DNA methylation changes in prostate cancer

Methods in Molecular Biology

Volumn 863, Issue , 2012, Pages 47-66

  Goering, Wolfgang ^a   Kloth, Michael ^a   Schulz, Wolfgang A ^a  

^a HEINRICH HEINE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Biomarker; Cancer epigenetics; DNA hypermethylation; DNA hypomethylation; Prostate adenocarcinoma

Indexed keywords

GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE P1; GSTP1 PROTEIN, HUMAN; TUMOR MARKER;

DNA METHYLATION; GENETIC EPIGENESIS; GENETIC SCREENING; GENETICS; HUMAN; MALE; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PROSTATE TUMOR; REVIEW;

DNA METHYLATION; EPIGENESIS, GENETIC; GENETIC TESTING; GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE PI; HUMANS; MALE; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 84859953293     PISSN: 10643745     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-612-8_4     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. American Cancer Society 2010. Cancer facts & fi gures 2010 , American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA.
2. Schultz, M., Parzinger, H., Posdnjakov, D.V., Chikisheva, T.A. and Schmidt-Schultz, T.H. (2007) Oldest known case of metastasizing prostate carcinoma diagnosed in the skeleton of a 2,700-year-old Scythian king from Arzhan (Siberia, Russia). Int J Cancer 121, 2591-2595. (Pubitemid 350136400)
3. Shen, M.M. and Abate-Shen, C. (2010) Molecular genetics of prostate cancer: New prospects for old challenges. Genes. Dev. 24, 1967-2000.
4. Sartor, A.O., Hricak, H., Wheeler, T.M., Coleman, J., Penson, D.F., Carroll, P.R., Rubin, M.A. and Scardino, P.T. (2008) Evaluating localized prostate cancer and identifying candidates for focal therapy. Urology 72, S12-24.
5. Ribeiro, F.R., Henrique, R., Hektoen, M., Berg, M., Jeronimo, C., Teixeira, M.R. and Lothe, R.A. (2006) Comparison of chromosomal and array-based comparative genomic hybridization for the detection of genomic imbalances in primary prostate carcinomas. Mol Cancer 5, 33.
6. Sun, J., Liu, W., Adams, T.S., Li, X., Turner, A.R., Chang, B., Kim, J.W., Zheng, S.L., Isaacs, W.B. and Xu, J. (2007) DNA copy number alterations in prostate cancers: A combined analysis of published CGH studies. Prostate 67, 692-700. (Pubitemid 46709438)
7. Taylor, B.S., Schultz, N., Hieronymus, H., Gopalan, A., Xiao, Y., Carver, B.S., Arora, V.K., Kaushik, P., Cerami, E., Reva, B., Antipin, Y., Mitsiades, N., Landers, T., Dolgalev, I., Major, J.E., Wilson, M., Socci, N.D., Lash, A.E., Heguy, A., Eastham, J.A., Scher, H.I., Reuter, V.E., Scardino, P.T., Sander, C., Sawyers, C.L. and Gerald, W.L. (2010) Integrative genomic profi ling of human prostate cancer. Cancer Cell 18, 11-22.
8. Kumar-Sinha, C., Tomlins, S.A. and Chinnaiyan, A.M. (2008) Recurrent gene fusions in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 8, 497-511.
9. Lin, C., Yang, L., Tanasa, B., Hutt, K., Ju, B.G., Ohgi, K., Zhang, J., Rose, D.W., Fu, X.D., Glass, C.K. and Rosenfeld, M.G. (2009) Nuclear receptor-induced chromosomal proximity and DNA breaks underlie specific translocations in cancer. Cell 139, 1069-1083.
10. Mani, R.S., Tomlins, S.A., Callahan, K., Ghosh, A., Nyati, M.K., Varambally, S., Palanisamy, N. and Chinnaiyan, A.M. (2009) Induced chromosomal proximity and gene fusions in prostate cancer. Science 326, 1230.
11. Haffner, M.C., Aryee, M.J., Toubaji, A., Esopi, D.M., Albadine, R., Gurel, B., Isaacs, W.B., Bova, G.S., Liu, W., Xu, J., Meeker, A.K., Netto, G., De Marzo, A.M., Nelson, W.G. and Yegnasubramanian, S. (2010) Androgen-induced TOP2B-mediated doublestrand breaks and prostate cancer gene rearrangements. Nat. Genet. 42, 668-675.
12. Luedeke, M., Linnert, C.M., Hofer, M.D., Surowy, H.M., Rinckleb, A.E., Hoegel, J., Kuefer, R., Rubin, M.A., Vogel, W. and Maier, C. (2009) Predisposition for TMPRSS2-ERG fusion in prostate cancer by variants in DNA repair genes. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 18, 3030-3035.
