Xantusiid "night" lizards: A puzzling phylogenetic problem revisited using likelihood-based Bayesian methods on mtDNA sequences

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 243-261

  Vicario, Saverio ^a   Caccone, Adalgisa ^a   Gauthier, Jacques ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMALS; BASE PAIRING; BAYES THEOREM; CYTOCHROME B GROUP; DNA, MITOCHONDRIAL; GEOGRAPHY; LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS; LIZARDS; PHYLOGENY; RNA, RIBOSOMAL; RNA, RIBOSOMAL, 16S; TIME; VARIATION (GENETICS);

CRICOSAURA; CRICOSAURA TYPICA; GEKKOTA; LEPIDOPHYMA; SCINCOMORPHA; SQUAMATA; XANTUSIA; XANTUSIA RIVERSIANA; XANTUSIIDAE;

EID: 0037332226     PISSN: 10557903     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00313-5     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Arnold, E.N., 1984. Variation in the cloacal and hemipenial musculature of lizards and its bearing on their relationships. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 52, 47-85.
2. Arnold, E.N., 1998a. Cranial kinesis in lizards: variations, uses, and origins. Evol. Biol. 30, 323-357.
3. Arnold, E.N., 1998b. Structural niche, limb morphology and locomotion in lacertid lizards (Squamata, Lacertidae): a preliminary survey. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. London (Zool.) 64, 63-89.
4. Baird, S.F., 1859. Description of new genera and species of North American lizards in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Proc. Acad. Natl. Sci. Philadelphia 1858, 253-256.
5. Bezy, R.L., 1967. Variation, distribution, and taxonomic status for the Arizona night lizard (Xantusia arizonae). Copeia 1967, 653-661.
6. Bezy, R.L., 1972. Karyotypic variation and evolution of the lizards in the family Xantusiidae. Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Museum Los Angeles County 227, 1-29.
7. Bezy, R.L., 1984. Systematics of xantusiid lizards of the genus Lepidophyma in northeastern Mexico. LACM Contrib. Sci. 349, 1-16.
8. Bezy, R.L., 1988. The natural history of the night lizards, family Xantusiidae. In: DeLisle, H.F., et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Conference on California Herpetology, pp. 1-12. Southwestern Herpetologists Society, Special Publication 4, 1-143.
9. Bezy, R.L., Camarillo, R.J.L., 1992. Systematics of Xantusiid lizards allied with Lepidophyma gaigeae Mosauer. Herpetologica 48, 7-110.
10. Bezy, R.L., Camarillo, R., 1997. A new species of Lepidophyma (Sauria: Xantusiidae) from Oaxaca, Mexico. LACM Contrib. Sci. 465, 1-8.
11. Bezy, R.L., Flores Villela, O., 1999. A new species of Xantusia (Squamata: Xantusiidae) from Zacatecas, Mexico. Herpetologica 55, 174-184.
12. Bezy, R.L., Gorman, G.C., Adest, G.A., Kim, Y.J., 1980. Divergence in the island night lizard Xantusia riversiana (Sauria: Xantusiidae). In: Power, D.M. (Ed.), The California Islands, pp. 565-583, Proceedings of a Multidisciplinary Symposium Santa Barbara Natural History Museum, Santa Barbara, CA.
13. Bezy, R.L., Sites Jr., J.W., 1987. A preliminary study of allozyme evolution in the lizard family Xantusiidae. Herpetologica 43, 280-292.
14. Boundy-Sanders, S.Q., Vedder, J.G., 1988. A dike swarm and correlative San Onofre Breccia indicate a (trans) tensional environment for the quartz dioritic Santa Catalina Island pluton. Geol. Soc. Am., Abstracts with Programs 20, A381.
15. Brown, R.P., Campos-Delgado, R., Pestano, J., 2000. Mitochondrial DNA evolution and population history of the Tenerife skink Chalcides viridanus. Mol. Ecol. 9, 1061-1067.
