메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 13, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 543-554

Identification of six novel P450 oxidoreductase missense variants in Ashkenazi and Moroccan Jewish populations

Author keywords

allele frequencies; CYP oxidoreductase; haplotype; Jewish populations; pharmacogenetics; POR

Indexed keywords

CYTOCHROME P450 REDUCTASE;

EID: 84859251297     PISSN: 14622416     EISSN: 17448042     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/pgs.12.21     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (16)

References (54)
  • 1
    • 27544462706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The journey from NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase to nitric oxide synthases
    • DOI 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.165, PII S0006291X0502200X
    • Masters BS. The journey from NADPHcytochrome P450 oxidoreductase to nitric oxide synthases. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 338(1), 507-519 (2005). (Pubitemid 41540597)
    • (2005) Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications , vol.338 , Issue.1 , pp. 507-519
    • Masters, B.S.S.1
  • 3
    • 34347219795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apparent manifesting heterozygosity in P450 oxidoreductase deficiency and its effect on coexisting 21-hydroxylase deficiency
    • DOI 10.1210/jc.2006-2345
    • Scott RR, Gomes LG, Huang N, Van Vliet G, Miller WL. Apparent manifesting heterozygosity in P450 oxidoreductase deficiency and its effect on coexisting 21-hydroxylase deficiency. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92(6), 2318-2322 (2007). (Pubitemid 46997140)
    • (2007) Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism , vol.92 , Issue.6 , pp. 2318-2322
    • Scott, R.R.1    Gomes, L.G.2    Huang, N.3    Van Vliet, G.4    Miller, W.L.5
  • 5
    • 0018803653 scopus 로고
    • Role of a hydrophobic polypeptide in the N-terminal region of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase in complex formation with P-450LM
    • Black SD, French JS, Williams CH Jr, Coon MJ. Role of a hydrophobic polypeptide in the N-terminal region of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase in complex formation with P-450LM. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 91(4), 1528-1535 (1979).
    • (1979) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.91 , Issue.4 , pp. 1528-1535
    • Black, S.D.1    French, J.S.2    Williams Jr., C.H.3    Coon, M.J.4
  • 7
    • 3342918965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compound heterozygous mutations of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase gene (POR) in two patients with Antley-Bixler syndrome
    • Adachi M, Tachibana K, Asakura Y, Yamamoto T, Hanaki K, Oka A. Compound heterozygous mutations of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase gene (POR) in two patients with Antley-Bixler syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet. A 128A(4), 333-339 (2004). (Pubitemid 38988634)
    • (2004) American Journal of Medical Genetics , vol.128 A , Issue.4 , pp. 333-339
    • Adachi, M.1    Tachibana, K.2    Asakura, Y.3    Yamamoto, T.4    Hanaki, K.5    Oka, A.6
  • 12
    • 38549085263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase influence microsomal P450-catalyzed drug metabolism
    • DOI 10.1097/FPC.0b013e3282f2f121, PII 0121301120080100000002
    • Hart SN, Wang S, Nakamoto K, Wesselman C, Li Y, Zhong XB. Genetic polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase influence microsomal P450-catalyzed drug metabolism. Pharmacogenet. Genomics 18(1), 11-24 (2008). (Pubitemid 351161645)
    • (2008) Pharmacogenetics and Genomics , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 11-24
    • Hart, S.N.1    Wang, S.2    Nakamoto, K.3    Wesselman, C.4    Li, Y.5    Zhong, X.-B.6
  • 14
    • 79952746153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic polymorphisms and haplotypes of POR, encoding cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase, in a Japanese population
    • Saito Y, Yamamoto N, Katori N et al. Genetic polymorphisms and haplotypes of POR, encoding cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase, in a Japanese population. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 26(1), 107-116 (2011).
    • (2011) Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. , vol.26 , Issue.1 , pp. 107-116
    • Saito, Y.1    Yamamoto, N.2    Katori, N.3
  • 15
    • 80052640320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deletion of P399-E401 in NADPH cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase results in partial mixed oxidase deficiency
    • Fluck CE, Mallet D, Hofer G et al. Deletion of P399-E401 in NADPH cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase results in partial mixed oxidase deficiency. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 412(4), 572-577 (2011).
