Africa and the globalization process: Western Africa, 1450-1850

Journal of Global History

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 63-86

  Inikori, Joseph E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 64949173514     PISSN: 17400228     EISSN: 17400236     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1740022807002045     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. There are two earlier studies of the evolution of an integrated economy in the Atlantic basin: J. E. Inikori, 'Africa in world history', in B. A. Ogot, ed., General history of Africa, Volume 5, Paris, Oxford, Berkeley: UNESCO, Heinemann, University of California Press, 1992
2. Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson, Globalization and history, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999. They both leave considerable gaps that this article, among other things, attempts to fill
3. Padma Desai, Financial crisis, contagion and containment, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003
4. Arthur Mitzman, Prometheus revisited, Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2003, p. xi
5. Amira K. Bennison, 'Muslim universalism and western globalization', in A. G. Hopkins, ed., Globalization in world history, New York: W. W. Norton, 2002, p. 97
6. North-South, a programme for survival, London: Pan Books, 1980, p. 8
7. Janet Abu-Lughod, The world system in the thirteenth century, Washington, DC: American Historical Association, 1993, pp. 18-23
8. Jerry H. Bentley and Herbert F. Ziegler, Traditions and encounters, 3rd edn, Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, 2006; first published, 2000, p. xxvii
9. Patrick Manning, Navigating world history, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, p. 3; emphasis added
10. For a contrary view, see Arif Dirlik, 'Confounding metaphors', in Benedikt Stuchtey and Eckhardt Fuchs, eds., Writing world history, 1800-2000, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003, fn 1, p. 91, and p. 96
11. Inikori, 'Africa in world history'; O'Rourke and Williamson, Globalization and history
12. To avoid a lengthy discussion of this earlier literature, the work of Jones and dependency scholarship may be taken as representative. E. L. Jones, The European miracle, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981; 2nd edn, 1987
13. Dependency scholarship is usually traced to Baran and Frank: Paul A. Baran, The political economy of growth, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1957
14. Andre Gunder Frank, Capitalism and underdevelopment in Latin America, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1967
15. For a critical survey of the dependency literature, see Robert A. Packenham, The dependency movement, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992
16. Jack Goody, The East in the West, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996
17. Andre Gunder Frank, ReOrient: global economy in the Asian age, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998
18. David S. Landes, The wealth and poverty of nations, New York: W. W. Norton, 1998
19. Kenneth Pomeranz, The great divergence, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000
20. Gale Stokes, 'The fates of human societies: a review of recent macrohistories', American Historical Review, 106, 2, 2001, pp. 508-25
21. Immanuel Wallerstein, The modern world system, 3 vols., New York: Academic Press, 1974-1989
22. Andre Gunder Frank and Barry K. Gills, 'Rejoinder and conclusions', in Andre Gunder Frank and Barry K. Gills (eds.), The World System: Five hundred years or five thousand?, London: Routledge, 1993, p. 297
23. Janet Abu-Lughod, 'Discontinuities and Persistence,' in Frank and Gills (eds.), The World System, pp. 278-91
24. Janet L. Abu-Lughod, Before European hegemony, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989
25. C. A. Bayly, '"Archaic" and "modern" globalization in the Eurasian and African arena, ca. 1750-1850', in Hopkins, ed., Globalization, p. 47
26. A. G. Hopkins, 'Globalization - an agenda for historians', in Hopkins, ed., Globalization, pp. 1-11
27. Immanuel Wallerstein, 'World system versus world-systems: a critique', in Frank and Gills, eds., The world system, pp. 294-5; emphasis added
28. William H. McNeill, 'Foreword', in Frank and Gills, eds., The world system, p. xi
29. Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson, 'After Columbus: explaining Europe's overseas trade boom, 1500-1800', Journal of Economic History, 62, 2, 2002, pp. 417-56
30. 'When did globalisation begin?', European Review of Economic History, 6, 2002, pp. 23-50
31. O'Rourke and Williamson, 'After Columbus', pp. 428-30
32. O'Rourke and Williamson, 'When did globalisation begin?', p. 47
33. Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giraldez, 'Cycles of silver: global economic unity through the mid-eighteenth century', Journal of World History, 13, 2, 2002, pp. 391-427
34. Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giraldez, 'Path dependence, time lags and the birth of globalization: a critique of O'Rourke and Williamson', European Review of Economic History, 8, 2004, pp. 81-108
35. Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson, 'Once more: when did globalisation begin?', European Review of Economic History, 8, 2004, pp. 109-17
36. Immanuel Wallerstein, The modern world-system I, New York: Academic Press, 1974
37. For a discussion of the literature on the confusing conceptions of capitalism as a social system, see Joseph E. Inikori, Slavery and the rise of capitalism: the 1993 Elsa Goveia Memorial Lecture, Mona, Jamaica: Department of History, University of the West Indies, 1993, pp. 2-9
38. Wallerstein, 'World system versus world-systems', pp. 292-3
39. Frank, ReOrient, p. xix
40. Philippe Beaujard, 'The Indian Ocean in Eurasian and African world-systems before the sixteenth century', Journal of World History, 16, 4, 2005, p. 2
41. Inikori, Africans and the Industrial Revolution
42. Douglass C. North, The economic growth of the United States, 1790-1860, New York: W.W. Norton, 1966
43. first published, Prentice Hall, 1961; Pomeranz, The great divergence
44. Christopher Ehret, Sudanic civilization, Washington, DC: American Historical Association, 2003
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47. S. M. Cissoko, 'The Songhay from the 12th to the 16th century', in Niane, ed., General history of Africa, vol. 4, p. 206
48. Roderick J. McIntosh, Ancient Middle Niger: urbanism and the self-organizing landscape, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005
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50. Joseph E. Inikori, 'Transatlantic slaving and market development in the Atlantic world: West Africa, 1450-1850', in David Eltis and Stanley L. Engerman, eds., The Cambridge world history of slavery, volume 3: AD 1420-AD 1804, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, in press
51. Ivor Wilks, 'A medieval trade-route from the Niger to the Gulf of Guinea', Journal of African History, 3, 2, 1962, pp. 337-8
52. Marion Johnson, 'The cowrie currencies of West Africa', Parts I & II, Journal of African History, 11,1 and 3, 1970
53. Robert Smith, 'The canoe in West African history', Journal of African History, 11, 4, 1970
54. E. J. Alagoa, 'Long-distance trade and states in the Niger Delta', Journal of African History, 11, 3, 1970, pp. 319-29
55. A. E. Afigbo, 'Pre-colonial trade links between Southeastern Nigeria and the Benue Valley', Journal of African Studies, 4, 2, 1977, pp. 119-39
56. A. J. H. Latham, 'Currency, credit and capitalism on the Cross River in the pre-colonial era', Journal of African History, 12, 4, 1971, pp. 599-605
57. David Northrup, 'The growth of trade among the Igbo before 1800', Journal of African History, 13, 2, 1972
58. David Northrup, Trade without rulers: pre-colonial economic development in Southeastern Nigeria, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978
59. A. G. Hopkins, An economic history of West Africa, Harlow: Longman, 1973, pp. 51-75
60. John W. Blake, West Africa: quest for God and gold, 1454-1578, London: Curzon Press, 1977
61. Joseph E. Inikori, 'The struggle against the transatlantic slave trade: the role of the State', in Sylviane A. Diouf, ed., Fighting the slave trade: West African strategies, Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2003, pp. 170-98
62. Inikori, 'Transatlantic slaving'; Ray A. Kea, Settlement, trade, and polities in the seventeenth-century Gold Coast, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982
63. Robin Law, 'Trade and politics behind the Slave Coast: the lagoon traffic and the rise of Lagos, 1500-1800', Journal of African History, 24, 3, 1983, pp. 321-48
