Reconceptualizing 'musicianship': Music performance and training through to music reception and engagement

Lifelong Engagement with Music: Benefits for Mental Health and Well-Being

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 161-180

  Chin, TanChyuan ^a   Rickard, Nikki ^a  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84859601235     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (148)

1. Amunts, K., Schlaug, G., Jancke, L., Steinmetz, H., Schleicher, A., Dabringhaus, A., & Zilles, K. (1997). Motor cortex and hand motor skills: structural compliance in the human brain. Human Brain Mapping, 5, 206-215.
2. Andrews, M. W., & Dowling, W. J. (1991). The development of perception of interleaved melodies and control of auditory attention. Music Perception, 8, 349-368.
3. Balkwill, L. L., & Thompson, W. F. (1999). A cross-cultural investigation of the perception of emotion in music: psychophysical and cultural cues. Music Perception, 17, 43-64.
4. Baumruk, R. (2004). The missing link: the role of employee engagement in business success. Workspan, 47, 48-52.
5. Becker, J. (2001). Anthropological perspectives on music and emotion. In J. A. Sloboda & P. N. Juslin (Eds.), Music and Emotion: Theory and Research (pp. 135-160). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6. Becker, J. O. (2004). Deep listeners: Music, Emotion, and Trancing. Indiana University Press.
7. Bella, S. D., Peretz, I., & Aronoff, N. (2003). Time course of melody recognition: A gating paradigm. Perception and Psychophysics, 65, 1019-1028.
8. Bennett, E. L., Diamond, M. C., Krech, D., & Rosenzweig, M. R. (1964). Chemical and anatomical plasticity of the brain. Science, 164, 610-619.
9. Bhattacharya, J., Petsche, H., Feldmann, U., & Rescher, B. (2001). EEG gamma-band phase synchronization between posterior and frontal cortex during mental rotation in humans. Neuroscience Letters, 311, 29-32.
10. Bigand, E. (2003). More about the musical expertise of musically untrained listeners. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 999, 304-312.
11. Bigand, E. (2004). L'oreille musicale experte peut-elle se developper par l'ecoute passivede la musique? Revue de Neuropsychologie, 14, 191-221.
12. Bigand, E., & Poulin-Charronnat, B. (2006). Are we "experienced listeners"? A review of the musical capacities that do not depend on formal musical training. Cognition, 100, 100-130.
13. Bilhartz, T. D., Bruhn, R. A., & Olson, J. E. (2000). The effect of early music training on child cognitive development. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 20, 615-636.
14. Blacking, J. (1973). How Musical is Man? Seattle: University of Washington Press.
15. Blacking, J. (1995). Music, culture and experience. London: University of Chicago Press.
16. Blood, A. J., & Zatorre, R. J. (2001). Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98, 11818-11823.
17. Blood, A. J., Zatorre, R. J., Bermudez, P., & Evans, A. C. (1999). Emotional responses to pleasant and unpleasant music correlate with activity in paralimbic brain regions. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 382-387.
18. Bonnel, A. M., Faïta, F., Peretz, I., & Besson, M. (2001). Divided attention between lyricsand tunes of operatic songs: Evidence for independent processing. Perception and Psychophysics, 63, 1201-1213.
19. Brandler, S., & Rammsayer, T. H. (2003). Differences in mental abilities between musicians and non-musicians. Psychology of Music, 31, 123-138.
20. Brown, S., Martinez, M. J., & Parsons, L. M. (2004). Passive music listening spontaneously engages limbic and paralimbic systems. NeuroReport, 15, 2033-2037.
21. Butler, S. (Ed.). (2009). Macquarie Dictionary. Sydney: Macquarie Dictionary Publishers.
22. Chamorro-Premuzic, T., & Furnham, A. (2007). Personality and music: Can traits explain how people use music in everyday life? British Journal of Psychology, 98, 175-185.
23. Chan, A. S., Ho, Y. C., & Cheung, M. C. (1998). Music training improves verbal memory. Nature, 396, 128.
24. Chartrand, J. P., & Belin, P. (2006). Superior voice timbre processing in musicians. Neuroscience Letters, 405, 154-167.
