An empirical analysis of an alternative configuration of the Academic Motivation Scale

Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 231-250

  Smith, Kenneth J ^a   Davy, Jeanette A ^b   Rosenberg, Donald L ^c  

^a SALISBURY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c TOWSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Academic Motivation Scale; confirmatory factor analysis; exploratory factor analysis; factor structure

Indexed keywords

EID: 84859647795     PISSN: 0969594X     EISSN: 1465329X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/0969594X.2011.608347     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Abramson, L.Y., Seligman, M.E.P. and Teasdale, J. 1978. Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87(1): 49-74.
2. Anderson, J. and Gerbing, D. 1988. Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3): 411-423.
3. Baker, S.R. 2004. Intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivational orientations: Their role in university adjustment, stress, well-being, and subsequent academic performance. Current Psychology, 23(3): 189-202.
4. Barkoukis, V., Tsorbatzoudis, H., Grouios, G. and Sideridis, G. 2008. The assessment of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and amotivation: Validity and reliability of the Greek version of the Academic Motivation Scale. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 15(1): 39-55.
5. Benson, J. 1998. Developing a strong program of construct validation: A test anxiety example. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 17(1): 10-17.
6. Bentler, P. 1990. Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2): 238-246.
7. Bentler, P. 1995. EQS structural equations program manual, Encino, CA: Multivariate Software, Inc.
8. Bollen, K.A. 1989. Structural equations with latent variables, New York: Wiley.
9. Byrne, B.M. 2006. Structural equation modeling with EQS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming, 2nd ed., Florence, KY: Routledge Academic.
10. Cokley, K.O. 2000. Examining the validity of the academic motivation scale by comparing scale construction to self-determination theory. Psychological Reports, 86(2): 560-564.
11. Cokley, K.O., Bernard, N., Cunningham, D. and Motoike, J. 2001. A psychometric investigation of the academic motivation scale using a United States sample. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 34(2): 109-119.
12. Davy, J.A., Kincaid, J.F., Smith, K.J. and Trawick, M.A. 2007. An examination of the role of attitudinal characteristics and motivation on the cheating behavior of business students. Ethics and Behavior, 17(3): 257-278.
13. Davy, J.A., Smith, K.J. and Rosenberg, D.L. 2009. Motivation and unethical behavior: Are there gender differences?. Forum on Public Policy: A Journal of the Oxford Roundtable,: 1-24. Summer
14. deCharms, R. 1968. Personal causation, New York: Academic Press.
15. Deci, E.L. and Ryan, R.M. 1985. Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior, New York: Plenum.
16. Deci, E.L. and Ryan, R.M. 2000. The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4): 227-268.
17. Deci, E.L. and Ryan, R.M. 2002. Handbook of self-determination research, Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
18. Deci, E.L., Vallerand, R.J., Pelletier, L.G. and Ryan, R.M. 1991. Motivation and education: The self-determination perspective. Educational Psychologist, 26(3-4): 325-346.
19. Fairchild, A.J., Horst, S.J., Finney, S.J. and Barron, K.E. 2005. Evaluating existing and new validity evidence for the Academic Motivation Scale. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 30(3): 331-358.
20. Fernet, C., Senécal, C., Guay, F., Marsh, H. and Dowson, M. 2008. The Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers (WTMST). Journal of Career Assessment, 16(2): 256-279.
21. Fogarty, T.J., Singh, J., Rhoads, G.K. and Moore, R.K. 2000. Antecedents and consequences of burnout in accounting: Beyond the role stress model. Behavioral Research in Accounting, 12(1): 31-67.
22. Fortier, M.S., Vallerand, R.J. and Guay, F. 1995. Academic motivation and school performance: Toward a structural model. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 20(3): 257-274.
23. Gagné, M. and Deci, E.L. 2005. Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(4): 331-362.
24. Grouzet, M.E., Otis, N. and Pelletier, L.G. 2006. Longitudinal cross-gender factorial invariance of the Academic Motivation Scale. Structural Equation Modeling, 13(1): 73-98.
25. Guay, F. and Vallerand, R.J. 1997. Social context, student's motivation, and academic achievement: Toward a process model. Social Psychology of Education, 1(3): 211-233.
26. Hoe, S.L. 2008. Issues and procedures in adopting structural equation modeling techniques. Quantitative Methods Inquiries, 3(1): 76-83.
27. James, L., Mulaik, S. and Brett, J. 1982. Causal analysis, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
28. Kline, R.B. 1998. Principles and practice of structural equations modeling, New York: Guilford.
29. Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. and Williams, J.B.W. 2003. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: Validity of a two-item depression screener. Medical Care, 41(11): 1284-1292.
30. Mallett, C., Kawabata, M., Newcombe, P., Otero-Ferero, A. and Jackson, S. 2007. Sport motivation scale-6 (SMS-6): A revised six-factor sport motivation scale. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(5): 600-614.
31. Multivariate Software, Inc. 2004. EQS 6.1-Structural equations modeling software, Encino, CA: MVSOFT.
