THE CAUSAL HISTORY OF AFRICA: A RESPONSE TO HOPKINS

Economic History of Developing Regions

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 177-212

  Fenske, James ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Africa; development; institutions; N57; new economic history; O10

Indexed keywords

EID: 84857542765     PISSN: 20780389     EISSN: 20780397     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2010.527693     Document Type: Article

References (214)

1. Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., and Robinson, J.A., 2001. The colonial origins of comparative development: An empirical investigation. The American Economic Review, 91 (5): 1369–1401.
2. Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., and Robinson, J. A., 2002. Reversal of fortune: Geography and institutions in the making of the modern world income distribution. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117 (4): 1231–94.
3. Acemoglu, D., and Johnson, S., 2005. Unbundling institutions. Journal of Political Economy, 113 (5): 949–95.
4. Acemoglu, D., Cantoni, D., Johnson, S., and Robinson, J. A., 2009a. The consequences of radical reform: The French Revolution. NBER Working Paper, no. W14831.
5. Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., Robinson, J. A., and Yared, P., 2009b. Reevaluating the modernization hypothesis. Journal of Monetary Economics, 56 (8): 1043–58.
6. Agbor, J. A., Fedderke, J. W., and N., Viegi. 2009. How does colonial origin matter for economic performance in sub-Saharan Africa? In Conference on African Economic Development: Myths and Realities (Accra, Ghana). University of Cape Town School of Economics Working Paper, no. 176.
7. Ahlerup, P., and O., Olsson. 2007. The roots of ethnic diversity. Göteborg University, School of Business, Economics and Law. Working Paper, no. 281.
8. Alesina, A., Devleeschauwer, A., Easterly, W., Kurlat, S., and Wacziarg, R., 2003. Fractionalization. Journal of Economic Growth, 8 (2): 155–94.
9. Alesina, A., and Ferrara, E., 2005. Ethnic diversity and economic performance. Journal of Economic Literature, 43 (3): 762–800.
10. Alesina, A. F., Easterly, W., and J., Matuszeski 2006. Artificial states. NBER Working Paper, no. W12328.
11. Alesina, A., P., Giuliano and N., Nunn 2010. On the origins of gender roles: Women and the plough. Working Paper. Review of Economics and Statistics, forthcoming.
12. Amin, S., 1972. Underdevelopment and dependence in Black Africa-origins and contemporary forms. Journal of Modern African Studies, 10 (4): 503–524.
13. Angeles, L., and K. C., Neanidis. 2010. Colonialism, elite formation and corruption. Centre for Growth and Business Cycle Research Discussion Paper Series, no. 144, Economic Studies, University of Manchester.
14. Angrist, J. D., and Krueger, A.B., 1999. Empirical strategies in labor economics. Handbook of labor economics, 3: 1277–1366.
15. Angrist, J. D., and J. S., Pischke. 2009. Mostly harmless econometrics: an empiricist's companion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
16. Angrist, J. D., and Pischke, J.S., 2010. The credibility revolution in empirical economics: How better research design is taking the con out of econometrics. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24 (2): 3–30.
17. Arcand, J. L., Guillaumont, P., and Jeanneney, S.G., 2000. How to make a tragedy: on the alleged effect of ethnicity on growth. Journal of International Development, 12 (7): 925–38.
18. Ashraf, Q., and O., Galor. 2008. Human genetic diversity and comparative economic development. Working Paper. CEPR Discussion Paper, no. DP6824.
19. Austin, G., 2005. Labour, land, and capital in Ghana: from slavery to free labour in Asante, 1807–1956, Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
20. Austin, G., 2008. Resources, techniques, and strategies south of the Sahara: revising the factor endowments perspective on African economic development, 1500–2001. The Economic History Review 61, 3: 587–624.
21. Austin, G., Baten, J., and A., Moradi. 2009. Exploring the evolution of living standards in Ghana,1880–2000: An anthropometric approach. Working Paper.