13. Perner, S., Demichelis, F., Beroukhim, R., Schmidt, F.H., Mosquera, J.M., Setlur, S., Tchinda, J., Tomlins, S.A., Hofer, M.D., Pienta, K.G., Kuefer, R., Vessella, R., Sun, X.W., Meyerson, M., Lee, C., Sellers, W.R., Chinnaiyan, A.M. and Rubin, M.A. (2006) TMPRSS2:ERG fusion-Associated deletions provide insight into the heterogeneity of prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 66, 8337-8341. (Pubitemid 44449140)
14. Iljin, K., Wolf, M., Edgren, H., Gupta, S., Kilpinen, S., Skotheim, R.I., Peltola, M., Smit, F., Verhaegh, G., Schalken, J., Nees, M. and Kallioniemi, O. (2006) TMPRSS2 fusions with oncogenic ETS factors in prostate cancer involve unbalanced genomic rearrangements and are associated with HDAC1 and epigenetic reprogramming. Cancer Res. 66, 10242-10246. (Pubitemid 44799738)
15. Teixeira, M.R. (2008) Chromosome mechanisms giving rise to the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion oncogene in prostate cancer and HGPIN lesions. Am. J. Surg Pathol 32, 642-644; author reply 4. (Pubitemid 351458308)
16. Tomlins, S.A., Bjartell, A., Chinnaiyan, A.M., Jenster, G., Nam, R.K., Rubin, M.A. and Schalken, J.A. (2009) ETS gene fusions in prostate cancer: From discovery to daily clinical practice. Eur Urol 56, 275-286.
17. Berger, M.F., Lawrence, M.S., Demichelis, F., Drier, Y., Cibulskis, K., Sivachenko, A.Y., Sboner, A., Esgueva, R., Pfl ueger, D., Sougnez, C., Onofrio, R., Carter, S.L., Park, K., Habegger, L., Ambrogio, L., Fennell, T., Parkin, M., Saksena, G., Voet, D., Ramos, A.H., Pugh, T.J., Wilkinson, J., Fisher, S., Winckler, W., Mahan, S., Ardlie, K., Baldwin, J., Simons, J.W., Kitabayashi, N., MacDonald, T.Y., Kantoff, P.W., Chin, L., Gabriel, S.B., Gerstein, M.B., Golub, T.R., Meyerson, M., Tewari, A., Lander, E.S., Getz, G., Rubin, M.A. and Garraway, L.A. (2011) The genomic complexity of primary human prostate cancer. Nature 470, 214-220.
18. King, J.C., Xu, J., Wongvipat, J., Hieronymus, H., Carver, B.S., Leung, D.H., Taylor, B.S., Sander, C., Cardiff, R.D., Couto, S.S., Gerald, W.L. and Sawyers, C.L. (2009) Cooperativity of TMPRSS2-ERG with PI3-kinase pathway activation in prostate oncogenesis. Nat. Genet. 41, 524-526.
19. Carver, B.S., Tran, J., Gopalan, A., Chen, Z., Shaikh, S., Carracedo, A., Alimonti, A., Nardella, C., Varmeh, S., Scardino, P.T., Cordon-Cardo, C., Gerald, W. and Pandolfi , P.P. (2009) Aberrant ERG expression cooperates with loss of PTEN to promote cancer progression in the prostate. Nat. Genet. 41, 619-624.
20. Yu, J., Mani, R.S., Cao, Q., Brenner, C.J., Cao, X., Wang, X., Wu, L., Li, J., Hu, M., Gong, Y., Cheng, H., Laxman, B., Vellaichamy, A., Shankar, S., Li, Y., Dhanasekaran, S.M., Morey, R., Barrette, T., Lonigro, R.J., Tomlins, S.A., Varambally, S., Qin, Z.S. and Chinnaiyan, A.M. (2010) An integrated network of androgen receptor, polycomb, and TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions in prostate cancer progression. Cancer Cell 17, 443-454.
21. Attard, G., Clark, J., Ambroisine, L., Fisher, G., Kovacs, G., Flohr, P., Berney, D., Foster, C.S., Fletcher, A., Gerald, W.L., Moller, H., Reuter, V., De Bono, J.S., Scardino, P., Cuzick, J. and Cooper, C.S. (2008) Duplication of the fusion of TMPRSS2 to ERG sequences identifi es fatal human prostate cancer. Oncogene 27, 253-263.
22. Yoshimoto, M., Joshua, A.M., Cunha, I.W., Coudry, R.A., Fonseca, F.P., Ludkovski, O., Zielenska, M., Soares, F.A. and Squire, J.A. (2008) Absence of TMPRSS2:ERG fusions and PTEN losses in prostate cancer is associated with a favorable outcome. Mod Pathol 21, 1451-1460.
23. Hermans, K.G., Boormans, J.L., Gasi, D., van Leenders, G.J., Jenster, G., Verhagen, P.C. and Trapman, J. (2009) Overexpression of prostate-specific TMPRSS2(exon 0)-ERG fusion transcripts corresponds with favorable prognosis of prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 15, 6398-6403.
24. Park, J.Y. (2010) Promoter hypermethylation in prostate cancer. Cancer Control 17, 245-255.
25. Feinberg, A.P., Ohlsson, R. and Henikoff, S. (2006) The epigenetic progenitor origin of human cancer. Nat. Rev. Genet. 7, 21-33. (Pubitemid 41828945)
26. Schulz, W.A. and Hoffmann, M.J. (2009) Epigenetic mechanisms in the biology of prostate cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 19, 172-180.