16. Caccone, A., Milinkovitch, M.C., Sbordoni, V., Powell, J.R., 1997. Mitochondrial DNA rates and biogeography in European newts (genus Euproctus). Syst. Biol. 46, 126-144.
17. Camp, C., 1923. Classification of the lizards. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 48, 289-481.
18. Cantino, P.D., de Queiroz, K., 2000. PhyloCode: a phylogenetic code of biological nomenclature [online paper]. Ohio University, Athens, OH [updated 3 May 2000]. Available at http://www.ohiou.edu/phylocode/.
19. Cope, E.D., 1883. Notes on the geographical distribution of Batrachia and Reptilia in western North America. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (Philadelphia) 1883, 10-35.
20. Cope, ED., 1900. The crocodilians, lizards, and snakes of North America. Ann. Rep. United States Natl. Mus for 1898 part II, 151-1294.
21. Crother, B.I., 1988. Cricosaura. C. typica Cat. Am. Amph. Rept., 443.1-443.3.
22. Crother, B.I., Guyer, C., 1996. Caribbean historical biogeography: was the dispersal-vicariance debate eliminated by an extraterrestrial bolide? Herpetologica 52, 440-465.
23. Crother, B.I, Miyamoto, M.M., Presch, W.F., 1986. Phylogeny and biogeography of the lizard family Xantusiidae. Syst. Zool. 35, 37-45.
24. Crother, B.I., Presch, W.F., 1993. The phylogeny of xantusiid lizards: the concern for analysis in the search for the best estimate of phylogeny. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 1, 289-294.
25. Crouch, J.K., Suppe, J., 1993. Late Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Los Angeles basin and inner California borderland: a model for core complex-like crustal extension. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 105, 1415-1434.
26. de Queiroz, K., Gauthier, J.A., 1990. Phylogeny as a central principle in taxonomy: phylogenetic definitions of taxon names. Syst. Zool. 39, 307-322.
27. de Queiroz, K., Gauthier, J., 1992. Phylogenetic taxonomy. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 23, 449-480.
28. Estes, R., 1964. Fossil vertebrates from the late Cretaceous Lance formation, eastern Wyoming. Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 49, 1-180.
29. Estes, R., 1983. Sauria Terrestria, Amphisbaenia. Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie, Part 10A. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.
30. Estes, R., de Queiroz, K., Gauthier, J., 1988. Phylogenetic relationships within Squamata. In: Estes, R.G., Pregill, G.K. (Eds.), Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families. Stanford University Press, Stanford, pp. 119-281.
31. Etheridge, R., 1967. Lizard caudal vertebrae. Copeia, 699-721.
32. Evans, S.E., Chure, D.C., 1998. Paramacellodid lizard skulls form the Jurassic Morrison Formation at Dinosaur National Monument, Utah. J. Vert. Paleo. 18, 99-114.
33. Fellers, G.M., Drost, C.A., 1991. Ecology of the island night lizard, Xantusia riversiana, on Santa Barbara Island, California. Herpetol. Monogr. 5, 28-78.
34. Felsenstein, J., 1981. Evolutionary trees from DNA-sequences - a maximum-likelihood approach. J. Mol. Evol. 6, 368-376.
35. Felsenstein, J., 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39, 783-791.
36. Fu, J., 2000. Toward the phylogeny of the family Lacertidae - why 4708 base pairs of mtDNA sequences cannot draw the picture. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 71, 203-217.
37. Gao, K.-q., Norell, M.A., 2000. Taxonomic composition and systematics of Late Cretaceous lizard assemblages from Ukhaa Tolgod and adjacent localities, Mongolian Gobi Desert. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 249, 1-118.
38. Gauthier, J., Estes, R., de Queiroz, K., 1988. A phylogenetic analysis of Lepidosauromorpha. In: Estes, R., Pregill, G.K. (Eds.), Phylogenetic Relationships Among the Lizard Families. Stanford University Press, Stanford, pp. 15-98.
39. Gauthier, J., de Queiroz, K., 2001. Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name "Aves". In: Gauthier, J., Gall, L.F. (Eds.), New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. Peabody Museum of Natural History Yale University, New Haven, pp. 7-41.