22. Banerjee, A., and Iyer, L., 2005. History, institutions, and economic performance: The legacy of colonial land tenure systems in India. American Economic Review, 95 (4): 1190–1213.
23. Bardhan, P., 2005. Institutions matter, but which ones?. Economics of Transition, 13 (3): 499–532.
24. Barrios, S., Bertinelli, L., and E., Strobl. 2010. Rainfall and Africa's growth tragedy. In Eighth Annual Conference on Econometric Modelling for Africa. Presented at a conference hosted by the Department of Economics at the University of Stellenbosch in July 2003
25. Barro, R. J., 1996. Democracy and growth. Journal of Economic Growth, 1 (1): 1–27.
26. Bates, R. H., 1984. Markets and states in tropical Africa. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
27. Behrendt, S.D., Eltis, D., and Richardson, D., 2001. The costs of coercion: African agency in the premodern Atlantic world. Economic History Review, 54 (3): 454–76.
28. Beinart, W., 2000. African history and environmental history. African Affairs, 99 (395): 269–302.
29. Berger, D., 2008. Taxes, institutions and local governance: evidence from a natural experiment in colonial Nigeria. Working Paper.
30. Berry, S., 1992. Hegemony on a shoestring: Indirect rule and access to agricultural land. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 62 (3): 327–55.
31. Bertocchi, G., and Canova, F., 2002. Did colonization matter for growth? An empirical exploration into the historical causes of Africa's underdevelopment. European Economic Review, 46 (10): 1851–71.
32. Besley, T., 1995. Property rights and investment incentives: Theory and evidence from Ghana. Journal of Political Economy, 103 (5): 903–37.
33. Bevan, D. L., and Fosu, A.K., 2003. Globalisation: An overview. Journal of African Economies, 12 (Supplement 1): 1–13.
34. Bezemer, D., Bolt, J., and R., Lensink 2009. Indigenous slavery in Africa's history: Conditions and consequences. Paper Presented at the World Economic History Congress, Utrecht on 6 August 2009
35. Bigsten, A., Kimuyu, P., and K., Lundvall 2000. Informality, ethnicity and productivity: evidence from small manufacturers in Kenya. Working Paper.
36. Biobaku, S. O., 1957. The Egba and their neighbours, 1842–1872, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
37. Birchenall, J., 2009. Quantitative aspects of Africas past economic development. Working Paper.
38. Bleakley, H., 2007. Disease and development: Evidence from hookworm eradication in the Americansouth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122 (1): 73–117.
39. Bleakley, H., 2010. Malaria eradication in the Americas: A retrospective analysis of childhood exposure. American Economic Journal: Applied, 2 (2): 1–45.
40. Bleakley, H., and Lange, F., 2009. Chronic disease burden and the interaction of education, fertility, and growth. The Review of Economics and Statistics,:52, 91 (1): 52–65.
41. Bloom, D. E., and Sachs, J. D., 1998. Geography, demography, and economic growth in Africa. Brookings papers on economic activity, 1998, 2: 207–295.
42. Bockstette, V., Chanda, A., and Putterman, L., 2002. States and markets: The advantage of an early start. Journal of Economic Growth, 7 (4): 347–69.
43. Bolt, J., and Bezemer, D., 2009. Understanding long-run African growth: Colonial institutions or colonial education?. Journal of Development Studies, 45 (1): 24–54.
44. Bolt, J., and J. P., Smits. 2010. Can the nature of pre-colonial institutions explain governance quality in Africa? Working Paper.
45. Boshoff, W., and Fourie, J., 2010. The significance of the Cape trade route to economic activity in the Cape Colony: a medium-term business cycle analysis. European Review of Economic History, 14 (3): 469–503.
46. Boustan, L. P., 2010. Was postwar suburbanization “white flight”? evidence from the black migration. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 125 (1): 417–43.
47. Boustan, L. P., Fishback, P. V., and Kantor, S.E., 2010. The effect of internal migration on local labor markets: American cities during the Great Depression. Journal of Labor Economics, 28 (4): 719–46.