25. Cheek, J. M., & Smith, L. R. (1999). Music training and mathematics achievement. Adolescence, 34, 759-761.
26. Chin, T. C., & Rickard, N. S. (2010). Nonperformance, as well as performance, based music engagement predicts verbal recall. Music Perception, 27, 197-208.
27. Chin, T. C., & Rickard, N. S. (in press). The Music USE (MUSE) Questionnaire: An instrument to measure engagement in music. Music Perception.
28. Colbert, A. E., Mount, M. K., Harter, J. K., Witt, L. A., & Barrick, M. R. (2004). Interactive effects of personality and perceptions of the work situation on workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 599-609.
29. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2002). Flow: The Classic Work on How to Achieve Happiness. London: Rider.
30. Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Csikszentmihalyi, I. S. (Eds.). (1988). Optimal experience. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
31. Davidson, R. J., & Schwartz, G. E. (1977). The influence of musical training on patterns of EEG asymmetry during musical and nonmusical self-generation tasks. Psychophysiology, 9, 412-418.
32. Day, R. S. (1981). Music ability and patterns of cognition. In Documentary Report of the Ann Arbor Symposium: National Symposium on the Applications of Psychology to the Teaching and Learning of Music (pp. 270-284). Reston, VA: Music Educators National Conference.
33. DeNora, T. (1999). Music as a technology of the self. Poetics, 27, 31-56.
34. Diamond, M. C., Krech, D., & Rosenzweig, M. R. (1964). The effects of an enriched environment on the rat cerebral cortex. J. Comp. Neurol., 123, 111-119.
35. Dillon, S. (2009). Examining meaningful engagement: Musicology and virtual music making environments. In E. Mackinlay, B. Bartleet & K. Barney (Eds.), Musical Islands (pp. 297-310). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
36. Dowling, W. J., & Harwood, D. L. (1986). Music cognition. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
37. Draganski, B., Gaser, C., Busch, V., Schuierer, G., Bogdahn, U., & May, A. (2004). Changes in grey matter induced by training. Nature, 427, 311-312.
38. Dvir, T., Eden, D., Avolio, B. J., & Shamir, B. (2002). Impact of transformational leadership on follower development and performance: A field experiment. The Academy of Management Journal, 45, 735-744.
39. Elbert, T., Pantev, C., Wienbruch, C., Rockstroh, B., & Taub, E. (1995). Increased cortical representation of the fingers of the left hand in string players. Science, 270, 305-307.
40. Elliott, D. (1995). Music matters: A new philosophy of music education. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
41. Finnas, L. (1989). How can musical preferences be modified? Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, 102, 1-58.
42. Fujioka, T., Ross, B., Kakigi, R., Pantev, C., & Trainor, L. J. (2006). One year of musical training affects development of auditory cortical-evoked fields in young children. Brain, 129, 2593-2608.
43. Gabrielsson, A. (2001). Emotions in strong experiences with music. In J. A. Sloboda & P. N. Juslin (Eds.), Music and Emotion: Theory and Research (pp. 431-449). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
44. Gardiner, M. F., Fox, A., Knowles, F., & Jeffrey, D. (1996). Learning improved by arts training. Nature, 381, 284.
45. Gaser, C., & Schlaug, G. (2003). Brain structures differ between musicians and non-musicians. The Journal of Neuroscience, 23, 9240-9245.
46. Gjerdingen, R. (2003). What to listen for in rock: A stylistic analysis. Music Perception, 20, 491-497.
47. Gordon, E. E. (1965). Musical Aptitude Profile. Chicago: GIA.
48. Gordon, E. E. (1989). Advanced Measures of Music Audiation. Chicago: GIA.
49. Grant, M. D., & Brody, J. A. (2004). Musical experience and dementia. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 16, 403-405.
50. Gromko, J. E. (2005). The effect of music instruction on phonemic awareness in beginning readers. Journal of Research in Music Education, 53, 199-209.
51. Hallam, S. (2010). The power of music: Its impact on the intellectual, social and personal development of children and young people. International Journal of Music Education, 28, 269-289.
52. Hanser, S. R. (2010). Music, health, and well-being. In: P. N. Juslin & J. A. Sloboda (Eds.), Handbook of music and emotion: Theory, Research and Applications (pp. 849-878). Oxford University Press.
53. Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 268-279.
54. Hedden, S. K. (1981). Music listening skills and music listening preferences. Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, 65, 16-26.
55. Heller, J. J., & Campbell, W. C. (1981). Auditory perception in music teaching and learning. In Documentary Report of the Ann Arbor Symposium: National Symposium on the Applications of Psychology to the Teaching and Learning of Music (pp. 8-15). Reston, VA: Music Educators National Conference.
56. Hertzog, C., Kramer, A. F., Wilson, R. S., & Lindenberger, U. (2009). Enrichment effects on adult cognitive development: Can the functional capacity of older adults be preserved and enhanced? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 9, 1-65.
57. Ho, Y. C., Cheung, M. C., & Chan, A. S. (2003). Music training improves verbal but not visual memory: Cross-sectional and longitudinal explorations in children. Neuropsychology, 17, 439-450.
58. Huntsinger, C., & Jose, P. (1991). A test of Gardner's Modularity Theory: a comparison of short-term memory for digits and tones. Psychomusicology, 10, 3-18.
59. Husain, G., Thompson, W. F., & Schellenberg, E. G. (2002). Effects of musical tempo and mode on arousal, mood, and spatial abilities. Music Perception, 20, 149-169.
60. Hutchinson, S., Lee, L. H. L., Gaab, N., & Schlaug, G. (2003). Cerebellar volume: gender and musicianship effects. Cerebral Cortex, 13, 943-949.
61. Huttenlocher, P. R. (2002). Neural plasticity: The effects of environment on the development of the cerebral cortex. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
62. Hyde, K. L., Lerch, J., Norton, A., Forgeard, M., Winner, E., Evans, A. C., & Schlaug, G. (2009). Musical training shapes structural brain development. The Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 3019-3025.
63. Jakobson, L. S., Cuddy, L. L., & Kilgour, A. R. (2003). Time-tagging: A key to musicians' superior memory. Music Perception, 20, 307-313.
64. Janata, P., Birk, J. L., Van Horn, J. D., Leman, M., Tillmann, B., & Bharucha, J. J. (2002). The cortical topography of tonal structures underlying Western music. Science, 298, 2167-2170.
65. Johnson, J. A., & Zatorre, R. J. (2005). Attention to simultaneous unrelated auditory and visual events: Behavioral and neural correlates. Cerebral Cortex, 15, 1609-1620.
66. Jones, M. R., Summerell, L., & Marshburn, E. (1987). Recognizing melodies: A dynamic interpretation. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 39, 89-121.
67. Judde, S., & Rickard, N. S. (2010). The effect of post-learning presentation of music on long-term word-list retention. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 94, 13-20.
68. Juslin, P. N. (1997). Emotional communication in music performance: A functionalist perspective and some data. Music Perception, 14, 383-418.
69. Keenan, J. P., Thangaraj, V., Halpern, A. R., & Schlaug, G. (2001) Absolute pitch and planum temporale, NeuroImage, 14, 1402-1408.
70. Kennedy, M. (Ed.). (2006). The Oxford dictionary of music. New York: Oxford University Press.
71. Kilgour, A. R., Jakobson, L. S., & Cuddy, L. L. (2000). Music training and rate of presentation as mediators of text and song recall. Memory & Cognition, 28, 700-710.
72. Koelsch, S., Fritz, T., Schulze, K., Alsop, D., & Schlaug, G. (2005). Adults and children processing music: an fMRI study. Neuroimage, 25, 1068-1076.
73. Koelsch, S., Fritz, T., von Cramon, D. Y., Muller, K., & Friederici, A. D. (2006). Investigating emotion with music: an fMRI study. Human Brain Mapping, 27, 239-250.
74. Koelsch, S., Grossmann, T., Gunter, T. C., Hahne, A., Schröger, E., & Friederici, A. D. (2003). Children processing music: Electric brain responses reveal musical competence and gender differences. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 683-693.
75. Koelsch, S., Gunter, T., Friederici, A. D., & Schröger, E. (2000). Brain indices of music processing: Non-musicians are musical. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 520-541.