    • (2011) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.412 , Issue.4 , pp. 572-577
    • Fluck, C.E.1    Mallet, D.2    Hofer, G.3
  • 16
    • 0037155271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of multiple developmental defects and embryonic lethality with loss of microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase
    • DOI 10.1074/jbc.M111408200
    • Shen AL, O'Leary KA, Kasper CB. Association of multiple developmental defects and embryonic lethality with loss of microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. J. Biol. Chem. 277(8), 6536-6541 (2002). (Pubitemid 34968452)
    • (2002) Journal of Biological Chemistry , vol.277 , Issue.8 , pp. 6536-6541
    • Shen, A.L.1    O'Leary, K.A.2    Kasper, C.B.3
  • 17
    • 33847018823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rescue of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (Por) mouse mutants reveals functions in vasculogenesis, brain and limb patterning linked to retinoic acid homeostasis
    • Ribes V, Otto DM, Dickmann L et al. Rescue of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (Por) mouse mutants reveals functions in vasculogenesis, brain and limb patterning linked to retinoic acid homeostasis. Dev. Biol. 303(1), 66-81 (2007).
    • (2007) Dev. Biol. , vol.303 , Issue.1 , pp. 66-81
    • Ribes, V.1    Otto, D.M.2    Dickmann, L.3
  • 19
    • 72449153386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RNA-interference approach to study functions of NADPH: Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase in human hepatocytes
    • Feidt DM, Klein K, Nussler A, Zanger UM. RNA-interference approach to study functions of NADPH: cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase in human hepatocytes. Chem. Biodivers. 6(11), 2084-2091 (2009).
    • (2009) Chem. Biodivers. , vol.6 , Issue.11 , pp. 2084-2091
    • Feidt, D.M.1    Klein, K.2    Nussler, A.3    Zanger, U.M.4
  • 20
    • 0016736856 scopus 로고
    • Trapezoidocephaly, midfacial hypoplasia and cartilage abnormalities with multiple synostoses and skeletal fractures
    • Antley R, Bixler D. Trapezoidocephaly, midfacial hypoplasia and cartilage abnormalities with multiple synostoses and skeletal fractures. Birth Defects Orig. Artic. Ser. 11(2), 397-401 (1975).
    • (1975) Birth Defects Orig. Artic. Ser. , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 397-401
    • Antley, R.1    Bixler, D.2
  • 21
    • 0030935086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of in vitro and in vivo data to estimate the likelihood of metabolic pharmacokinetic interactions
    • Bertz RJ, Granneman GR. Use of in vitro and in vivo data to estimate the likelihood of metabolic pharmacokinetic interactions. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 32(3), 210-258 (1997). (Pubitemid 27122521)
    • (1997) Clinical Pharmacokinetics , vol.32 , Issue.3 , pp. 210-258
    • Bertz, R.J.1    Granneman, G.R.2
  • 22
    • 0033569516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacogenomics: Translating functional genomics into rational therapeutics
    • Evans WE, Relling MV. Pharmacogenomics: translating functional genomics into rational therapeutics. Science 286(5439), 487-491 (1999).
    • (1999) Science , vol.286 , Issue.5439 , pp. 487-491
    • Evans, W.E.1    Relling, M.V.2
  • 23
    • 66849098131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacogenomics of human liver cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase: Multifactorial analysis and impact on microsomal drug oxidation
    • Gomes AM, Winter S, Klein K et al. Pharmacogenomics of human liver cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase: multifactorial analysis and impact on microsomal drug oxidation. Pharmacogenomics 10(4), 579-599 (2009).
    • (2009) Pharmacogenomics , vol.10 , Issue.4 , pp. 579-599
    • Gomes, A.M.1    Winter, S.2    Klein, K.3
  • 24
    • 70350221648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Next generation disparities in human genomics: Concerns and remedies
    • Need AC, Goldstein DB. Next generation disparities in human genomics: concerns and remedies. Trends Genet. 25(11), 489-494 (2009).
    • (2009) Trends Genet. , vol.25 , Issue.11 , pp. 489-494
    • Need, A.C.1    Goldstein, D.B.2
  • 25
    • 58549116131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personalized pharmacotherapy: Genotypes, biomarkers, and beyond
    • Gurwitz D, Lunshof JE. Personalized pharmacotherapy: genotypes, biomarkers, and beyond. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 85(2), 142 (2009).