27. Lapointe, J., Li, C., Giacomini, C.P., Salari, K., Huang, S., Wang, P., Ferrari, M., Hernandez-Boussard, T., Brooks, J.D. and Pollack, J.R. (2007) Genomic profi ling reveals alternative genetic pathways of prostate tumorigenesis. Cancer Res. 67, 8504-8510. (Pubitemid 47437424)
28. Brooks, J.D., Weinstein, M., Lin, X., Sun, Y., Pin, S.S., Bova, G.S., Epstein, J.I., Isaacs, W.B. and Nelson, W.G. (1998) CG island methylation changes near the GSTP1 gene in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 7, 531-536. (Pubitemid 28354117)
29. Florl, A.R., Steinhoff, C., Muller, M., Seifert, H.H., Hader, C., Engers, R., Ackermann, R. and Schulz, W.A. (2004) Coordinate hypermethylation at specific genes in prostate carcinoma precedes LINE-1 hypomethylation. Br J Cancer 91, 985-994. (Pubitemid 39273795)
30. Schulz, W.A., Ingenwerth, M., Djuidje, C.E., Hader, C., Rahnenfuhrer, J. and Engers, R. (2010) Changes in cortical cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix gene expression in prostate cancer are related to oncogenic ERG deregulation. BMC Cancer 10, 505.
31. Yegnasubramanian, S., Kowalski, J., Gonzalgo, M.L., Zahurak, M., Piantadosi, S., Walsh, P.C., Bova, G.S., De Marzo, A.M., Isaacs, W.B. and Nelson, W.G. (2004) Hypermethylation of CpG islands in primary and metastatic human prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 64, 1975-1986. (Pubitemid 38339443)
32. Schlesinger, Y., Straussman, R., Keshet, I., Farkash, S., Hecht, M., Zimmerman, J., Eden, E., Yakhini, Z., Ben-Shushan, E., Reubinoff, B.E., Bergman, Y., Simon, I. and Cedar, H. (2007) Polycomb-mediated methylation on Lys27 of histone H3 pre-marks genes for de novo methylation in cancer. Nat. Genet. 39, 232-236. (Pubitemid 46184355)
33. Widschwendter, M., Fiegl, H., Egle, D., Mueller-Holzner, E., Spizzo, G., Marth, C., Weisenberger, D.J., Campan, M., Young, J., Jacobs, I. and Laird, P.W. (2007) Epigenetic stem cell signature in cancer. Nat. Genet. 39, 157-158. (Pubitemid 46184343)
34. Gal-Yam, E.N., Egger, G., Iniguez, L., Holster, H., Einarsson, S., Zhang, X., Lin, J.C., Liang, G., Jones, P.A. and Tanay, A. (2008) Frequent switching of Polycomb repressive marks and DNA hypermethylation in the PC3 prostate cancer cell line. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 105, 12979-12984.
35. Hoffmann, M.J., Engers, R., Florl, A.R., Otte, A.P., Muller, M. and Schulz, W.A. (2007) Expression changes in EZH2, but not in BMI-1, SIRT1, DNMT1 or DNMT3B are associated with DNA methylation changes in prostate cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 6, 1403-1412. (Pubitemid 351590350)
36. Morey, L. and Helin, K. (2010) Polycomb group protein-mediated repression of transcription. Trends Biochem Sci 35, 323-332.
37. McCabe, M.T., Brandes, J.C. and Vertino, P.M. (2009) Cancer DNA methylation: Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Clin. Cancer Res. 15, 3927-3937.
38. Seligson, D.B., Horvath, S., McBrian, M.A., Mah, V., Yu, H., Tze, S., Wang, Q., Chia, D., Goodglick, L. and Kurdistani, S.K. (2009) Global levels of histone modifi cations predict prognosis in different cancers. Am. J. Pathol. 174, 1619-1628.
39. Bianco-Miotto, T., Chiam, K., Buchanan, G., Jindal, S., Day, T.K., Thomas, M., Pickering, M.A., O'Loughlin, M.A., Ryan, N.K., Raymond, W.A., Horvath, L.G., Kench, J.G., Stricker, P.D., Marshall, V.R., Sutherland, R.L., Henshall, S.M., Gerald, W.L., Scher, H.I., Risbridger, G.P., Clements, J.A., Butler, L.M., Tilley, W.D., Horsfall, D.J. and Ricciardelli, C. (2010) Global levels of specific histone modifi cations and an epigenetic gene signature predict prostate cancer progression and development. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 19, 2611-2622.
40. Varambally, S., Dhanasekaran, S.M., Zhou, M., Barrette, T.R., Kumar-Sinha, C., Sanda, M.G., Ghosh, D., Pienta, K.J., Sewalt, R.G., Otte, A.P., Rubin, M.A. and Chinnaiyan, A.M. (2002) The polycomb group protein EZH2 is involved in progression of prostate cancer. Nature 419, 624-629.