76. Koelsch, S., Kasper, E., Sammler, D., Schulze, K., Gunter, T., & Friederici, A. D. (2004). Music, language and meaning: brain signatures of semantic processing. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 302-307.
77. Kreutz, G., Murcia, C. Q., & Bongard, S. (2010). Psychoneuroendocrine effects of musical behaviour on health and wellbeing - An overview of research. In S. M. Demorest, S. J. Morrison, & P. S. Campbell (Eds.), Proceedings of the 11th International Conference for Music Perception and Cognition. Causal Productions.
78. Krumhansl, C. L. (1995). Music psychology and music theory: Problems and prospects. Music Theory Spectrum, 17, 53-90.
79. Lamont, A., Greasley, A., & Hale, R., (2010). Strong experiences of music: The importance of popular music festivals in adults' lives. In S. M. Demorest, S. J. Morrison, & P. S. Campbell (Eds.), Proceedings of the 11th International Conference for Music Perception and Cognition. Causal Productions.
80. Lee, D. J., Chen, Y., & Schlaug, G. (2003). Corpus callosum: musician and gender effects. NeuroReport, 14, 205-209.
81. Lerdahl, F., & Jackendoff, R. (1983). A generative theory of tonal music. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
82. Leslie, G., & Warusfel, O. (2010). A cognitive test of interactive music listening. In S. M. Demorest, S. J. Morrison, & P. S. Campbell (Eds.), Proceedings of the 11th International Conference for Music Perception and Cognition. Causal Productions.
83. Lotze, M., Scheler, G., Tan, H. R., Braun, C., & Birbaumer, N. (2003). The musician's brain: Functional imaging of amateurs and professionals during performance and imagery. Neuroimage, 20, 1817-1829.
84. MacDonald, R., Kreutz, G., & Mitchell, L. (in press). Music, Health and Wellbeing, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
85. Macey, W. H., & Schneider, B. (2008). The meaning of employee engagement. Industrial & Organizational Psychology, 1, 3-30.
86. Madsen, C. K., & Coggiola, J. C. (2001). The effect of manipulating a CRDI dial on the focus of attention of musicians /non-musicians and perceived aesthetic response. Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, 149, 13-22.
87. Margulis, E. (2008). Neuroscience, the food of musical culture? Review of General Psychology, 12, 159-169.
88. Menon, V., & Levitin, D. J. (2005). The rewards of music listening: response and physiological connectivity of the mesolimbic system. Neuroimage, 28, 175-184.
89. Merriam, A. P. (1964). The Anthropology of Music. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
90. Miranda, D., & Claes, M. (2009). Music listening, coping, peer affiliation and depression in adolescence. Psychology of Music, 37, 215-233.
91. Mursell, J. L. (1937). The psychology of music. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
92. Münte, T. F., Altenmüller, E., & Jäncke, L. (2002). The musician's brain as a model of neuroplasticity. Nature Reviews: Neuroscience, 3, 473-478.
93. Nawrot, E. S. (2003). The perception of emotional expression in music: Evidence from infants, children, and adults. Psychology of Music, 31, 75-92.
94. Nithianantharajah, J., & Hannan, A. J. (2009). The neurobiology of brain and cognitive reserve: Mental and physical activity as modulators of brain disorders. Progress in Neurobiology, 89, 369-382.
95. Nithianantharajah, J., & Hannan, A. J., (2006). Enriched environments, experience dependent plasticity and disorders of the nervous system. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7, 697-709.
96. North, A. C., Hargreaves, D. J., & O'Neill, S. A. (2000). The importance of music to adolescents. British J Education Psychology, 70, 255-272.
97. Norton, A., Winner, E., Cronin, K., Overy, K., Lee, D. J., & Schlaug, G. (2005). Are there pre-existing neural, cognitive, or motoric markers for musical ability? Brain Cognition, 59, 124-134.
98. Ohnishi, T., Matsuda, H., Asada, T., Aruga, M., Hirakata, M., Nishikawa, M., Katoh, A., & Imabayashi, E. (2001). Functional anatomy of musical perception in musicians. Cereb. Cortex, 11, 754-760.
99. Ollen, J. E. (2006). A criterion-related validity test of selected indicators of musical sophistication using expert ratings. (Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University). Retrieved from http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=osu1161705351.