40. Goldberg, S.R., 1993. Gastrointestinal helminths of Night Lizards, genus Xantusia (Xantusiidae). J. Helminthol. Soc. Washington 60 (2), 165-169.
41. Goldman, N., Anderson, J.P, Rodrigo, A.G., 2000. Likelihood-based tests of topologies in phylogenetics. Syst. Biol. 49, 652-670.
42. Goldman, N., Whelan, S., 2000. Statistical test of gamma-distributed rate of heterogeneity in models of sequence evolution in phylogenetics. Mol. Biol. Evol. 17, 975-978.
43. Greer, A.E., 1985. Facial tongue-wiping in xantusiid lizards: its systematic implications. J. Herp. 19, 174-175.
44. Grismer, L.L., Galvan, M.A., 1986. A new night lizard (Xantusia henshawi) from a sandstone habitat in San Diego County, California. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 21 (10), 155-165.
45. Harris, D.J., Arnold, E.N., Thomas, R.H., 1998. Relationships of lacertid lizards (Reptilia: Lacertidae) estimated from mitochondrial DNA sequences and morphology. Proc. R. Soc. London B Biol. Sci. 265, 1939-1948.
46. Harris, D.J., Sinclair, E.A., Mercader, N.L., Marshall, J.C., Crandall, K.A., 1999. Squamate relationships based on C-Mos nuclear DNA sequences. Herp. J. 9, 147-151.
47. Hasagawa, M., Kishino, H., Yano, T.A., 1985. Dating of the human ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial-DNA. J. Mol. Evol. 22 (2), 160-174.
48. Hecht, M.K., 1956. A new xantusiid lizard from the Eocene of Wyoming. Am. Mus. Novitates 1774, 1-8.
49. Hedges, B.S., Bezy, R.L., Maxson, L.R., 1991. Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of xantusiid lizards, inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 8 (6), 767-780.
50. Hedges, S.B., Hass, C.A., Maxson, L.R., 1992. Caribbean biogeography: molecular evidence for dispersal in West Indian terrestrial vertebrates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 1909-1913.
51. Hedges, B.S., Bezy, R.L., 1993. Phylogeny of xantusiid lizards: concern for data and analysis. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2 (1), 76-87.
52. Hennig, W., 1966. Phylogenetic Systematics. University of Illinois Press, Chicago.
53. Hillis, D.M., Mable, B.K., Moritz, C., 1996. Applications of molecular systematics: the state of the field and a look to the future. In: Hillis, D.M., Mable, B.K., Moritz, C. (Eds.), Molecular Systematics. Sinauer, Sunderland, pp. 534-539.
54. Hoffstetter, R., 1962. Revue des recentes acquisitions concernant l'histoire de la systematique des squamates. Coll. Inter. CNRS 104, 243-278.
55. Hollingsworth, B.D., 1998. The systematics of chuckwallas (Sauromalus) with a phylogenetic analysis of other iguanid lizards. Herp. Monogr. 12, 38-191.
56. Holman, J.A., 1972. Herpetofauna of the Calf Creek local fauna (Lower Oligocene: Cypress Hills formation of Saskatchewan. Can. J. Earth Sci. 9 (12), 1612-1631.
57. Huelsenbeck, J.P., 1998. Systematic bias in phylogenetic analysis: is the Strepsiptera problem solved? Syst. Biol. 47 (3), 519-537.
58. Huelsenbeck, J.P., Crandall, K.A., 1997. Phylogeny estimation and hypothesis testing using maximum likelihood. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 28, 437-466.
59. Huelsenbeck, J.P., Ronquist, F., 2001. MrBayes: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17 (8), 754-755.
60. Huelsenbeck, J.P., Imennov, N.S., 2002. Geographic origin of human mitochondrial DNA: accomodating phylogenetic uncertainty and model comparison. Syst. Bio. 51 (1), 155-165.