41. Wilson, A.S., Power, B.E. and Molloy, P.L. (2007) DNA hypomethylation and human diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta 1775, 138-162. (Pubitemid 44881198)
42. Florl, A.R., Lower, R., Schmitz-Drager, B.J. and Schulz, W.A. (1999) DNA methylation and expression of LINE-1 and HERV-K provirus sequences in urothelial and renal cell carcinomas. Br J Cancer 80, 1312-1321. (Pubitemid 29308598)
43. Suter, C.M., Martin, D.I. and Ward, R.L. (2004) Hypomethylation of L1 retrotransposons in colorectal cancer and adjacent normal tissue. Int J Colorectal Dis 19, 95-101. (Pubitemid 38239827)
44. Yegnasubramanian, S., Haffner, M.C., Zhang, Y., Gurel, B., Cornish, T.C., Wu, Z., Irizarry, R.A., Morgan, J., Hicks, J., DeWeese, T.L., Isaacs, W.B., Bova, G.S., De Marzo, A.M. and Nelson, W.G. (2008) DNA hypomethylation arises later in prostate cancer progression than CpG island hypermethylation and contributes to metastatic tumor heterogeneity. Cancer Res. 68, 8954-8967.
45. Hoffmann, M.J., Muller, M., Engers, R. and Schulz, W.A. (2006) Epigenetic control of CTCFL/BORIS and OCT4 expression in urogenital malignancies. Biochem Pharmacol 72, 1577-1588. (Pubitemid 44666737)
46. Fu, V.X., Dobosy, J.R., Desotelle, J.A., Almassi, N., Ewald, J.A., Srinivasan, R., Berres, M., Svaren, J., Weindruch, R. and Jarrard, D.F. (2008) Aging and cancer-related loss of insulin-like growth factor 2 imprinting in the mouse and human prostate. Cancer Res. 68, 6797-6802.
47. Bhusari, S., Yang, B., Huang, W. and Jarrard, D.F. (2011) Insulin-like Growth Factor-2(IGF2) Loss of Imprinting Marks a Field Defect Within Human Prostates Containing Cancer. The Prostate , in press.
48. Franco, R., Schoneveld, O., Georgakilas, A.G. and Panayiotidis, M.I. (2008) Oxidative stress, DNA methylation and carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 266, 6-11.
49. Nelson, W.G., Yegnasubramanian, S., Agoston, A.T., Bastian, P.J., Lee, B.H., Nakayama, M. and De Marzo, A.M. (2007) Abnormal DNA methylation, epigenetics, and prostate cancer. Front Biosci 12, 4254-4266.
50. Li, L.C. (2007) Epigenetics of prostate cancer. Front Biosci 12, 3377-3397.
51. Lee, W.H., Morton, R.A., Epstein, J.I., Brooks, J.D., Campbell, P.A., Bova, G.S., Hsieh, W.S., Isaacs, W.B. and Nelson, W.G. (1994) Cytidine methylation of regulatory sequences near the pi-class glutathione S-Transferase gene accompanies human prostatic carcinogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 91, 11733-11737. (Pubitemid 24356419)
52. Jeronimo, C., Henrique, R., Hoque, M.O., Mambo, E., Ribeiro, F.R., Varzim, G., Oliveira, J., Teixeira, M.R., Lopes, C. and Sidransky, D. (2004) A quantitative promoter methylation profile of prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 10, 8472-8478. (Pubitemid 40053412)
53. Santourlidis, S., Florl, A., Ackermann, R., Wirtz, H.C. and Schulz, W.A. (1999) High frequency of alterations in DNA methylation in adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Prostate 39, 166-174. (Pubitemid 29203403)
54. Aitchison, A., Warren, A., Neal, D. and Rabbitts, P. (2007) RASSF1A promoter methylation is frequently detected in both pre-malignant and non-malignant microdissected prostatic epithelial tissues. Prostate 67, 638-644. (Pubitemid 46685284)
55. Kwabi-Addo, B., Chung, W., Shen, L., Ittmann, M., Wheeler, T., Jelinek, J. and Issa, J.P. (2007) Age-related DNA methylation changes in normal human prostate tissues. Clin. Cancer Res. 13, 3796-3802. (Pubitemid 47037584)
56. Kwabi-Addo, B., Wang, S., Chung, W., Jelinek, J., Patierno, S.R., Wang, B.D., Andrawis, R., Lee, N.H., Apprey, V., Issa, J.P. and Ittmann, M. (2010) Identifi cation of differentially methylated genes in normal prostate tissues from African American and Caucasian men. Clin. Cancer Res. 16, 3539-3547.
57. Ahmed, H. (2010) Promoter Methylation in Prostate Cancer and its Application for the Early Detection of Prostate Cancer Using Serum and Urine Samples. Biomark Cancer 2010, 17-33.