100. Ozturk, A. H., Tascioglu, B., Aktekin, M., Kurtoglu, Z., & Erden, I. (2002). Morphometric comparison of the human corpus callosum in professional musicians and non-musicians by using in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Neuroradiology, 29, 29-34.
101. Pantev, C., Oostenveld, R., Engelien, A., Ross, B., Roberts, L. E., & Hoke, M. (1998). Increased auditory cortical representation in musicians. Nature, 392, 811-814.
102. Pelletier, C. L. (2004). The effect of music on decreasing arousal due to stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Music Therapy, 41, 192-214.
103. Popescu, M., Otsuka, A., & Ioannides, A. (2004) Dynamics of brain activity in motor and frontal cortical areas during music listening: a magnetoencephalographic study. Neuroimage, 21, 1622-1638.
104. Preisler, A. (1993). The influence of spectral composition of complex tones and of musical experience on the perceptibility of virtual pitch. Perception Psychophysics, 54, 589-603.
105. Pulli, K., Karma, K., Norio, R., Sistonen, P., Göring, H. H. H., & Järvelä, I. (2008). Genome wide linkage scan for loci of musical aptitude in Finnish families: Evidence for a major locus at 4q22. Journal of Medical Genetics, 45, 451-456.
106. Radvansky, G. A., Fleming, K. J., & Simmons, J. A. (1995). Timbre reliance in nonmusicians' and musicians' memory for melodies. Music Perception, 13, 127-140.
107. Rauscher, F., Shaw, G., Levine, L., Wright, E., Dennis, W., & Newcomb, R. (1997). Music training causes long-term enhancement of preschool children's spatial-temporal reasoning. Neurological Research, 19, 2-8.
108. Reeve, J., Jang, H., Carrell, D. Jeon, S., & Barch, J. (2004). Enhancing students' engagement by increasing teachers' autonomy support. Motivation and Emotion, 28, 147-169.
109. Reimer, B. (1989). A Philosophy of Music Education. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
110. Rentfrow, P. J., & Gosling, S. D. (2003). The do re mi's of everyday life. The structure and personality correlates of music preferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1236-1256.
111. Richards, M., Hardy, R., & Wadsworth, M. E. J. (2003). Does active leisure protect cognition? Evidence from a national birth cohort. Social Science and Medicine, 56, 785-792.
112. Richman, A. (2006). Everyone wants an engaged workforce how can you create it? Workspan, 49, 36-39.
113. Rickard, N. S., Vasquez, T., Murphy, F., Toukhsati, S. R., & Gill, A. (2010). Benefits of a classroom based instrumental music program on verbal memory of primary school children. Australian Journal of Music Education, 1, 36-47.
114. Russell, J., Ainley, M., & Frydenberg, E. (2005). Student Motivation and Engagement. Canberra, Australia: Department of Education and Training.
115. Saarikallio, S., & Erkkilä, J. (2007). The role of music in adolescents' mood regulation. Psychology of Music, 35, 88-109.
116. Sadie, S., & Tyrrell, J. (Eds.). (2001). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers.
117. Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21, 600-619.
118. Samson, S., & Zatorre, R. J. (1991). Recognition memory for text and melody for songs after unilateral temporal lobe lesion: Evidence for dual encoding. Journal of Experimental psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 17, 793-804.
119. Särkämö T., Tervaniemi, M., Laitinen, S., Forsblom, A., Soinila, S., Mikkonen, M., Autti, T., Silvennoinen, H. M., Erkkilä, J., Laine, M., Peretz, I., & Hietanen, M. (2008). Music listening enhances cognitive recovery and mood after middle cerebral artery stroke. Brain, 131, 866-876.
120. Schellenberg, E. G. (2001). Music and nonmusical abilities. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 930, 355-371.
121. Schellenberg, E. G. (2004). Music lessons enhance IQ. Psychological Science, 15, 511-514.
122. Schellenberg, E.G., & Hallam, S. (2005). Music listening and cognitive abilities in 10 and 11 year olds: The Blur effect. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1060, 202-209.
123. Schellenberg, E.G., Nakata, T., Hunter, P. G., & Tamoto, S. (2007). Exposure to music and cognitive performance: Tests of children and adults. Psychology of Music, 35, 5-19.