48. Bratton, M., and Kimenyi, M.S., 2008. Voting in Kenya: Putting ethnicity in perspective. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 2 (2): 272–89.
49. Brett, E., 1973. Colonialism and underdevelopment in East Africa: the politics of economic change,1919–1939, London: Heinemann.
50. Bubb, R., 2009. States, law, and property rights in West Africa. Working Paper.
51. Buelens, F., and Marysse, S., 2009. Returns on investments during the colonial era: the case of the Belgian Congo. The Economic History Review, 62 (S1): 135–66.
52. Cantoni, D., 2009. The economic effects of the Protestant reformation: Testing the Weber hypothesis in the German lands. CSAE Working Paper Series, no. 2010–18.
53. Cazzuffi, C., and A., Moradi. 2010. Why do cooperatives fail? Big versus small in Ghanaian cocoa producers societies, 1930–36. CSAE Working Paper Series, no. 2010–18.
54. Chaney, E., 2008. Ethnic cleansing and the long-term persistence of extractive institutions: Evidence from the expulsion of the Moriscos. Working Paper.
55. Chaney, E., 2010. Sultans, the Shari'a and seven empty ears: Economic catastrophes, church and state. Working Paper.
56. Chanock, M., 1985. Law, custom, and social order: The colonial experience in Malawi and Zambia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
57. Cogneau, D., 2003. Colonisation, school and development in Africa: An empirical analysis. Document de travail DIAL.
58. Cogneau, D., and L., Rouanet. 2009. Living Conditions in Côté d'Ivoire, Ghana and Western Africa,1925–1985: What Do Survey on Height Stature Tell Us? Document de travail DT/2009–12.
59. Collier, P., 2003. Ethnicity, politics and economic performance. Economics & Politics, 12 (3): 225–45.
60. Collier, P., and Gunning, J.W., 1999. Explaining African economic performance. Journal of Economic Literature, 37: 64–111.
61. Comin, D., Easterly, W., and Gong, E., 2010. Was the wealth of nations determined in 1000 BC?. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 2 (3): 65–97.
62. Cutler, D., Fung, W., Kremer, M., Singhal, M., and Vogl, T., 2010. Early-life malaria exposure and adult outcomes: Evidence from malaria eradication in India. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2 (2): 72–94.
63. Darity, W., Jr. 1992. A model of “original sin. Rise of the West and lag of the rest. The American Economic Review, 82 (2): 162–67.
64. Davidson, B., 1961. Black mother, London: Victor Gollancz.
65. De Soto, H., 2003. The mystery of capital: Why capitalism triumphs in the west and fails everywhere else, New York: Basic Books.
66. Deaton, A., 1999. Commodity prices and growth in Africa. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 13 (3): 23–40.
67. Dell, M., 2010. The persistent effects of Peru's mining Mita. Working Paper. Econometrica, forthcoming.
68. Dike, K. O., 1956. Trade and politics in the Niger Delta, 1830–1885: an introduction to the economic and political history of Nigeria, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
69. Dunning, T., and Harrison, L., 2010. Cross-cutting cleavages and ethnic voting: An experimental study of cousinage in Mali. American Political Science Review, 104 (1): 1–19.
70. Easterly, W., 2001. Can institutions resolve ethnic conflict?. Economic Development and CulturalChange, 49 (4): 687–706.
71. Easterly, W., and Levine, R., 1997. Africa's growth tragedy: Policies and ethnic divisions. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112 (4): 1203–50.
72. Eifert, B., Miguel, E., and Posner, D.N., 2010. Political competition and ethnic identification in Africa. American Journal of Political Science, 54 (2): 494–510.
73. Eltis, D., 1984. Mortality and voyage length in the middle passage: new evidence from the nineteenth century. The Journal of Economic History, 44 (2): 301–308.
74. Eltis, D., 1987. Economic growth and the ending of the transatlantic slave trade, New York: Oxford University Press.
75. Eltis, D., 1989. Fluctuations in mortality in the last half century of the transatlantic slave trade. SocialScience History, 13 (3): 315–40.