    • (2009) Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. , vol.85 , Issue.2 , pp. 142
    • Gurwitz, D.1    Lunshof, J.E.2
  • 27
    • 70349084907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of DNA variations in the polymorphic hydroxymethylbilane synthase gene by high-resolution melting analysis
    • Ulbrichova-Douderova D, Martasek P. Detection of DNA variations in the polymorphic hydroxymethylbilane synthase gene by high-resolution melting analysis. Anal. Biochem. 395(1), 41-48 (2009).
    • (2009) Anal. Biochem. , vol.395 , pp. 141-48
    • Ulbrichova-Douderova, D.1    Martasek, P.2
  • 29
    • 33847161616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GEVALT: An integrated software tool for genotype analysis
    • Davidovich O, Kimmel G, Shamir R. GEVALT: an integrated software tool for genotype analysis. BMC Bioinformatics 8, 36 (2007).
    • (2007) BMC Bioinformatics , vol.8 , pp. 36
    • Davidovich, O.1    Kimmel, G.2    Shamir, R.3
  • 30
  • 32
    • 60849115571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacogenetics - Tailoring treatment for the outliers
    • Woodcock J, Lesko LJ. Pharmacogenetics - tailoring treatment for the outliers. N. Engl. J. Med. 360(8), 811-813 (2009).
    • (2009) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.360 , Issue.8 , pp. 811-813
    • Woodcock, J.1    Lesko, L.J.2
  • 33
    • 54949144309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional pharmacogenetics/genomics of human cytochromes P450 involved in drug biotransformation
    • Zanger UM, Turpeinen M, Klein K, Schwab M. Functional pharmacogenetics/genomics of human cytochromes P450 involved in drug biotransformation. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 392(6), 1093-1108 (2008).
    • (2008) Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , vol.392 , Issue.6 , pp. 1093-1108
    • Zanger, U.M.1    Turpeinen, M.2    Klein, K.3    Schwab, M.4
  • 34
    • 43049175775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Counting the founders: The matrilineal genetic ancestry of the Jewish diaspora
    • Behar DM, Metspalu E, Kivisild T et al. Counting the founders: the matrilineal genetic ancestry of the Jewish diaspora. PLoS ONE 3(4), e2062 (2008).
    • (2008) PLoS ONE , vol.3 , Issue.4
    • Behar, D.M.1    Metspalu, E.2    Kivisild, T.3
  • 35
    • 77954542018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people
    • Behar DM, Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M et al. The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people. Nature 466(7303), 238-242 (2010).
    • (2010) Nature , vol.466 , Issue.7303 , pp. 238-242
    • Behar, D.M.1    Yunusbayev, B.2    Metspalu, M.3
  • 36
    • 53049088208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacogenetics of P450 oxidoreductase: Effect of sequence variants on activities of CYP1A2 and CYP2C19
    • Agrawal V, Huang N, Miller WL. Pharmacogenetics of P450 oxidoreductase: effect of sequence variants on activities of CYP1A2 and CYP2C19. Pharmacogenet. Genomics 18(7), 569-576 (2008).
    • (2008) Pharmacogenet. Genomics , vol.18 , Issue.7 , pp. 569-576
    • Agrawal, V.1    Huang, N.2    Miller, W.L.3
  • 38
    • 77957220642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Substrate-specific modulation of CYP3A4 activity by genetic variants of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase
    • Agrawal V, Choi JH, Giacomini KM, Miller WL. Substrate-specific modulation of CYP3A4 activity by genetic variants of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. Pharmacogenet. Genomics 20(10), 611-618 (2010).
    • (2010) Pharmacogenet. Genomics , vol.20 , Issue.10 , pp. 611-618
    • Agrawal, V.1    Choi, J.H.2    Giacomini, K.M.3    Miller, W.L.4
  • 39
    • 77958581296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of genetic variants of human P450 oxidoreductase on catalysis by CYP2D6 in vitro
    • Sandee D, Morrissey K, Agrawal V et al. Effects of genetic variants of human P450 oxidoreductase on catalysis by CYP2D6 in vitro. Pharmacogenet. Genomics 20(11), 677-686 (2010).
