Anatomy and relationships of Pachyrhachis problematicus, a primitive snake with hindlimbs

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 353, Issue 1375, 1998, Pages 1521-1552

  Lee, Michael S Y ^a,d   Caldwell, Michael W ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^d MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cretaceous; Lizards; Mosasauroids; Osteology; Snakes; Squamates

Indexed keywords

CRETACEOUS; EVOLUTION; PHYSIOLOGY; SNAKE;

ISRAEL;

PACHYRHACHIS PROBLEMATICUS;

EID: 0032578814     PISSN: 09628436     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1998.0308     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Bahl, K. N. 1937 The skull of Varanus monitor (Linn.). Rec. Ind. Mus. 39, 133-174.
2. Bein, A. 1971 Rudistid reef complexes (Albian to Cenomanian) in the Carmel and and the Coastal Plain, Israel. Geol. Surv. Isr. Rep. OD/2/71, 1-86.
3. Bell, G. L. 1993 A phylogenetic revision of Mosasauroidea (Squamata). PhD thesis, University of Texas, USA.
4. Bell, G. L. 1997 A phylogenetic revision of North American and Adriatic Mosasauroidea. In Ancient marine reptiles (ed. J. Callaway & E. Nicholls), pp. 293-332. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
5. Bellairs, A. d'A. 1972 Comments on the evolution and affinities of snakes. In Studies on vertebrate evolution (ed. K. A. Joysey & T. S. Kemp), pp. 157-172. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.
6. Bryant, H. N. 1994 Comments on phylogenetic definitions of taxon names and conventions regarding the naming of crown clades. Syst. Biol. 43, 124-130.
7. Caldwell, M. W. 1996 Ontogeny and phylogeny of the mesopodial skeleton in mosasauroid reptiles. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 116, 407-436.
8. Caldwell, M. W. 1998 Squamate phylogeny and the relationships of snakes and mosasauroids Cool. J. Linn. Soc. (In the press.)
9. Caldwell, M. W. & Lee, M. S. Y. 1997 A snake with legs from the marine Cretaceous of the Middle East. Nature 386, 705-709.
10. Caldwell, M. W., Carroll, R. L. & Kaiser, H. 1995 The pectoral girdle and forelimb of Carsosaurus marchesetti (Aigialosauridae), with a preliminary phylogenetic analysis of mosasauroids and varanoids. J. Vert. Paleont. 15, 516-531.
11. Carroll, R. L. 1988 Vertebrate paleontology and evolution. New York: W. H. Freeman.
12. Carroll, R. L. & DeBraga, M. 1992 Aigialosaurs: mid-Cretaceous varanoid lizards. J. Vert. Paleont. 12, 66-86.
13. Chalifa, Y. & Tchernov, E. 1982 Paclyamia latimaxillaris, new genus and species (Actinopterygii: Amiidae), from the Cenomanian of Jerusalem. J. Vert. Paleont. 2, 269-285.
14. Cope, E. D. 1869 On the reptilian orders Pythonomorpha and Streptosauria. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 12, 250-266.
15. Cundall, D., Wallach, V. & Rossman, D. A. 1993 The systematic relationships of the snake genus Anomochilus. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 109, 275-299.
16. de Braga, M. & Carroll, R. L. 1993 The origin of mosasaurs as a model of macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Erol. Biol. 27, 245-322.
17. de Buffrénil, Y. & Mazin, J.-M. 1989 Bone histology of Claudiosaurus germaini (Reptilia, Claudiosauridae) and the problem of pachyostosis in aquatic tetrapods. Hist. Biol. 2, 311-322.
18. de Queiroz, K. & Gauthier, J. 1990 Phytogeny as a central principle in taxonomy: phylogenetic definitions of taxon names. Syst. Zool. 39, 307-322.
19. de Queiroz, K. & Gauthier, J. 1992 Phylogenetic taxonomy. A. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 23, 449-480.
20. Dobie, J. L., Womochel, D. R. & Bell, G. L. Jr 1986 A unique sacroiliac contact in mosasaurs (Sauria, Varanoidea, Mosasauridae). J. Vert. Paleont. 6, 197-199.
21. Domning, D. & de Buffrénil, V. 1991 Hydrostasis in the Sirenia: quantitative data and functional interpretations. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 7, 331-368.
22. Estes, R., de Queiroz, K. & Gauthier, J. A. 1988 Phylogenetic relationships within Squamata. In Phylogenetic relationships of the lizard families (ed. R. Estes & G. K. Pregill), pp. 119-281. California: Stanford University Press.
23. Estes, R., Frazetta, T. H. & Williams, E. E. 1970 Studies on the fossil snake Dinilysia patagonica Woodward. 1. Cranial morphology. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 140, 25-74.
24. Evans, S. E. 1980 The skull of a new eosuchian reptile from the Lower Jurassic of South Wales. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 70, 203-264.
25. Follmi, K. B. 1989 Evolution of the Mid-Cretaceous Triad. Lea. Notes Earth Sci. 23, 1-153.
26. Eraser, N. C. 1982 A new rhynchocephalian from the British Upper Trias. Palaeontology 24, 709-725.
27. Frazetta, T. H. 1970 Studies on the fossil snake Dinilysia patagonica Woodward. II. Jaw machinery in the earliest snakes. Forma Functio 2, 205-221.
28. Gauthier, J., Kluge, A. G. & Rowe, T. 1988 Amniote phylogeny and the importance of fossils. Cladistics 4, 105-209.
29. Haas, G. 1978a A Cretaceous Pleurodire turtle from the surroundings of Jerusalem. Israeli J. Zool. 27, 20-33.