124. Schlaug, G. (2001). The brain of musicians: A model for functional and structural adaptation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 930, 281-299.
125. Schlaug, G., Jancke, L., Huang, Y., Staiger, J. F., & Steinmetz, H. (1995a). Increased corpus callosum size in musicians. Neuropsychologia, 33, 1047-1055.
126. Schlaug, G., Jancke, L., Huang, Y., & Steinmetz, H. (1995b). In vivo evidence of structural brain asymmetry in musicians. Science, 267, 699-701.
127. Schneider, P., Scherg, M., Dosch, H. G., Specht, H. J., Gutschalk, A., & Rupp, A. (2002). Morphology of Heschl's gyrus reflects enhanced activation in the auditory cortex of musicians. Nature Neuroscience, 5, 688-694.
128. Seashore, C. E. (1919). Seashore Measures of Musical Talents. New York: Psychological Corporation.
129. Shaw, K. (2005). An engagement strategy process for communicators: Clarifying what engagement means for your organization. Strategic Communication Management, 9, 26-29.
130. Sloboda, J. A. (1990). Music as a language. In F. Wilson & F. Roehmann (Eds.), Music and child development. St. Louis, Miss: MMB Inc.
131. Sloboda, J. A. (2005). Exploring the Musical Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.
132. Sluming, V., Barrick, T., Howard, M., Cezayirli, E., Mayes, A., & Roberts, N. (2002). Voxel-based morphometry reveals increased gray matter density in Broca's area in male symphony orchestra musicians. NeuroImage, 17, 1613-1622.
133. Soanes, C., & Stevenson, A. (Eds.). (2005). Oxford Dictionary of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
134. Standley, J. M., & Hughes, J. E. (1997). Evaluation of an early intervention music curriculum for enhancing prereading/writing skills. Music Therapy Perspectives, 15, 79-85.
135. Stewart, L., Henson, R., Kampe, K., Walsh, V., Turner, R., & Frith, U. (2003). An fMRI study of musical literacy acquisition. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 999, 204-208.
136. Swanwick, K. (1994). Music education, intuition and analysis. London: Routledge.
137. Thompson, R. G., Moulin, C. J., Hayre, S., & Jones, R. W. (2005). Music enhances category fluency in healthy older adults and Alzheimer's disease patients. Exp Aging Res, 31, 91-99.
138. Thompson, W. F., Schellenberg, E.G., & Husain, G. (2001). Arousal, mood, and the Mozart effect. Psychological Science, 12, 248-251.
139. Thompson, W. F., Schellenberg, E.G., & Husain, G. (2004). Decoding speech prosody: Do music lessons help? Emotion, 4, 46-64.
140. Tillman, B., Bharucha, J. J., & Bigand, E. (2000). Implicit learning of tonality: a self-organizing approach. Psychological Review, 107, 885-913.
141. Trainor, L. J., Tsang, C. D., & Cheung, V. H. W. (2002). Preference for consonance in two-month-old infants. Music Perception, 20, 185-192.
142. Trehub, S. E., Schellenberg, G., & Hill, D. (1997). The origins of music perceptionand cognition: A developmental perspective. In I. Deliege & J. A. Sloboda (Eds.), Perception and Cognition of Music (pp. 103-128). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
143. Trimmer, C. G., & Cuddy, L. L. (2008). Emotional intelligence, not music training, predicts recognition of emotional speech prosody. Emotion, 8, 838-849.
144. Ungerer, F., & Schmid, H. (2006). An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics (2nd ed.). New York: Longman.
145. Veblen, K., & Olsson, B. (2002). Community music: Toward an international overview. In R. Colwell & C. Richardson (Eds.), New handbook of music teaching and learning (pp. 730-753). New York: Oxford University Press.
146. Wallace, W. T. (1994). Memory for music: Effect of melody on recall of text. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 20, 1471-1485.
147. Werner, P. D., Swope, A. J., & Heide, F. J. (2006). The music experience questionnaire: Development and correlates. The Journal of Psychology, 140, 329-345.
148. Zentner, M. R., & Kagan, J. (1996). Perception of music by infants. Nature, 383, 29.