64. West-Central Africa, where Portuguese export of captives to Brazil and islands off the African coast had a devastating impact as early as the seventeenth century, was an exception; see Anne Hilton, The kingdom of Kongo, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985
65. Jan Vansina and T. Obenga, 'The Kongo kingdom and its neighbours', in Ogot, ed., General history of Africa, vol. 5
66. Joseph C. Miller, Way of death, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988
67. Peter Bakewell, 'Mining in colonial Spanish America', in Leslie Bethell, ed., Cambridge history of Latin America, vol. 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, p. 150
68. Mark A. Burkholder and Lyman L. Johnson, Colonial Latin America, 5th edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 171
69. Louisa S. Hoberman, Mexico's merchant elite, 1590-1660: silver, state, and society, Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 1991
70. Mauricio Drelichman, 'All that glitters: precious metals, rent seeking and the decline of Spain', European Review of Economic History, 9, 3, 2005, pp. 313-36
71. E. J. Hamilton, 'American treasure and the rise of capitalism', Economica, 9, 1929, pp. 338-57
72. J. D. Gould, 'The price revolution reconsidered', Economic History Review, 2nd series, 17, 1964, pp. 249-66
73. Francisco Vidal Luna and Herbert S. Klein, 'African slavery in the production of subsistence crops: the case of Sao Paulo in the nineteenth century', Paper presented at the Conference on Factor Endowments, Labor and Economic Growth in the Americas, Rochester, 8 June 2001
74. Victor Bulmer-Thomas, The economic history of Latin America since independence, 2nd edn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, Table 4.4, p. 105
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76. Gary M. Walton and James F. Shepherd, The economic rise of early America, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, pp. 80, 90-4, 99-101, Table 22, p. 196. The authors suggest that the Caribbean food market provided the initial stimulus for commercial rice production in South Carolina (p. 44)
77. North, Economic growth, pp. 12-13
78. Alfred D. Chandler, Jr, The railroads, the nation's first big business, New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1965, Table 1, p. 13
79. For an opposing view, see Joel Mokyr, The lever of riches: technological creativity and economic progress, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990
80. O'Rourke and Williamson, Globalization, p. 2. The details of this development are beyond the scope of this article
81. Morton Rothstein, 'The antebellum South as a dual economy: a tentative hypothesis', in Eugene D. Genovese, ed., The slave economies: volume II, slavery in the international economy, New York: John Wiley, 1973, pp. 160-1
82. David Watts, The West Indies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, Table 7.9, p. 320, Table 7.10, p. 321
83. Harry E. Cross, 'South American bullion production and export, 1550-1750', in J. F. Richards, ed., Precious metals in the later medieval and early modern worlds, Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 1983, pp. 410-11
84. Adam Smith, The wealth of nations, edited by Edwin Cannan, New York: Modern Library, 1994, p. 92
85. Seymour Drescher, The mighty experiment, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002, pp. 56-8
86. Richard Drayton, 'The collaboration of labor: slaves, empires, and globalizations in the Atlantic World, ca. 1600-1850', in Hopkins, ed., Globalization, p. 101
87. Ralph Davis, 'English foreign trade, 1660-1700', Economic History Review, 2nd series, VI, 1954, pp. 80-82
88. Jan DeVries, 'The industrious revolution and the Industrial Revolution', Journal of Economic History, 54, 2, 1994, pp. 249-70
89. John Vogt, 'Portuguese gold trade: an account ledger from Elmina, 1529-1531', Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, 14, 1, 1973, pp. 93-103
90. Johnson, 'Cowrie currencies', Part 2, p. 333
91. Inikori, 'Transatlantic slaving', Table 1
92. Ivor Wilks, 'Land, labour, capital and the forest kingdom of Asante', in J. Friedman and M. J. Rowlands, eds., The evolution of social systems, London: Duckworth, 1977
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94. Ivor Wilks, Asante in the nineteenth century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975
95. Kea, Settlement
96. Patrick Manning, Slavery and African life, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990