58. Hessels, D., Verhaegh, G.W., Schalken, J.A. and Witjes, J.A. (2004) Applicability of biomarkers in the early diagnosis of prostate cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 4, 513-526. (Pubitemid 38915277)
59. Jeronimo, C., Usadel, H., Henrique, R., Oliveira, J., Lopes, C., Nelson, W.G. and Sidransky, D. (2001) Quantitation of GSTP1 methylation in non-neoplastic prostatic tissue and organ-confi ned prostate adenocarcinoma. J Natl. Cancer Inst. 93, 1747-1752. (Pubitemid 33130264)
60. Harden, S.V., Sanderson, H., Goodman, S.N., Partin, A.A., Walsh, P.C., Epstein, J.I. and Sidransky, D. (2003) Quantitative GSTP1 methylation and the detection of prostate adenocarcinoma in sextant biopsies. J Natl. Cancer Inst. 95, 1634-1637. (Pubitemid 37455931)
61. Vanaja, D.K., Ehrich, M., Van den Boom, D., Cheville, J.C., Karnes, R.J., Tindall, D.J., Cantor, C.R. and Young, C.Y. (2009) Hypermethylation of genes for diagnosis and risk stratifi cation of prostate cancer. Cancer Invest 27, 549-560.
62. Hoque, M.O., Topaloglu, O., Begum, S., Henrique, R., Rosenbaum, E., Van Criekinge, W., Westra, W.H. and Sidransky, D. (2005) Quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction gene patterns in urine sediment distinguish prostate cancer patients from control subjects. J. Clin. Oncol 23, 6569-6575. (Pubitemid 46190250)
63. Roupret, M., Hupertan, V., Yates, D.R., Catto, J.W., Rehman, I., Meuth, M., Ricci, S., Lacave, R., Cancel-Tassin, G., de la Taille, A., Rozet, F., Cathelineau, X., Vallancien, G., Hamdy, F.C. and Cussenot, O. (2007) Molecular detection of localized prostate cancer using quantitative methylation-specific PCR on urinary cells obtained following prostate massage. Clin. Cancer Res. 13, 1720-1725. (Pubitemid 46952937)
64. Sunami, E., Shinozaki, M., Higano, C.S., Wollman, R., Dorff, T.B., Tucker, S.J., Martinez, S.R., Mizuno, R., Singer, F.R. and Hoon, D.S. (2009) Multimarker circulating DNA assay for assessing blood of prostate cancer patients. Clin Chem 55, 559-567.
65. Enokida, H., Shiina, H., Urakami, S., Igawa, M., Ogishima, T., Li, L.C., Kawahara, M., Nakagawa, M., Kane, C.J., Carroll, P.R. and Dahiya, R. (2005) Multigene methylation analysis for detection and staging of prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 6582-6588. (Pubitemid 41338998)
66. Ehrich, M., Field, J.K., Liloglou, T., Xinarianos, G., Oeth, P., Nelson, M.R., Cantor, C.R. and van den Boom, D. (2006) Cytosine methylation profi les as a molecular marker in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res. 66, 10911-10918. (Pubitemid 44876989)
67. Huffman, D.M., Grizzle, W.E., Bamman, M.M., Kim, J.S., Eltoum, I.A., Elgavish, A. and Nagy, T.R. (2007) SIRT1 is signifi cantly elevated in mouse and human prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 67, 6612-6618. (Pubitemid 47105506)
68. Richiardi, L., Fiano, V., Vizzini, L., De Marco, L., Delsedime, L., Akre, O., Tos, A.G. and Merletti, F. (2009) Promoter methylation in APC, RUNX3, and GSTP1 and mortality in prostate cancer patients. J. Clin. Oncol 27, 3161-3168.
69. Liu, L., Kron, K.J., Pethe, V.V., Demetrashvili, N., Nesbitt, M.E., Trachtenberg, J., Ozcelik, H., Fleshner, N.E., Briollais, L., van der Kwast, T.H. and Bapat, B. (2011) Association of tissue promoter methylation levels of APC, TGFbeta2, HOXD3, and RASSF1A with prostate cancer progression. Int J Cancer
70. Henrique, R., Ribeiro, F.R., Fonseca, D., Hoque, M.O., Carvalho, A.L., Costa, V.L., Pinto, M., Oliveira, J., Teixeira, M.R., Sidransky, D. and Jeronimo, C. (2007) High promoter methylation levels of APC predict poor prognosis in sextant biopsies from prostate cancer patients. Clin. Cancer Res. 13, 6122-6129. (Pubitemid 350075071)
71. Mikeska, T., Candiloro, I.L.M. and Dobrovic, A. (2010) The implications of heterogeneous DNA methylation for the accurate quantifi cation of methylation. Epigenomics 2, 561-573.
72. Higuchi, T., Nakamura, M., Shimada, K., Ishida, E., Hirao, K. and Konishi, N. (2008) HRK inactivation associated with promoter methylation and LOH in prostate cancer. Prostate 68, 105-113.
73. Park, J.Y., Zheng, W., Kim, D., Cheng, J.Q., Kumar, N., Ahmad, N. and Pow-Sang, J. (2007) Candidate tumor suppressor gene SLC5A8 is frequently down-regulated by promoter hypermethylation in prostate tumor. Cancer Detect Prev 31, 359-365. (Pubitemid 350166790)
74. Majid, S., Dar, A.A., Shahryari, V., Hirata, H., Ahmad, A., Saini, S., Tanaka, Y., Dahiya, A.V. and Dahiya, R. (2010) Genistein reverses hypermethylation and induces active histone modifi cations in tumor suppressor gene B-Cell translocation gene 3 in prostate cancer. Cancer 116, 66-76.