61. Iturralde-Vinent, M., MacPhee, R., 1999. Paleogeography of the Caribbean region; implications for Cenozoic biogeography. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul., 238, 95 pp.
62. Klauber, L.M., 1931. A new species of Xantusia from Arizona, with a synopsis of the genus. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 7, 1-16.
63. Kluge, A.G., 1987. Cladistic relationships in the Gekkonoidea (Squamata, Sauria). Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan 173, iv+54 pp.
64. Kocher, T.D., Thomas, W.K., Meyer, A., Edwards, S.V., Pääbo, S., Villablanca F.X, Wilson, A.C., 1989. Dynamics of mitochondrial DNA evolution in mammals: amplification and sequencing with conserved primers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 6196-6200.
65. Larger, B., Simon, D.L., 1999. Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms for the Bayesian analysis of phylogenetic trees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16 (6), 750-759.
66. Lee, J.C., 1974. The diel activity cycle of the lizard Xantusia henshawi. Copeia 1974, 934-939.
67. Lee, J.C., 1975. The autecology of Xantusia henshawi henshawi (Sauria: Xantusiidae). Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 17, 259-278.
68. Lee, M.S.Y., 1998. Convergent evolution and character correlation in burrowing reptiles: towards a resolution of squamate relationships. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 63, 369-453.
69. Lee, M.S.Y., 2000. Soft anatomy, diffuse homoplasy, and the relationships of lizards and snakes. Zool. Scripta 29 (2), 101-130.
70. Lee, M.S.Y., Caldwell, M.W., 2000. Adriosaurus and the affinities of mosasaurs, dolichosaurs, and snakes. J. Paleo. 74 (5), 915-937.
71. Lewis, O.P., 1998. Maximum likelihood as an alternative to parsimony for inferring phylogeny using nucleotide sequence. In: Soltis, P.S., Soltis, D.E., Doyle, J.J. (Eds.), Molecular Systematics of Plants II: DNA Sequencing. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, pp. 132-163.
72. Lovtich, R., 2001. Phylogeography of the Night Lizard, Xantusia henshawi, in southern California: evolution across fault zones. Herpetologica 57 (4), 470-487.
73. Lowe, C.H., 1948. Territorial behavior in Xantusia. Herpetologica 4 (6), 221-222.
74. Lutzoni, F., Pagel, M., Reeb, V., 2001. Major fungal lineages are derived from Lichen symbiotic ancestors. Nature (London) 411 (6840), 937-940.
75. Macey, J.R., Larson, A., Ananjeva, N.B., Papenfuss, T.J., 1997. Evolutionary shifts in three major structural features of the mitochondrial genome among iguanian lizards. J. Mol. Evol. 44, 660-674.
76. Maddison, W.P., Donoghue, M.J., Maddison, P.R., 1984. Outgroup analysis and parsimony. Syst. Zool. 33, 83-103.
77. Mautz, W.J., 1993. Ecology and energetics of the Island Night Lizard, Xantusia riversiana, on San Clemente Island. In: Hochberg, F.G. (Ed.), Third California Islands Symposium: Recent Advances in Research on the California Islands. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 417-428.
78. Mautz, W.J., 1994. Thermal biology and microhabitats of xantusiid lizards. In: Brown, P.R., Wright, J.W. (Eds.), Herpetology of the North American Deserts, pp. 227-238. Southwestern Herpetologists Society, Special Publication No. 5.
79. Mautz, W.J., Lopez-Forment, W., 1978. Observations on the activity and diet of the cavernicolous lizard Lepidophyma smithii (Sauria: Xantusiidae). Herpetologica 34, 311-313.
80. Mautz, W.J., Nagy, K.A., 2000. Xantusiid lizards have low energy, water and food requirements. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 73 (4), 480-487.
81. McDowell, S.B., Bogert, C.M., 1954. The systematic position of Lanthanotus and the affinities of the anguinomorphan lizards. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 105, 1-154.