30. Haas, G. 1978b A new turtle of the genus Podocnemis from the Lower Cenomanian of 'Ein Yabrud. Isr. J. Zool. 27, 169-175.
31. Haas, G. 1979 On a new snakelike reptile from the Lower Cenomanian of Ein Jabrud, near Jerusalem. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Natl Paris Ser. 4 1, 51-64.
32. Haas, G. 1980s Pachyrhachis problematicus Haas, snakelike reptile from the Lower Cenomanian: ventral view of the skull. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Natl Paris Ser. 4 2, 87-104.
33. Haas, G. 1980b Remarks on a new ophiomorph reptile from the Lower Cenomanian of Ein Jabrud, Israel. In Aspects of vertebrate history, in honor of E. H. Colbert (ed. L. L. Jacobs), pp. 177-202. Flagstaff, AZ: Museum of Northern Arizona Press.
34. Hoffstetter, R. & Gase, J.-P. 1969 Vertebrae and ribs of modern reptiles. In Biology of the Reptilia, vol. 1 (ed. C. Gans), chapter 5, pp. 201-310. New York: Academic Press.
35. Hückel, U. 1970 Die Fischschiefer von Haqwl und Hjoula in der Oberkreide des Libanon. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh. 135, 113-149.
36. Hückel, U. 1974 Vergleich des Mineralbestandcs der Plattenkalke Solnhofens und des Libanon mit anderen Kalken. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh. 145, 153-182.
37. Jurkovsek, B., Toman, M., Ogorclec, B., Sribar, L., Drobne, K., Poljak, M. & Sribar, L. 1996 Geological map of the southern part of the Trieste-Komen Plateau. Lljubljana, Slovenija: Institut za Geologijo Geotechniko in Geofiska.
38. Kluge, A. G. 1991 Boine snake phylogeny and research cycles. Misc. Pub. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 178, 1-58.
39. Lee, M. S. Y. 1996 Stability in meaning and content of taxon names: an evaluation of crown-clade definitions. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 263, 1103-1109.
40. Lee, M. S. Y. 1997a The phylogeny of varanoid lizards and the affinities of snakes. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 352, 53-91.
41. Lee, M. S. Y. 1997A On snake-like dentition in mosasaurian lizards. J. Nat. Hist. 31, 303-314.
42. McDowell, S. B. 1987 Systematics. In Snakes: ecology and evolutionary biology (ed. R. A. Siegel, J. T. Collins & S. S. Novak), pp. 3-50. New York: Macmillan.
43. Meyer, C. A. 1988 Subtidal lagoon communities of a Late Jurassic turtle-deposit from Northern Switzerland. Mus. Reg. Sci. Nat. Torino, 107-121.
44. Meyer, C. A. 1991 Burial experiments with marine turtle carcasses and their paleoecological significance. Palaios 6, 89-96.
45. Meyer, R. & Schmidt-Kaler, H. 1984 Erdgeschichte sichtbar gemacht. Ein geologischer Führer durch die Altmühlalb. München: Bayerische geologische Landesamt.
46. Patterson, C. 1967 New Cretaceous berycoid fishes from Lebanon. Bull. Dr. Mus. Nat. Hist. Geol. 14, 1-109.
47. Pregill, G. K., Gauthier, J. A. & Greene, H. W. 1986 The evolution of helodermatid squamates, with description of a new taxon and an overview of Varanoidea. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 21, 167-202.
48. Pritchard, P. C. H. & Trebbau, P. 1984 The turtles of Venezuela. Venezuela: Fundacion de Internados Rurales.
49. Rage, J.-C. 1984 Serpentes. Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie Teil 11. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer.
50. Rage, J.-G. 1987 Fossil history. In Snakes: ecology and evolutionary biology (ed. R. A. Siegel, J. T. Collins & S. S. Novak), pp. 51-76. New York: Macmillan.
51. Rieppel, O. 1988 A review of the origin of snakes. Evol. Biol. 22, 37-130.
52. Rieppel, O. 1993 Studies on skeleton formation in reptiles. IV. The homology of the reptilian (amniote) astragalus revisited. J. Vert. Paleont. 13, 31-47.
53. Russell, D. A. 1967 Systematics and morphology of American mosasaurs. Bull. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist. Yale Univ. 23, 1-237.
54. Saint-Marc, P. 1981 Lebanon. In Aspects of Mid-Cretaceous regional geology (ed. R. A. Reyment & P. Bengston), pp. 103-131. London: Academic Press.
55. Scanlon, J. D. 1996 Studies on the palaeontology and systematics of Australian snakes. PhD thesis, University of New South Wales, Australia.
56. Tucker, M. E. & Wright, V. P. 1990 Carbonate sedimentology. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
57. Underwood, G. 1967 A contribution to the classification of snakes. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ. 653, 1-179.
58. Wallach, V. 1984 A new name for Ophiomorphus colberti Haas, 1980. J. Herpetol. 18, 329.
59. Wood, R. C. 1974 The systematics, ecology, evolution, and zoogeography of African turtles. Natl Geol. Soc. Res. Rep. 1967, 301-306.
60. Wu, X.-C, Brinkman, D. B., Russell, A. P., Dong, Z., Currie, P. J., Hou, L. & Cul, G. 1993 Oldest known amphisbaenian from the Upper Cretaceous of Chinese Inner Mongolia. Nature 366, 57-59.
61. Wu, X.-C., Brinkman, D. B. & Russell, A. P. 1996 Sineoamphisbaenia hexatabularis, an amphisbaenian (Diapsida: Squamata) from the Upper Cretaceous redbeds at Bayan Mandahu (Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China), and comments on the phylogenetic relationships of the Amphisbaenia. Can. J. Earth Sci. 33, 541-577.