75. Kwabi-Addo, B., Ren, C. and Ittmann, M. (2009) DNA methylation and aberrant expression of Sprouty1 in human prostate cancer. Epigenetics 4, 54-61.
76. Fritzsche, S., Kenzelmann, M., Hoffmann, M.J., Muller, M., Engers, R., Grone, H.J. and Schulz, W.A. (2006) Concomitant down-regulation of SPRY1 and SPRY2 in prostate carcinoma. Endocr Relat Cancer 13, 839-849. (Pubitemid 44763260)
77. Pierconti, F., Martini, M., Pinto, F., Cenci, T., Capodimonti, S., Calarco, A., Bassi, P.F. and Larocca, L.M. (2011) Epigenetic silencing of SOCS3 identifi es a subset of prostate cancer with an aggressive behavior. Prostate 71, 318-325.
78. Shivapurkar, N., Toyooka, S., Toyooka, K.O., Reddy, J., Miyajima, K., Suzuki, M., Shigematsu, H., Takahashi, T., Parikh, G., Pass, H.I., Chaudhary, P.M. and Gazdar, A.F. (2004) Aberrant methylation of trail decoy receptor genes is frequent in multiple tumor types. Int J Cancer 109, 786-792. (Pubitemid 38405630)
79. Hornstein, M., Hoffmann, M.J., Alexa, A., Yamanaka, M., Muller, M., Jung, V., Rahnenfuhrer, J. and Schulz, W.A. (2008) Protein phosphatase and TRAIL receptor genes as new candidate tumor genes on chromosome 8p in prostate cancer. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 5, 123-136. (Pubitemid 351642612)
80. Cho, N.Y., Kim, B.H., Choi, M., Yoo, E.J., Moon, K.C., Cho, Y.M., Kim, D. and Kang, G.H. (2007) Hypermethylation of CpG island loci and hypomethylation of LINE-1 and Alu repeats in prostate adenocarcinoma and their relationship to clinicopathological features. J Pathol 211, 269-277. (Pubitemid 46172702)
81. Semina, E.V., Reiter, R., Leysens, N.J., Alward, W.L., Small, K.W., Datson, N.A., Siegel-Bartelt, J., Bierke-Nelson, D., Bitoun, P., Zabel, B.U., Carey, J.C. and Murray, J.C. (1996) Cloning and characterization of a novel bicoid-related homeobox transcription factor gene, RIEG, involved in Rieger syndrome. Nat. Genet. 14, 392-399. (Pubitemid 26414582)
82. Flomen, R.H., Vatcheva, R., Gorman, P.A., Baptista, P.R., Groet, J., Barisic, I., Ligutic, I. and Nizetic, D. (1998) Construction and analysis of a sequence-ready map in 4q25: Rieger syndrome can be caused by haploinsuffi ciency of RIEG, but also by chromosome breaks approximately 90kb upstream of this gene. Genomics 47, 409-413. (Pubitemid 28110655)
83. Lines, M.A., Kozlowski, K., Kulak, S.C., Allingham, R.R., Heon, E., Ritch, R., Levin, A.V., Shields, M.B., Damji, K.F., Newlin, A. and Walter, M.A. (2004) Characterization and prevalence of PITX2 microdeletions and mutations in Axenfeld-Rieger malformations. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45, 828-833. (Pubitemid 38868378)
84. Weiss, G., Cottrell, S., Distler, J., Schatz, P., Kristiansen, G., Ittmann, M., Haefliger, C., Lesche, R., Hartmann, A., Corman, J. and Wheeler, T. (2009) DNA methylation of the PITX2 gene promoter region is a strong independent prognostic marker of biochemical recurrence in patients with prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. J Urol 181, 1678-1685.
85. Toyota, M., Kopecky, K.J., Toyota, M.O., Jair, K.W., Willman, C.L. and Issa, J.P. (2001) Methylation profi ling in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 97, 2823-2829.
86. Maier, S., Nimmrich, I., Koenig, T., Eppenberger-Castori, S., Bohlmann, I., Paradiso, A., Spyratos, F., Thomssen, C., Mueller, V., Nahrig, J., Schittulli, F., Kates, R., Lesche, R., Schwope, I., Kluth, A., Marx, A., Martens, J.W., Foekens, J.A., Schmitt, M. and Harbeck, N. (2007) DNA-methylation of the homeodomain transcription factor PITX2 reliably predicts risk of distant disease recurrence in tamoxifen-Treated, node-negative breas cancer patients-Technical and clinical validation in a multi-centre setting in collaboration with the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) PathoBiology group. European Journal of Cancer 43, 1679-1686. (Pubitemid 47042374)
87. Duffy, M.J., Napieralski, R., Martens, J.W.M., Span, P.N., Spyratos, F., Sweep, F.C.G.J., Brunner, N., Foekens, J.A., Schmitt, M. and Grp, E.P. (2009) Methylated genes as new cancer biomarkers. European Journal of Cancer 45, 335-346.
