240 pp. (Bulletin of the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History 23).
320. SANDERS, K.L., A. HAMIDY AND J.J. HEAD. 2010. Phylogeny and divergence times of filesnakes (Acrochordus): inferences from morphology, fossils and three molecular loci. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56:857-867.
321. SAVAGE, J.M. 2002. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica: A Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 934 pp.
322. SCANLON, J.D. AND M.S.Y. LEE. 2000. The Pleistocene serpent Wonambi and the early evolution of snakes. Nature 403:416-420. (Pubitemid 30073088)
323. SCHLEICH, H.H., W. KÄSTLE AND K. KABISCH. 1996. Amphibians and Reptiles of North Africa: Biology, Systematics, Field Guide. Koenigstein: Koeltz Scientific Books. 630 pp.
324. SCHULTE, J.A. II, J.P. VALLADARES AND A. LARSON. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships within Iguanidae inferred using molecular and morphological data and a phylogenetic taxonomy of iguanian lizards. Herpetologica 59: 399-419. (Pubitemid 37144329)
325. SCHWARTZ, A. AND R.W. HENDERSON. 1991. Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies: Descriptions, Distributions, and Natural History. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. 720 pp.
326. SCHWENK, K. 1988. Comparative morphology of the lepidosaur tongue and its relevance to squamate phylogeny. In: R. Estes and G. Pregill, eds. Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 569-598.
327. SCHWENK, K. AND D.A. BELL. 1988. A cryptic intermediate in the evolution of chameleon tongue projection. Experientia 44:697-700.
328. SCHWENK, K. AND G. WAGNER. 2004. The relativism of constraints on phenotypic evolution. In: M. Pigliucci and K. Preston, eds. Phenotypic Integration: Studying the Ecology and Evolution of Complex Phenotypes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 390-408.
329. SEMENOV, D.V. AND L.J. BORKIN. 1992. On the ecology of Przewalsky's gecko (Teratoscicnus przewalskii) in the Transaltai Gobi, Mongolia. Asiatic Herpetological Research 4:99-112.
330. SENN, D.G. AND R.G. NORTHCUTT. 1973. The forebrain and midbrain of some squamates and their bearing on the origin of snakes. Journal of Morphology 140: 135-152.
331. SHETTY, S. AND R. SHINE. 2002. The mating system of the yellow- lipped sea kraits (Laticauda colubrina: Laticaudidae). Herpetologica 58:170-180. (Pubitemid 34553919)
332. SIEBENROCK, F. 1893. Das Skelet von Brookesia superciliaris Kuhl. Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 102:71-118.
333. -1895. Das skelet der Agamidae. Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 104: 1089-1196.
334. SIEGEL, D.S., A. MIRALLES AND R.A. ALDREDGE. 2011. Controversial snake relationships supported by reproductive anatomy. Journal of Anatomy 218:342-348.
335. SIKES, D.S. AND P.O. LEWIS. 2001. PAUPRat: PAUP* implementation of the parsimony ratchet. Version 1 [beta software]. Storrs, CT: Distributed by the authors. Available at http://users.iab.uaf.edu/~derek-sikes/software2. htm
336. SIMON, M.E. AND A.W.A. KELLNER. 2003. New sphenodontid (Lepidosauria, Rhynchocephalia, Eilenodontinae) from the Candeleros Formation, Cenomanian of Patagonia, Argentina. Boletim do Museum Nacional, Geologia 68:1-12.
337. SMITH, G.R., R.E. BALLINGER AND J.A. LEMOS-ESPINAL. 2000. Male reproductive cycle of the knob-scaled lizard, Xenosaurus grandis. Southwestern Naturalist 45: 356-357.
338. SMITH, K.T. 2006. A diverse new assemblage of late Eocene squamates (Reptilia) from the Chadron Formation of North Dakota, U.S.A. Palaeontologica Electronica [online journal] 9(2):5A (44p, 6.2MB). Available at: http://palaeo-electronica. org/paleo/2006-2/dakota/index.html
339. -2009a. Eocene lizards of the clade Geiseltaliellus from the Messel and Geisetal, Germany, and the early radiation of Iguanidae (Reptilia: Squamata). Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 50(2):219-306.
340. -2009b. A new lizard assemblage from the earliest Eocene (zone Wa0) of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, U.S.A.: biogeography during the warmest interval of the Cenozoic. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7:299-358.
341. -2011. The evolution of mid-latitude faunas during the Eocene: Late Eocene lizards of the Medicine Pole Hills Reconsidered. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 52(1):3-105.
342. SMITH, M.A. 1943. The Fauna of British India, Ceylon, and Burma, including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Subregion. Reptilia and Amphibia, Volume 3, Serpentes. London: Taylor and Francis. 583 pp.
343. SMITH, S.A. AND M.J. DONOGHUE. 2008. Rates of molecular evolution are linked to life history in flowering plants. Science 322:86-89.