76. Eltis, D., 1990. Welfare trends among the Yoruba in the early nineteenth century: The anthropometric evidence. The Journal of Economic History, 50 (3): 521–40.
77. Eltis, D., and Richardson, D., 1995. Productivity in the transatlantic slave trade. Explorations in Economic History, 32 (4): 465–84.
78. Englebert, P., 2000a. Pre-colonial institutions, post-colonial states, and economic development in tropical Africa. Political Research Quarterly, 53 (1): 7–36.
79. Englebert, P., 2000b. Solving the mystery of the AFRICA dummy. World Development, 28 (10): 1821–35.
80. Englebert, P., Tarango, S., and Carter, M., 2002. Dismemberment and suffocation: A contribution to the debate on African boundaries. Comparative Political Studies, 35 (10): 1093
81. Evans, E. W., and Richardson, D., 1995. Hunting for rents: the economics of slaving in pre-colonial Africa. The Economic History Review, 48 (4): 665–86.
82. Fafchamps, M., 2000. Ethnicity and credit in African manufacturing. Journal of Development Economics, 61 (1): 205–36.
83. Fafchamps, M., and A., Moradi. 2009. Referral and job performance: Evidence from the Ghana colonial army. CSAE Working Paper, series number 2009–10.
84. Fage, J. D., 1955. An introduction to the history of West Africa, Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.
85. Fage, J. D., 1971. Continuity and change in the writing of West African history. African Affairs, 70 (280): 236–51.
86. Fairhead, J., and Leach, M., 1996. Misreading the African Landscape: Society and ecology in a forestsavanna mosaic, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
87. Fearon, J. D., 2003. Ethnic and cultural diversity by country. Journal of Economic Growth, 8 (2): 195–222.
88. Field, E., 2007. Entitled to work: Urban property rights and labor supply in Peru. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122 (4): 1561–1602.
89. Firmin-Sellers, K., 2000. Institutions, context, and outcomes: Explaining French and British rule in West Africa. Comparative Politics, 32 (3): 253–72.
90. Fletcher, E., and M., Iyigun. 2010. The clash of civilizations: A cliometric investigation. Working Paper.
91. Fourie, J., and von Fintel, D., 2009. The dynamics of inequality in a newly settled, preindustrial society: The case of the Cape Colony. Cliometrica, 4 (3): 229–67.
92. Frank, A. G., 1969. Capitalism and underdevelopment in Latin America: Historical studies of Chile and Brazil. Modern Reader Paperbacks.
93. Frankel, J. A., and D., Romer. 1999. Does trade cause growth? The American Economic Review 89, no. 3: 379 99. New York
94. Gallego, F. A., and Woodberry, R., 2010. Christian missionaries and education in former African colonies: How competition mattered. Journal of African Economies, 19 (3): 294–329.
95. Gallup, J. L., and Sachs, J.D., 2001. The economic burden of malaria. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 64 (1–2): 85–96.
96. Garenne, M., and Walle, E.V.de. 1989. Polygyny and fertility among the Sereer of Senegal. Population Studies, 43 (2): 267–83.
97. Gennaioli, N., and Rainer, I., 2007. The modern impact of precolonial centralization in Africa. Journal of Economic Growth, 12 (3): 185–234.
98. Gneezy, U., Leonard, K., and List, J., 2009. Gender differences in competition: Evidence from a matrilineal and a patriarchal society. Econometrica, 77 (5): 1637–64.
99. Goldstein, M., and Udry, C., 2008. The profits of power: Land rights and agricultural investment in Ghana. Journal of Political Economy, 116 (6): 981–1022.
100. Green, E., 2010. Explaining African ethnic diversity. Working Paper.
101. Grier, R. M., 1999. Colonial legacies and economic growth. Public Choice, 98 (3): 317–35.
102. Habyarimana, J., Humphreys, M., Posner, D., Weinstein, J., Rosecrance, R., Stein, A., and Muller, J. Z., 2008. Is ethnic conflict inevitable?. Foreign Affairs, 87 (4): 138
103. Habyarimana, J., Humphreys, M., Posner, D. N., and Weinstein, J. M., 2007. Why does ethnic diversity undermine public goods provision?. American Political Science Review, 101 (4): 709–725.