32. Nonis, S.A. and Swift, C.O. 1998. Cheating behavior in the marketing classroom: An analysis of the effects of demographics, attitudes, and in-class deterrent strategies. Journal of Marketing Education, 20(3): 188-199.
33. Nunnally, J. 1978. Psychometric theory, 2nd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill.
34. Pelletier, L.G., Fortier, M.S., Vallerand, R.J., Tuson, K.M., Brière, N.M. and Blais, M.R. 1995. Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The Sport Motivation Scale (SMA). Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17: 35-53.
35. Pelletier, L.G., Séguin-Lévesque, C. and Legault, L. 2002. Pressure from above and pressure from below as determinants of teachers' motivation and teaching behaviors. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(1): 186-196.
36. Pisarik, C.T. 2009. Motivational orientation and burnout among undergraduate college students. College Student Journal, 43(4): 1238-1252.
37. Ratelle, C.F., Guay, F., Vallerand, R.J., Larose, S. and Senécal, C. 2007. Autonomous, controlled, and amotivated types of academic motivation: A person-oriented analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(4): 734-746.
38. Rienties, B., Tempelaar, D., Van den Bossche, P., Gijselaers, W. and Segers, M. 2009. The role of academic motivation in computer-supported collaborative learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(6): 1195-1206.
39. Ryan, R.M. and Connell, J.P. 1989. Perceived locus of causality and internalization: Examining reasons for acting in two domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(5): 749-761.
40. Ryan, R.M. and Deci, E.L. 2000. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1): 54-67.
41. Schreiber, J.B., Nora, A., Stage, F.K., Barlow, E.A. and King, J. 2006. Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6): 323-337.
42. Smith, K.J., Davy, J.A. and Rosenberg, D.L. 2009. The influence of motivation on cheating behavior among accounting majors. Advances in Accounting Education: Teaching and Curriculum Innovations, 10(1): 169-188.
43. Smith, K.J., Davy, J.A. and Rosenberg, D.L. 2010. An examination of the validity of the Academic Motivation Scale with a United States business student sample. Psychological Reports, 106(2): 323-341.
44. Smith, K.J., Davy, J.A., Rosenberg, D.L. and Haight, G.T. 2009. The role of motivation and attitude on cheating among business students. Journal of Academic and Business Ethics, 2: 12-37.
45. Sorbom, D. and Joreskog, K.G. 1982. "The use of structural equation models in evaluation research". In A second generation of multivariate analysis: Vol. 2. Measurement and evaluation, Edited by: Fornell, C. 381-418. New York: Praeger.
46. Spittle, M., Jackson, K. and Casey, M. 2009. Applying self-determination theory to understand the motivation for becoming a physical education teacher. Teaching and Teacher Education, 25(1): 190-197.
47. SPSS Inc. 1999. SYSTAT 9, Chicago, IL: Author.
48. Standage, M., Duda, J.L. and Ntoumanis, N. 2003. A model of contextual motivation in physical education: Using constructs from self-determination and achievement goal theories to predict physical activity intentions. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(1): 97-110.
49. Thompson, B. 2003. Score reliability: Contemporary thinking on reliability issues, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
50. Tremblay, M.A., Blanchard, C.M., Taylor, S., Pelletier, L.G. and Villeneuve, M. 2009. Work Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation Scale: Its value for organizational psychology research. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 41(4): 213-225.
51. Ullman, J.B. and Bentler, P.M. 2003. "Structural equation modeling". In Handbook of psychology: Volume 2. Research methods in psychology, Edited by: Schinka, J.A., Velicer, W.F. and Weiner, I.B. 607-634. Somerset, NJ: Wiley.
52. Vaishnavi, S., Connor, K. and Davidson, R.T. 2007. An abbreviated version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the CD-RISC2: Psychometric properties and applications in psychopharmacological trials. Psychiatry Research, 152(2): 293-297.
53. Vallerand, R.J., Fortier, M.S. and Guay, F. 1997. Self-determination and persistence in a real-life setting: Toward a motivational model of high school dropout. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(5): 1161-1176.
54. Vallerand, R.J., Pelletier, L.G., Blais, M.R., Brière, N.M., Senécal, C. and Vallières, E.F. 1992. The Academic Motivation Scale: A measure of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation in education. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52(4): 1003-1017.
55. Vallerand, R.J., Pelletier, L.G., Blais, M.R., Brière, N.M., Senécal, C.B. and Vallières, É.F. 1993. On the assessment of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation in education: Evidence on the concurrent and construct validity of the academic motivational scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53(1): 159-172.
56. Vansteenkiste, M., Sierens, E., Soenens, B., Luyckx, K. and Lens, W. 2009. Motivational profiles from a self-determination perspective: The quality of motivation matters. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101(3): 671-688.
57. Westland, J.C. 2010. Lower bounds on sample size in structural equation modeling. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 9(6): 476-487.
58. Williams, L. and Podsakoff, P. 1989. Longitudinal field methods for studying reciprocal relationships in organizational behavior research: Toward improved causal analysis. Research in Organizational Behavior, 11: 247-292.