344. SORENSON, M.D. AND E.A. FRANZOSA. 2007. TreeRot, Version 3. Boston: Boston University. Available at http://people. bu.edu/msoren/TreeRot.html
345. SPAWLS, S., K. HOWELL, R. DREWES AND J. ASHE. 2002. A field guide to the reptiles of East Africa. San Diego: Academic Press. 543 pp.
346. STACY, B.A., L. HOWARD, J. KINKAID, J.D. VIDAL AND R. PAPENDICK. 2008. Yolk coelomitis in Fiji banded iguanas (Brachylophus fasciatus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 39:161-169. (Pubitemid 351785713)
347. STEBBINS, R.C. 2003. A FIELD GUIDE to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. 3rd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 533 pp.
348. SUES, H.-D., N.H. SHUBIN AND P.E. OLSEN. 1994. A new sphenodontian (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia) from the McCoy Brook Formation (Early Jurassic) of Nova Scotia, Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14:327-340.
349. SULIMSKI, A. 1975. Macrocephalosauridae and Polyglyphanodontidae (Sauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Palaeontologia Polonica 33:25-102. Available at: palaeontologia. pan.pl/Archive/1975-33-25-102-8-27.pdf
350. SULLIVAN, R.M. 1979. Revision of the Paleogene genus Glyptosaurus (Reptilia, Anguidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 163:1-72.
351. -1987. Parophisaurus pawneensis (Gilmore, 1928) new genus of anguid lizard from the middle Oligocene of North America. Journal of Herpetology 21:115-133.
352. SWOFFORD, D.L. 2002. PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods). Version 4.b10. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
353. TCHERNOV, E., O. RIEPPEL. H. ZAHER, M.J. POLCYN AND L.J. JACOBS. 2000. A new fossil snake with limbs. Science 287:2010-2012.
354. TEMPLETON, A.R. 1983. Phylogenetic inference from restriction endonuclease cleavage site maps with particular reference to the evolution of humans and the apes. Evolution 37:221-244. (Pubitemid 14275150)
355. TINKLE, D.W., H.M. WILBUR AND S.G. TILLEY. 1970. Evolutionary strategies in lizard reproduction. Evolution 24:55-74.
356. TOERIEN, M.J. 1950. The cranial morphology of the Californian lizard Anniella pulchra Gray. South African Journal of Science 46:321-342.
357. TORRES-CARVAJAL, O. 2007. A taxonomic revision of South American Stenocercus (Squamata: Iguania) lizards. Herpetological Monographs 21:76-178.
358. TOWNSEND, T.M., A. LARSON, E. LOUIS AND J.R. MACEY. 2004. Molecular phylogenetics of Squamata: the position of snakes, amphisbaenians, and dibamids, and the root of the squamate tree. Systematic Biology 53:735-757. (Pubitemid 39568276)
359. UETZ, P. 1995-2011. The Reptile Database [internet]. [Ostrava, CZ]: P. Uetz [updated 11 Nov 2011]. Available at http://www.reptile-database.org
360. UNDERWOOD, G. 1967. A Contribution to the Classification of Snakes. London: British Museum (Natural History). 179 pp. (Publication 653).
361. -1971. A modern appreciation of Camp's "Classification of the lizards." In: C.L. Camp. Classification of the Lizards [facsimile reprint]. Lawrence, KS: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. pp. vii-xvii.
362. VICARIO, S., A. CACCONE AND J. GAUTHIER. 2003. Xantusiid "night" lizards: a puzzling phylogenetic problem revisited using likelihood-based Bayesian methods on mtDNA sequences. Journal of Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 26(2):243-261. (Pubitemid 36264256)
363. VIDAL, N., A. AZVOLINSKY, C. CRUAUD AND S.B. HEDGES. 2008. Origin of tropical American burrowing reptiles by transatlantic rafting. Biology Letters 4:115-118. (Pubitemid 351598311)
364. VIDAL, N. AND P. DAVID. 2004. New insights into the early history of snakes inferred from two nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31:783-787. (Pubitemid 38504465)
365. VIDAL, N. AND S.B. HEDGES. 2002. Higher-level relationships of snakes inferred from four nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Comptes Rendus Biologies 325:977-985. (Pubitemid 35422611)
366. -2004. Molecular evidence for a terrestrial origin of snakes. Proceeding of the Royal Society of London B 271:226-229.
367. -2005. The phylogeny of squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) inferred from nine nuclear protein- coding genes. Comptes Rendus Biologies 328: 1000-1008.
368. VIDAL, N., J. MARIN, M. MORINI, S. DONNELLAN, W.R. BRANCH, R. THOMAS, M. VENCES, A. WYNN, C. CRUAUD AND S.B. HEDGES. 2010. Blindsnake evolutionary tree reveals long history on Gondwana. Royal Society of London Biology Letters 6:558-561.
369. VITT, L.J. 1991. Ecology and life history of the scansorial arboreal lizard Plica plica (Iguanidae) in Amazonian Brazil. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69:504-511.
370. VORIS, H.K. AND G.S. GLODEK. 1980. Habitat, diet, and reproduction of the file snake, Acrochordus granulatus in the Straits of Malacca. Journal of Herpetology 14: 108-111.