82. Miller, M.R., 1966. The cochlear duct of lizards. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 23, 255-359.
83. Milinkovitch, M.C., LeDuc, R.G., Adach, J., Farnir, F., Georges, M., Hasegawa, M., 1996. Effects of character weighting and species sampling on phylogeny reconstruction: a case study based on DNA sequence data in cetaceans. Genetics 144 (4), 1817-1833.
84. Murphy, W.J., Eizirik, E., O'Brien, S.J., Madsen, O., Scally, M., Douady, C.J., Teeling, E., Ryder, O.A., Stanhope, M.J., de Jong, W.W., Springer, M.S., 2001. Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics. Science 294 (5550), 2348-2351.
85. Nixon, K.C., Carpenter, J.M., 1993. On outgroups. Cladistics 9, 413-426.
86. Norell, M.A., 1989. Late Cenozoic lizards of the Anza Borrego Desert, California. Contrib. Sci., Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles County 414, 1-31.
87. Norell, M.A., 1993. Tree based approaches to understanding hystory: comments on ranks, rules and the quality of the fossil record. Amer. J. Sci. 293-A, 407-417.
88. Pääbo, S., 1990. Amplifying ancient DNA. In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J., White, T.J. (Eds.), PCR Protocols, A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, New York, pp. 159-166.
89. Page, R.D.M., Holmes, E.C., 1998. Inferring molecular phylogeny. In: Page, R.D.M., Holmes, E.C. (Eds.), Molecular Evolution: A Phylogenetic Approach. Blackwell, London.
90. Palumbi, S., Martin, A., Romano, S., McMillan, W.O., Stice, L., Grabowski, G., 1991. The Simple Fool's Guide to PCR. Version 2.0. University of Hawaii, Honolulu.
91. Papenfuss, J.T., Macey, J.R., Schulte II, J.A., 2001. A new lizard species in the genus Xantusia from Arizona. Nat. Hist. Mus. Univ. Kansas Sci. Papers 23, 1-9.
92. Presch, W., 1988. Cladistic relationships within the Scincomorpha. In: Brown, P.R., Wright, J.W. (Eds.), Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families. Stanford University Press, Stanford, pp. 471-491.
93. Prothero, D.R., 1994. The Eocene-Oligocene Transition: Paradise Lost. Columbia University Press, New York.
94. Rieppel, O., 1984. The skull structure and jaw adductor musculature of the Gekkota, with comments on the phylogenetic relationships of the Xantusiidae. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 82, 291-318.
95. Saint, K.M., Austin, C.C., Donnellan, S.C., Hutchinson, M.N., 1998. C-mos, a nuclear marker useful for squamate phylogenetic analysis. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 10 (2), 259-263.
96. Sanderson, M.J., 1998. Estimating rate and time in molecular phylogenies: beyond the molecular clock. In: Soltis, D.E., Soltis, P.S., Doyle, J.J.E. (Eds.), Molecular Systematics of Plants, II: DNA Sequencing. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, pp. 242-264.
97. Sanderson, M.J., Doyle, J.A., 2001. Sources of error and confidence intervals in estimating the age of angiosperms from rbcl and 18s rDNA data. Am. J. Bot. 88 (8), 1499-1516.
98. Savage, J.M., 1955. The lizard family Xantusiidae: an evolutionary study. Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University.
99. Savage, J.M., 1957. Studies on the lizard family Xantusiidae III. A new genus for Xantusia riversiana Cope, 1883. Zoologica (New York) 42, 83-86.
100. Savage, J.M., 1963. Studies of the lizard family Xantusiidae IV. The genera. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co. Contrib. Sci. 71, 1-38.
101. Savage, J.M., 1967. Evolution of insular herpetofaunas. In: Philbrick, R.N. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Symposium on the Biology of the California Islands. Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, Santa Barbara, pp. 219-227.
102. Schwartz, A., Henderson, R.W., 1991. Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies: Descriptions, Distributions, and Natural History. University of Florida Press.
103. Schatzinger, R.A., 1980. New species of Palaeoxantusia (Reptilia: Sauria) from the Uintan (Eocene) of San Diego Co., California. J. Paleo. 54, 460-471.