88. Gobel, G., Auer, D., Gaugg, I., Schneitter, A., Lesche, R., Muller-Holzner, E., Marth, C. and Daxenbichler, G. (2011) Prognostic signifi cance of methylated RASSF1A and PITX2 genes in blood- and bone marrow plasma of breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res. Treat
89. Banez, L.L., Sun, L., van Leenders, G.J., Wheeler, T.M., Bangma, C.H., Freedland, S.J., Ittmann, M.M., Lark, A.L., Madden, J.F., Hartman, A., Weiss, G. and Castanos-Velez, E. (2010) Multicenter clinical validation of PITX2 methylation as a prostate specific antigen recurrence predictor in patients with post-radical prostatectomy prostate cancer. J Urol 184, 149-156.
90. Schatz, P., Dietrich, D., Koenig, T., Burger, M., Lukas, A., Fuhrmann, I., Kristiansen, G., Stoehr, R., Schuster, M., Lesche, R., Weiss, G., Corman, J. and Hartmann, A. (2010) Development of a diagnostic microarray assay to assess the risk of recurrence of prostate cancer based on PITX2 DNA methylation. J Mol Diagn 12, 345-353.
91. Nimmrich, I., Sieuwerts, A.M., Meijer-Van Gelder, M.E., Schwope, I., Bolt-de Vries, J., Harbeck, N., Koenig, T., Hartmann, O., Kluth, A., Dietrich, D., Magdolen, V., Portengen, H., Look, M.P., Klijn, J.G., Lesche, R., Schmitt, M., Maier, S., Foekens, J.A. and Martens, J.W. (2008) DNA hypermethylation of PITX2 is a marker of poor prognosis in untreated lymph node-negative hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res. Treat 111, 429-437.
92. Vinarskaja, A., Schulz, W.A., Ingenwerth, M., Hader, C. and Arsov, C. (2011) Association of PITX2 mRNA downregulation in prostate cancer with promoter hypermethylation and poor prognosis. Urol Oncol 30, in press.
93. Liu, J.W., Nagpal, J.K., Jeronimo, C., Lee, J.E., Henrique, R., Kim, M.S., Ostrow, K.L., Yamashita, K., van Criekinge, V., Wu, G., Moon, C.S., Trink, B. and Sidransky, D. (2008) Hypermethylation of MCAM gene is associated with advanced tumor stage in prostate cancer. Prostate 68, 418-426. (Pubitemid 351342647)
94. Guo, L., Zhong, D., Lau, S., Liu, X., Dong, X.Y., Sun, X., Yang, V.W., Vertino, P.M., Moreno, C.S., Varma, V., Dong, J.T. and Zhou, W. (2008) Sox7 Is an independent checkpoint for beta-catenin function in prostate and colon epithelial cells. Mol Cancer Res. 6, 1421-1430.
95. Chang, G., Xu, S., Dhir, R., Chandran, U., O'Keefe, D.S., Greenberg, N.M. and Gingrich, J.R. (2010) Hypoexpression and epigenetic regulation of candidate tumor suppressor gene CADM-2 in human prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 16, 5390-5401.
96. Carey, J.P., Asirvatham, A.J., Galm, O., Ghogomu, T.A. and Chaudhary, J. (2009) Inhibitor of differentiation 4 (Id4) is a potential tumor suppressor in prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 9, 173.
97. Rhodes, D.R., Yu, J., Shanker, K., Deshpande, N., Varambally, R., Ghosh, D., Barrette, T., Pandey, A. and Chinnaiyan, A.M. (2004) ONCOMINE: A cancer microarray database and integrated data-mining platform. Neoplasia 6, 1-6. (Pubitemid 38391943)
98. Sorensen, K.D., Borre, M., Orntoft, T.F., Dyrskjot, L. and Torring, N. (2008) Chromosomal deletion, promoter hypermethylation and downregulation of FYN in prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 122, 509-519. (Pubitemid 350308941)
99. Sorensen, K.D., Wild, P.J., Mortezavi, A., Adolf, K., Torring, N., Heeboll, S., Ulhoi, B.P., Ottosen, P., Sulser, T., Hermanns, T., Moch, H., Borre, M., Orntoft, T.F. and Dyrskjot, L. (2009) Genetic and epigenetic SLC18A2 silencing in prostate cancer is an independent adverse predictor of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Clin. Cancer Res. 15, 1400-1410.
100. Schulz, W. and Goering, W. (2011) Eagles report: Developing cancer biomarkers from genomewide DNA methylation analyses. World J. Clin. Oncol 2, 1-7.
101. Kondo, Y. and Issa, J.P. (2010) DNA methylation profi ling in cancer. Expert Rev Mol Med 12, e23.
102. Murphy, T.M., Sullivan, L., Lane, C., O'Connor, L., Barrett, C., Hollywood, D., Lynch, T., Lawler, M. and Perry, A.S. (2011) In silico analysis and DHPLC screening strategy identifi es novel apoptotic gene targets of aberrant promoter hypermethylation in prostate cancer. Prostate 71, 1-17.