    • (2010) Pharmacogenet. Genomics , vol.20 , Issue.11 , pp. 677-686
    • Sandee, D.1    Morrissey, K.2    Agrawal, V.3
  • 40
    • 73249131251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical, genetic, and enzymatic characterization of P450 oxidoreductase deficiency in four patients
    • Sahakitrungruang T, Huang N, Tee MK et al. Clinical, genetic, and enzymatic characterization of P450 oxidoreductase deficiency in four patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94(12), 4992-5000 (2009).
    • (2009) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. , vol.94 , Issue.12 , pp. 4992-5000
    • Sahakitrungruang, T.1    Huang, N.2    Tee, M.K.3
  • 41
    • 77957687453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction in hepatic drug metabolizing CYP3A4 activities caused by P450 oxidoreductase mutations identified in patients with disordered steroid metabolism
    • Fluck CE, Mullis PE, Pandey AV. Reduction in hepatic drug metabolizing CYP3A4 activities caused by P450 oxidoreductase mutations identified in patients with disordered steroid metabolism. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 401(1), 149-153 (2010).
    • (2010) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.401 , Issue.1 , pp. 149-153
    • Fluck, C.E.1    Mullis, P.E.2    Pandey, A.V.3
  • 42
    • 59849110382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined use of mass spectrometry and heterologous expression for identification of membrane-interacting peptides in cytochrome P450 46A1 and NADPHcytochrome P450 oxidoreductase
    • Mast N, Liao WL, Pikuleva IA, Turko IV. Combined use of mass spectrometry and heterologous expression for identification of membrane-interacting peptides in cytochrome P450 46A1 and NADPHcytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 483(1), 81-89 (2009).
    • (2009) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , vol.483 , Issue.1 , pp. 81-89
    • Mast, N.1    Liao, W.L.2    Pikuleva, I.A.3    Turko, I.V.4
  • 43
    • 77951254975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Restoration of mutant cytochrome P450 reductase activity by external flavin
    • Nicolo C, Fluck CE, Mullis PE, Pandey AV. Restoration of mutant cytochrome P450 reductase activity by external flavin. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 321(2), 245-252 (2010).
    • (2010) Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. , vol.321 , Issue.2 , pp. 245-252
    • Nicolo, C.1    Fluck, C.E.2    Mullis, P.E.3    Pandey, A.V.4
  • 44
    • 80655134827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proximal promoter of the cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase gene: Identification of microdeletions involving the untranslated exon 1 and critical function of the SP1 binding sites
    • Soneda S, Yazawa T, Fukami M et al. Proximal promoter of the cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase gene: identification of microdeletions involving the untranslated exon 1 and critical function of the SP1 binding sites. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96(11), E1881-E1887 (2011).
    • (2011) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. , vol.96 , Issue.11
    • Soneda, S.1    Yazawa, T.2    Fukami, M.3
  • 45
    • 79955787007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcriptional regulation of the human P450 oxidoreductase gene: Hormonal regulation and influence of promoter polymorphisms
    • Tee MK, Huang N, Damm I, Miller WL. Transcriptional regulation of the human P450 oxidoreductase gene: hormonal regulation and influence of promoter polymorphisms. Mol. Endocrinol. 25(5), 715-731 (2011).
    • (2011) Mol. Endocrinol. , vol.25 , Issue.5 , pp. 715-731
    • Tee, M.K.1    Huang, N.2    Damm, I.3    Miller, W.L.4
  • 46
    • 43749123253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic and clinical features of P450 oxidoreductase deficiency
    • DOI 10.1159/000114857
    • Scott RR, Miller WL. Genetic and clinical features of P450 oxidoreductase deficiency. Horm. Res. 69(5), 266-275 (2008). (Pubitemid 351693906)
    • (2008) Hormone Research , vol.69 , Issue.5 , pp. 266-275
    • Scott, R.R.1    Miller, W.L.2
  • 48
    • 33845967142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diminished FAD binding in the Y459H and V492E Antley-Bixler syndrome mutants of human cytochrome P450 reductase
    • DOI 10.1074/jbc.M607095200
    • Marohnic CC, Panda SP, Martasek P, Masters BS. Diminished FAD binding in the Y459H and V492E Antley-Bixler syndrome mutants of human cytochrome P450 reductase. J. Biol. Chem. 281(47), 35975-35982 (2006). (Pubitemid 46041329)
    • (2006) Journal of Biological Chemistry , vol.281 , Issue.47 , pp. 35975-35982
    • Marohnic, C.C.1    Panda, S.P.2    Martasek, P.3    Masters, B.S.4
  • 49
    • 76149123185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency caused by the Y181D mutation: Molecular consequences and rescue of defect
    • Marohnic C, Panda SP, McCammon K, Rueff J, Masters BS, Kranendonk M. Human cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency caused by the Y181D mutation: molecular consequences and rescue of defect. Drug Metab. Dispos. 38(2), 332-340 (2010).