104. Haines, R., McDonald, J., and Shlomowitz, R., 2001. Mortality and voyage length in the middle passage revisited. Explorations in Economic History, 38 (4): 503–33.
105. Harms, R., 1987. Games against nature: an eco-cultural history of the Nunu of equatorial Africa, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
106. Hopkins, A. G., 1973. An economic history of West Africa, New York: Columbia University Press.
107. Hopkins, A. G., 2009. The new economic history of Africa. The Journal of African History, 50 (2): 155–77.
108. Hornbeck, R., 2009. The enduring impact of the American dust bowl. NBER Working Paper, no. w15605.
109. Huillery, E., 2009. History matters: The long-term impact of colonial public investments in French West Africa. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 1 (2): 176–215.
110. Huillery, E., 2010. The impact of European settlement within French West Africa: Did pre-colonial prosperous areas fall behind? Journal of African Economies, forthcoming.
111. Iliffe, J., 1995. Africans: the history of a continent, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
112. Imbens, G. W., 2004. Nonparametric estimation of average treatment effects under exogeneity: A review. Review of Economics and Statistics, 86 (1): 4–29.
113. Imbens, G. W., and Lemieux, T., 2008. Regression discontinuity designs: A guide to practice. Journal of Econometrics, 142 (2): 615–35.
114. Imbens, G. W., and Wooldridge, J. M., 2009. Recent developments in the econometrics of program evaluation. Journal of Economic Literature, 47 (1): 5–86.
115. Inikori, J. E., 1977. The import of firearms into West Africa 1750–1807: A quantitative analysis. The Journal of African History, 18 (3): 339–68.
116. Inikori, J. E., 1982. Forced migration: the impact of the export slave trade on African societies. London Hutchinson University Library.
117. Inikori, J. E., 1992. The chaining of a continent: export demand for captives and the history of Africa south of the Sahara, 1450–1870, Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies.
118. Inikori, J. E., 2007. Africa and the globalization process: western Africa, 1450–1850. Journal of Global History, 2 (1): 63–86.
119. Isham, J., Woolcock, M., Pritchett, L., and Busby, G., 2005. The varieties of resource experience: Natural resource export structures and the political economy of economic growth. World Bank Economic Review, 19 (2): 141
120. Iyer, L., 2010. Direct versus indirect colonial rule in India: Long-term consequences. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 92 (4): 693–713.
121. Jedwab, R., 2010. Cash crop windfalls and development: On cocoa and cities in Ivory Coast and Ghana. Working Paper.
122. Joireman, S. F., 2002. Inherited legal systems and effective rule of law: Africa and the colonial legacy. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 39 (4): 571–96.
123. Jones, B. F., and B. A., Olken. 2010. Climate shocks and exports. NBER Working Paper, no. w15711.
124. Kimenyi, M. S., 2006. Ethnicity, governance and the provision of public goods. Journal of African Economies, 15 (supplement 1): 62–99.
125. Kjekshus, H., 1977. Ecology control and economic development in East African history. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
126. Klein, M. A., 1998. Slavery and colonial rule in French West Africa, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
127. Knack, S., and P., Keefer. 1997. Does social capital have an economic payoff? a cross-country investigation. Quarterly Journal of Economics 112, no. 4: 1251 88, ed. I. Kopytoff and S. Miers, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
128. Kopytoff, I., and Miers, S., 1977. “ African ‘slavery’ as an institution of marginality ”. In Slavery in Africa: historical and anthropological perspectives, Edited by: Kopytoff, I., and Miers, S., 3–81. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
129. Kreike, E. H., 1996. Recreating Eden, Agro-ecological Change, Food Security and Environmental Diversity in Southern Angola and Northern Namibia, 1890–1960, Yale University.