371. VORONOV A.S., D.V. SHIBALEV AND N.S. KUPRIYANOVA. 2011. Evolutionary relationships between reptiles inferred from the comparison of their ITS2 sequences. Russian Journal of Genetics 47:864-873.
372. WAGNER, G. AND P. F. STADLER. 2003. Quasi-independence, homology and the unity of type: a topological theory of characters. Journal of Theoretical Biology 220:505-527. (Pubitemid 36293161)
373. WALLS, G.L. 1940. Ophthalmological implications for the early history of snakes. Copeia 1940(1):1-8.
374. -1942. The Vertebrate Eye and Its Adaptive Radiation. Bloomfield Hills, MI: Cranbrook Institute of Science. 785 pp. (Bulletin 19).
375. WERNER, C. AND J.-C. RAGE 1994. Mid-Cretaceous snakes from Sudan. A preliminary report on an unexpectedly diverse snake fauna. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie de Sciences, Series 2. 319(2):247-252.
376. WHITESIDE, D. 1986. The head skeleton of the Rhaetian sphenodontid Diphyodontosaurus avonensis gen. et sp. nov. and the modernizing of a living fossil. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 312:379-430.
377. WHITING, A.S., A.M. BAUER AND J.W. SITES JR. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships and limb loss in sub-Saharan African scincine lizards (Squamata: Scincidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 29:582-598. (Pubitemid 37491899)
378. WIEGMANN, A.F.A. 1834. Herpetologia Mexicana, seu Descriptio amphibiorum Novae Hispaniae, quae itineribus comitis de Sack, Ferdinandi Deppe et Chr. Guil Schiede in museum zoologicum Berolinense pervenerunt. Pars prima, saurorum species amplectens. Berlin: C.G. Lüderitz. 54 pp.
379. WIENS, J.J. 1999. Polymorphism in systematics and comparative biology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30:327-362. (Pubitemid 30065630)
380. WIENS, J.J., C.A. KUCZYNSKI, S.A. SMITH, D.G. MULCAHY, J.W. SITES JR., T.M. TOWNSEND AND T.W. REEDER. 2008. Branch lengths, support, and congruence: testing the phylogenomic approach with 20 nuclear loci in snakes. Systematic Biology 57(3):420-431. (Pubitemid 351882203)
381. WIENS, J.J., C.A. KUCZYNSKI, T. TOWNSEND, T.W. REEDER, D.G. MULCAHY AND J.W. SITES JR. 2010. Combining phylogenomics and fossils in higher-level squamate reptile phylogeny: molecular data change the placement of fossil taxa. Systematic Biology 59(6):674-688.
382. WIENS, J.J. AND J.L. SLINGLUFF. 2001. How lizards turn into snakes: a phylogenetic analysis of body-form evolution in anguid lizards. Evolution 55:2303-2318. (Pubitemid 34049747)
383. WILCOX, T.P., D.J. ZWICKI, T.A. HEATH AND D.M. HILLIS. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships of the dwarf boas and a comparison of Bayesian and bootstrap measures of phylogenetic support. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25:361-371. (Pubitemid 35343620)
384. WILLISTON, S.W. 1898. Mosasaurs. University Geological Survey of Kansas 4:83-221.
385. -1917. The phylogeny and classification of reptiles. Journal of Geology 25:411-421.
386. WILMS, T. 2005. Captive care of Uromastyx. Iguana 12:102-107.
387. WILSON, J.A., D.M. MOHABEY, S.E. PETERS AND J.J. HEAD. 2010. Predation upon hatchling dinosaurs by a new snake from the Late Cretaceous of India. PLoS Biology. 8(3):e1000322. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000322
388. WU, X.-C. 1994. Late Triassic-Early Jurassic sphenodontians from China and the phylogeny of the Sphenodontia. In: N.C. Fraser and H.-D. Sues, eds. In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs: Early Mesozoic Tetrapods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38-69.
389. WU, X.-C., D.B. BRINKMAN AND A.P. RUSSELL. 1996. Sineoamphisbaena hexatabularis, an amphisbaenian (Diapsida: Squamata) from the Upper Cretaceous redbeds at Bayan Mandahu (Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China), and comments on the phylogenetic relationships of the Amphisbaenia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 33: 541-577.
390. ZAHER, H. 1998. The phylogenetic position of Pachyrhachis within snakes (Squamata: Lepidosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18:1-3. (Pubitemid 128077068)
391. ZAHER, H. AND O. RIEPPEL. 2000. A brief history of snakes. Herpetological Review 31:73-76. (Pubitemid 30454001)
392. ZAHER, H., S. APESTEGUÍA AND C.A. SCANFERLA. 2009. The anatomy of the Upper Cretaceous snake Najash rionegrina Apesteguía & Zaher, 2006, and the evolution of limblessness in snakes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156(4):801-826.
393. ZANGERL, R. 1944. Contributions to the osteology of the skull of the Amphisbaenidae. American Midland Naturalist 33:764-780.