    • (2010) Drug Metab. Dispos. , vol.38 , Issue.2 , pp. 332-340
    • Marohnic, C.1    Panda, S.P.2    McCammon, K.3    Rueff, J.4    Masters, B.S.5    Kranendonk, M.6
  • 50
    • 74049132714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The P450 oxidoreductase genotype is associated with CYP3A activity in vivo as measured by the midazolam phenotyping test
    • Oneda B, Crettol S, Sirot EJ, Bochud M, Ansermot N, Eap CB. The P450 oxidoreductase genotype is associated with CYP3A activity in vivo as measured by the midazolam phenotyping test. Pharmacogenet. Genomics 19(11), 877-883 (2009).
    • (2009) Pharmacogenet. Genomics , vol.19 , Issue.11 , pp. 877-883
    • Oneda, B.1    Crettol, S.2    Sirot, E.J.3    Bochud, M.4    Ansermot, N.5    Eap, C.B.6
  • 51
    • 0037974573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro metabolism of midazolam, triazolam, nifedipine, and testosterone by human liver microsomes and recombinant cytochromes P450: Role of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5
    • DOI 10.1124/dmd.31.7.938
    • Patki KC, Von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ. In vitro metabolism of midazolam, triazolam, nifedipine, and testosterone by human liver microsomes and recombinant cytochromes P450: role of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. Drug Metab. Dispos. 31(7), 938-944 (2003). (Pubitemid 36759065)
    • (2003) Drug Metabolism and Disposition , vol.31 , Issue.7 , pp. 938-944
    • Patki, K.C.1    Von Moltke, L.L.2    Greenblatt, D.J.3
  • 52
    • 80052922074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The P450 oxidoreductase 28 SNP is associated with low initial tacrolimus exposure and increased dose requirements in CYP3A5-expressing renal recipients
    • De Jonge H, Metalidis C, Naesens M, Lambrechts D, Kuypers DR. The P450 oxidoreductase *28 SNP is associated with low initial tacrolimus exposure and increased dose requirements in CYP3A5-expressing renal recipients. Pharmacogenomics 12(9), 1281-1291 (2011).
    • (2011) Pharmacogenomics , vol.12 , Issue.9 , pp. 1281-1291
    • De Jonge, H.1    Metalidis, C.2    Naesens, M.3    Lambrechts, D.4    Kuypers, D.R.5
  • 53
    • 78649891177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired hepatic drug and steroid metabolism in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to P450 oxidoreductase deficiency
    • Tomalik-Scharte D, Maiter D, Kirchheiner J, Ivison HE, Fuhr U, Arlt W. Impaired hepatic drug and steroid metabolism in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to P450 oxidoreductase deficiency. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 163(6), 919-924 (2010).
    • (2010) Eur. J. Endocrinol. , vol.163 , Issue.6 , pp. 919-924
    • Tomalik-Scharte, D.1    Maiter, D.2    Kirchheiner, J.3    Ivison, H.E.4    Fuhr, U.5    Arlt, W.6
  • 54
    • 84858412533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered human CYP3A4 activity caused by Antley-Bixler syndrome-related variants of NADPHcytochrome P450 oxidoreductase measured in a robust in vitro system
    • doi:10.1124/dmd.111.042820 (Epub ahead of print)
    • Moutinho D, Marohnic CC, Panda SP, Rueff J, Masters BS, Kranendonk M. Altered human CYP3A4 activity caused by Antley-Bixler syndrome-related variants of NADPHcytochrome P450 oxidoreductase measured in a robust in vitro system. Drug Metab. Dispos. doi:10.1124/dmd.111.042820 (2012) (Epub ahead of print).
    • (2012) Drug Metab. Dispos.
    • Moutinho, D.1    Marohnic, C.C.2    Panda, S.P.3    Rueff, J.4    Masters, B.S.5    Kranendonk, M.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.