130. La Ferrara, E., 2003. Kin groups and reciprocity: A model of credit transactions in Ghana. American Economic Review, 93 (5): 1730–51.
131. La Ferrara, E., 2007. Descent rules and strategic transfers. evidence from matrilineal groups in Ghana. Journal of Development Economics, 83 (2): 280–301.
132. Lange, M. K., 2004. British colonial legacies and political development. World Development, 32 (6): 905–22.
133. Law, R., 1995. From slave trade to “legitimate” commerce, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
134. Leamer, E. E., 1983. Let's take the con out of econometrics. The American Economic Review, 73 (1): 31–43.
135. Lee, D., and Lemieux, T., 2010. Regression discontinuity designs in economics. Journal of Economic Literature, 48 (2): 281–355.
136. LeVeen, E. P., 1975. The African slave supply response. African Studies Review, 18 (1): 9–28.
137. Leys, C., 1975. Underdevelopment in Kenya: the political economy of neo-colonialism, 1964–1971, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
138. Lovejoy, P.E., 2000. Transformations in slavery: A history of slavery in Africa, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
139. Lucas, A.M., 2010. Malaria eradication and educational attainment: Evidence from Paraguay and SriLanka. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2 (2): 46–71.
140. Lynn, M., 1997. Commerce and economic change in West Africa: The palm oil trade in the nineteenth century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
141. MacLean, L. M., 2002. Constructing a social safety net in Africa: An institutionalist analysis of colonial rule and state social policies in Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire. Studies in Comparative International Development, 37 (3): 64–90.
142. Mamdani, M., 1996. Citizen and subject: Contemporary Africa and the legacy of late colonialism, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
143. Mamdani, M., 2001. When victims become killers: colonialism, nativism and the genocide in Rwanda, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
144. Mann, K., 2007. Slavery and the birth of an African city: Lagos, 1760–1900, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
145. Manning, P., 1983. Contours of slavery and social change in Africa. The American Historical Review 835 57.
146. Manning, P., 1990. Slavery and African life: occidental, oriental, and African slave trades. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.
147. Marchand, S., 2010. Historical and comparative institutional analysis: Evidences from deforestation. CEDRI Working Paper, no. 201016.
148. Mariotti, M., 2009. Labor markets during Apartheid in South Africa. ANUCBE School of Economics Working Papers.
149. Mauro, P., 1995. Corruption and growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110 (3): 681–712.
150. McCann, J., 1999. Green land, brown land, black land: An environmental history of Africa, 1800–1990, Oxford: Heinemann.
151. McEvedy, C., and Jones, R., 1978. Atlas of world population history, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
152. McPhee, A., 1971. The economic revolution in British West Africa, London: Frank Cass.
153. Meng, X., and N., Qian. 2009. The long term consequences of famine on survivors: Evidence from a unique natural experiment using China's great famine. NBER Working paper, no. w14917.
154. Michalopoulos, S., 2008. The origins of ethnolinguistic diversity: Theory and evidence. Working Paper.
155. Miers, S., and Klein, M. A., 1998. Introduction. Slavery & Abolition, 19 (2): 1–15.
156. Miguel, E., 2004. Tribe or nation? nation building and public goods in Kenya versus Tanzania. World Politics, 56 (3): 327–62.
157. Miguel, E., and Gugerty, M. K., 2005. Ethnic diversity, social sanctions, and public goods in Kenya. Journal of Public Economics, 89 (11–12): 2325–68.
158. Milner, H. V., and Mukherjee, B., 2009. Democratization and economic globalization. Annual Review of Political Science, 12: 163–81.
159. Moore, S. F., 1986. Social facts and fabrications: “Customary” law on Kilimanjaro, 1880–1980, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
160. Moradi, A., 2008. Confronting colonial legacies–lessons from human development in Ghana and Kenya, 1880–2000. Journal of International Development, 20 (8): 1107–21.
161. Moradi, A., 2009. Towards an objective account of nutrition and health in colonial Kenya: A study of stature in African army recruits and civilians, 1880–1980. The Journal of Economic History, 69 (3): 719–54.