103. Kim, S.J., Kelly, W.K., Fu, A., Haines, K., Hoffman, A., Zheng, T. and Zhu, Y. (2011) Genome-wide methylation analysis identifi es involvement of TNF-Alpha mediated cancer pathways in prostate cancer. Cancer Lett
104. Kron, K., Pethe, V., Briollais, L., Sadikovic, B., Ozcelik, H., Sunderji, A., Venkateswaran, V., Pinthus, J., Fleshner, N., van der Kwast, T. and Bapat, B. (2009) Discovery of novel hypermethylated genes in prostate cancer using genomic CpG island microarrays. PLoS One 4, e4830.
105. Miyazaki, Y.J., Hamada, J., Tada, M., Furuuchi, K., Takahashi, Y., Kondo, S., Katoh, H. and Moriuchi, T. (2002) HOXD3 enhances motility and invasiveness through the TGF-beta-dependent and -independent pathways in A549 cells. Oncogene 21, 798-808. (Pubitemid 34146292)
106. Kron, K.J., Liu, L., Pethe, V.V., Demetrashvili, N., Nesbitt, M.E., Trachtenberg, J., Ozcelik, H., Fleshner, N.E., Briollais, L., van der Kwast, T.H. and Bapat, B. (2010) DNA methylation of HOXD3 as a marker of prostate cancer progression. Lab Invest 90, 1060-1067.
107. Ibragimova, I., de Caceres, I.I., Hoffman, A.M., Potapova, A., Dulaimi, E., Al-Saleem, T., Hudes, G.R., Ochs, M.F. and Cairns, P. (2010) Global Reactivation of Epigenetically Silenced Genes in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Prevention Research 3, 1084-1092.
108. Rauhala, H.E., Porkka, K.P., Saramaki, O.R., Tammela, T.L. and Visakorpi, T. (2008) Clusterin is epigenetically regulated in prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 123, 1601-1609.
109. Devaney, J., Stirzaker, C., Qu, W., Song, J.Z., Statham, A.L., Patterson, K.I., Horvath, L.G., Tabor, B., Coolen, M.W., Hulf, T., Kench, J.G., Henshall, S.M., Pe Benito, R., Haynes, A.M., Mayor, R., Peinado, M.A., Sutherland, R.L. and Clark, S.J. (2011) Epigenetic deregulation across chromosome 2q14.2 differentiates normal from prostate cancer and provides a regional panel of novel DNA methylation cancer biomarkers. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 20, 148-159.
110. Guan, M., Xu, C., Zhang, F. and Ye, C. (2009) Aberrant methylation of EphA7 in human prostate cancer and its relation to clinicopathologic features. Int J Cancer 124, 88-94.
111. Kim, J.W., Cheng, Y., Liu, W., Li, T., Yegnasubramanian, S., Zheng, S.L., Xu, J., Isaacs, W.B. and Chang, B.L. (2009) Genetic and epigenetic inactivation of LPL gene in human prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 124, 734-738.
112. Ribarska, T., Ingenwerth, M., Goering, W., Engers, R. and Schulz, W.A. (2010) Epigenetic inactivation of the placentally imprinted tumor suppressor gene TFPI2 in prostate carcinoma. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 7, 51-60.
113. Kim, J.H., Dhanasekaran, S.M., Prensner, J.R., Cao, X., Robinson, D., Kalyana-Sundaram, S., Huang, C., Shankar, S., Jing, X., Iyer, M., Hu, M., Sam, L., Grasso, C., Maher, C.A., Palanisamy, N., Mehra, R., Kominsky, H.D., Siddiqui, J., Yu, J., Qin, Z.S. and Chinnaiyan, A.M. (2011) Deep sequencing reveals distinct patterns of DNA methylation in prostate cancer. Genome Res 21, 1028-1041.
114. Kim, S.J., Kelly, W.K., Fu, A., Haines, K., Hoffman, A. Zheng, T. and Zhu, Y. (2011) Genome-wide methylation analysis identifi es involvement of TNF-Alpha mediated cancer pathways in prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 302, 47-53.
115. Kim, Y.J., Yoon, H.Y., Kim, S.K., Kim, Y.W., Kim, E.J., Kim, I.Y. and Kim, W.J. (2011) EFEMP1 as a novel DNA methylation marker for prostate cancer: Array-based DNA methylation and expression profi ling. Clin. Cancer Res. 17, 4523-4530.
116. Kobayashi, Y., Absher, D.M., Gulzar, Z.G., Young, S.R., McKenney, J.K., Peehl, D.M., Brooks, J.D., Myers, R.M., Sherlock, G. (2011) DNA methylation profi ling reveals novel biomarkers and important roles for DNA methyltransferases in prostate cancer. Genome Res 21, 1017-1027.
117. Schwartzman, J., Mongoue-Tchokote, S., Gibbs, A., Gao, L., Corless, C.L., Jin, J., Zarour, L., Higano, C., True, L.D., Vessella, R.L., Wilmot, B., Bottomly, D., McWeeney, S.K., Bova, G.S., Partin, A.W., Mori, M. and Alumkal J. (2011) A DNA methylation microarray-based study identifi es ERG as a gene commonly methylated in prostate cancer. Epigenetics 6, 1248-1256.