104. Schwenk, K., 1988. Comparative morphology of the lepidosaur tongue and its relevance to squamate phylogeny. In: Estes, R.G., Pregill, G.K. (Eds.), Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families. Stanford University Press, Stanford, pp. 569-598.
105. Shimodaira, H., Hasegawa, M., 1999. Multiple comparison of log-likelihoods with applications to phylogenetic inference. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16, 1114-1116.
106. Shoemaker, J.S., Painter, I.S., Weir, B.S., 1999. Bayesian statistics in genetics: a guide for the uninitiated. Trends Genet. 15 (9), 354-357.
107. Simon, D., Larget, B., 2001. Bambe: Bayesian analysis in molecular biology and evolution 2.03b http://www.mathcs.duq.edu/larget/bambe.html.
108. St. Girons, H., 1967. Morphologie comparee de l'hypophyse chez les Squamata: Donnees complementaires et apport a la phylogenie des reptiles. Ann. des Sci. Nat. Zool. (Paris) 12, 229-308.
109. Stejneger, L.H., 1893. Diagnosis of a new California lizard. Proc. United States Natl. Mus. 16, 467.
110. Sullivan, R.M., 1982. Fossil lizards from Swain Quarry "Fort Union Formation, Middle Paleocene (Torrejonian), Carbon County, Wyoming. J. Paleo. 56, 996-1010.
111. Swofford, D.L., 2000. Paup*. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (* and other methods) 4.08b. MYBP, Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland.
112. Tamura, K., Nei, M., 1993. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 10, 512-526.
113. Teng, L.S., Gorsline, D.S., 1989. Late Cenozoic sedimentation in California Continental Borderland basins a revealed by seismic facies analysis. Geo. Soc. Am. Bull. 101, 27-41.
114. Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F., Higgins, D.G., 1997. The Clustalx Windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 4876-4882.
115. Underwood, G., 1957. On the lizards of the family Pygopodidae. A contribution to the morphology and phylogeny of the Squamata. J. Morph. 100 (2), 207-268.
116. Underwood, G., 1970. The eye. In: Gans, C., Parsons, T.S. (Eds.), The Biology of the Reptilia Volume 2. Academic Press, London, pp. 1-97.
117. Van Denburgh, J., 1895. The species of the genus Xantusia. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (Ser. 2) 5, 523-534.
118. van Rossum, G., 2001. Python 2.0 http://www.python.org.
119. Webb, R.G., 1970. Another new night lizard (Xantusia) from Durango, Mexico. Los Angeles Co. Nat. Hist. Mus. Contrib. Sci. 194, 1-10.
120. Whelan, S., Lio', P., Nick, G., 2001. Molecular phylogenetics: state-of-the-art methods for looking into the past. Trends Genet. 17 (5), 262-272.
121. Wright, T.L., 1991. Structural geology and tectonic evolution of the Los Angeles basin, California. In: Biddle, K.T. (Ed.), Active Margin Basins. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, 652, pp. 35-134.
122. Yang, Z.B., 1994. Estimating the pattern of nucleotide substitution. J. Mol. Evol. 39 (1), 105-111.
123. Yang, Z., 1996. Maximum-likelihood models for combined analyses of multiple sequence data. J. Mol. Evol. 42 (5), 587-596.
124. Yang, Z.B., Goldman, N., Friday, A., 1994. Comparison models for nucleotide substitution used in maximum likelihood phylogenetic estimation. Mol. Biol. Evol. 39, 105-111.
125. Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., Billups, K., 2001. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 MYBP to present. Science 292, 686-693.
126. Zhang, D.X., Hewitt, G.M., 1996. Nuclear integrations: challenges for mithocondrial DNA markers. Trends Ecol. Evol. 11, 247-251.
127. Zweifel, R.G., Lowe, C.H., 1966. The ecology of a population of Xantusia vigilis, the desert night lizard. Am. Mus. Nov. 2247, 1-57.