162. Moser, P., 2005. How do patent laws influence innovation? Evidence from nineteenth-century world's fairs. The American Economic Review, 95 (4): 1214–36.
163. Naidu, S., 2009. Suffrage, schooling, and sorting in the post-bellum US south. Working Paper.
164. Naidu, S., 2010. Recruitment restrictions and labor markets: Evidence from the postbellum US south. Journal of Labor Economics, 28 (2): 413–45.
165. Naidu, S., and N., Yuchtman 2009. How green was my valley? Coercive contract enforcement in 19th century industrial Britain. Working Paper.
166. Neumann, R. P., 2001. Imposing wilderness: Struggles over livelihood and nature preservation in Africa, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
167. Nkrumah, K., 1966. Neo-colonialism: The last stage of imperialism, London: Nelson.
168. Nunn, N., 2008. The long-term effects of Africa's slave trades. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123 (1): 139–76.
169. Nunn, N., 2009a. Christians in colonial Africa. Working Paper.
170. Nunn, N., 2009b. The importance of history for economic development. Annual Review of Economics, 1 (1): 1–28.
171. Nunn, N., 2010. Religious conversion in colonial Africa. American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 100 (2): 147–52.
172. Nunn, N., and D., Puga. 2007. Ruggedness: The blessing of bad geography in Africa. Working Paper. Review of Economics and Statistics, forthcoming.
173. Nunn, N., and L., Wantchekon. 2008. The trans-Atlantic slave trade and the evolution of mistrust in Africa: An empirical investigation. Working Paper, no. 146, American Economic Review, forthcoming.
174. Olsson, O., 2004. Unbundling ex-colonies: A comment on Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson 2001. Göteborg University, School of Business, Economics and Law, Working Papers in Economics, no. 146.
175. Olsson, O., 2009. On the democratic legacy of colonialism. Journal of Comparative Economics, 37 (4): 534–51.
176. Oreopoulos, P., 2006. Estimating average and local average treatment effects of education when compulsory schooling laws really matter. The American Economic Review, 96 (1): 152–75.
177. Pereira, A. S., 2009. The opportunity of a disaster: the economic impact of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. The Journal of Economic History, 69 (2): 466–99.
178. Porta, R. L., Lopez-De-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., and Vishny, R. W., 1997. Legal determinants of external finance. The Journal of Finance, 52 (3): 1131–50.
179. Posner, D.N., 2003. The colonial origins of ethnic cleavages: The case of linguistic divisions in Zambia. Comparative Politics, 35 (2): 127–46.
180. Posner, D. N., 2004a. Measuring ethnic fractionalization in Africa. American Journal of PoliticalScience, 48 (4): 849–63.
181. Posner, D. N., 2004b. The political salience of cultural difference: Why Chewas and Tumbukas are allies in Zambia and adversaries in Malawi. American Political Science Review, 98 (4): 529–45.
182. Posner, D. N., 2005. Institutions and ethnic politics in Africa, Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.
183. Price, G. N., 2003. Economic growth in a cross-section of nonindustrial countries: Does colonial heritage matter for Africa?. Review of Development Economics, 7: 478–95.
184. Ramachandran, S., Deshpande, O., Roseman, C. C., Rosenberg, N. A., Feldman, M. W., and Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., 2005. Support from the relationship of genetic and geographic distance in human populations for a serial founder effect originating in Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102 (44): 15942–47.
185. Reniers, G., and Tfaily, R., 2009. Polygyny and HIV in Malawi. Demographic Research, 19 (53): 1811–30.
186. Rigobon, R., and Rodrik, D., 2005. Rule of law, democracy, openness, and income. Economics of Transition, 13 (3): 533–64.
187. Rodney, W., 1966. African slavery and other forms of social oppression on the Upper Guinea coast in the context of the Atlantic slave-trade. Journal of African History, 7 (3): 431–43.
188. Rodney, W., 1974. How Europe underdeveloped Africa, Washington, DC: Howard University Press.
189. Rodrik, D., 1998. Why do more open economies have bigger governments?. Journal of Political Economy, 106 (5): 997–1032.
190. Rodrik, D., Subramanian, A., and Trebbi, F., 2004. Institutions rule: The primacy of institutions over geography and integration in economic development. Journal of Economic Growth, 9 (2): 131–65.
191. Sachs, J. D., 2003. Institutions don't rule: direct effects of geography on per capita income. NBER Working Paper, no.w9490.
192. Sachs, J. D., and Warner, A., 1995. Economic reform and the process of global integration. Brookings papers on economic activity, 1: 1–118.
193. Sachs, J. D., and Warner, A.M., 1997. Sources of slow growth in African economies. Journal of African Economies, 6 (3): 335
194. Sala-i-Martin, X., M., Pinkovskiy and R.T., Fargas. 2010. African poverty is falling … much faster than you think! NBER Working Paper, no. w15775.
195. Scheiber, N., 2007. Freaks and geeks. how Freakonomics is ruining the dismal science. The New Republic, 2 April: 27–31.
196. Spear, T., 2003. Neo-traditionalism and the limits of invention in British colonial Africa. The Journal of African History, 44 (1): 3–27.
197. Steckel, R. H., and Jensen, R.A., 1986. New evidence on the causes of slave and crew mortality in the atlantic slave trade. The Journal of Economic History, 46 (1): 57–77.
198. Strassmann, B. I., 1997. Polygyny as a risk factor for child mortality among the Dogon. Current Anthropology, 38 (4): 688–95.
199. Tavares, J., and Wacziarg, R., 2001. How democracy affects growth. European Economic Review, 45 (8): 1341–78.
200. Tertilt, M., 2005. Polygyny, fertility, and savings. Journal of Political Economy, 113 (6): 1341–71.
201. The World Factbook 2009. 2009. Washington, DC: Central Intellegence Agency.
202. Thistlethwaite, D. L., and Campbell, D. T., 1960. Regression-discontinuity analysis: An alternative to the ex post facto experiment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 51 (6): 309–17.
203. Thomas, R. P., and Bean, R.N., 1974. The fishers of men: The profits of the slave trade. The Journal of Economic History, 34 (4): 885–914.
204. Tignor, R. L., 1993. Political corruption in Nigeria before independence. Journal of Modern AfricanStudies, 31 (2): 175–202.
205. Vansina, J., 1990. Paths in the rainforests: toward a history of political tradition in equatorial Africa, Oxford: James Currey.
206. Vicente, P.C., 2010. Does oil corrupt? Evidence from a natural experiment in West Africa. Journal of Development Economics, 92 (1): 28–38.
207. Vizcarra, C., 2009. Guano, credible commitments, and sovereign debt repayment in nineteenthcentury Peru. The Journal of Economic History, 69 (2): 358–87.
208. Von Hellermann, P., and Usuanlele, U., 2009. The owner of the land: The Benin Obas and colonial forest reservation in the Benin Division, Southern Nigeria. The Journal of African History, 50 (2): 223–46.
209. Wallerstein, I., 1974. Dependence in an interdependent world: the limited possibilities of transformation within the capitalist world economy. African Studies Review, 17 (1): 1–26.
210. Weil, D., 2010. The impact of malaria on African development over the longue durée. Paper presented at the conference: Understanding African Poverty over the Lounge Durée Accra, 15–17 July
211. Whatley, W., and R., Gillezeau. 2009. The fundamental impact of the slave trade on African economies. In Economic evolution and revolution in historical times, P., Rhode, J., Rosenbloom and D. Weiman, 86 110, Stanford Stanford Univeristy Press, forthcoming.
212. Whatley, W., and R., Gillezeau. 2010. The slave trade and ethnic stratification in Africa. Paper presented at Understanding African Poverty over the Lounge Durée Conference Accra, 15–17 July
213. Wooldridge, J. M., 2002. Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
214. Young, C., 1997. The African colonial state in comparative perspective, New Haven, CT: YaleUniversity Press.