Raising Ethnic-Racial Consciousness: The Relationship Between Intergroup Dialogues and Adolescents' Ethnic-Racial Identity and Racism Awareness

Equity and Excellence in Education

Volumn 45, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 120-137

  Aldana, Adriana ^a   Rowley, Stephanie J ^a   Checkoway, Barry ^a   Richards Schuster, Katie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84857271318     PISSN: 10665684     EISSN: 15473457     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10665684.2012.641863     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Adelson, J. L. and McCoach, D. B. 2010. Measuring the mathematical attitudes of elementary students: The effects of a 4-point or 5-point Likert-type scale. Educational & Psychological Measurement, 70(5): 796-807.
2. Aiken, L. R. 2000. Psychological testing and assessment, 10th ed., Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
3. Boulden, W. T. 2007. Youth leadership, racism, and intergroup dialogue. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 51(1-2): 1-26.
4. Branch, C., Tayal, P. and Triplett, C. 2000. The relationship of ethnic identity and ego identity status among adolescents and young adults. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 24: 777-790.
5. Brown, C. S. and Bigler, R. S. 2005. Children's perceptions of discrimination: A developmental model. Child Development, 76(3): 533-553.
6. Brydon-Miller, M., Greenwood, D. and Maguire, P. 2003. Why Action Research?. Action Research, 1(1): 9-28.
7. Checkoway, B. 2009. Youth civic engagement for dialogue and diversity at the metropolitan level. The Foundation Review, 1(2): 41-50.
8. Cozzarelli, C., Wilkinson, A. V. and Tagler, M. J. 2001. Attitudes towards poor and attributions for poverty. Journal of Social Issues, 57(2): 207-228.
9. Cronbach, L. J. 1950. Further evidence on response sets and test design. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 10: 3-31.
10. Cross, W. E. and Cross, T. B. 2008. "Theory, research, and models". In Handbook of race, racism, and the developing child, Edited by: Quintana, S. M. and McKown, C. 154-181. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
11. Crystal, D. S., Killen, M. and Ruck, M. 2008. It is who you know that counts: Intergroup contact and judgments about race-based exclusion. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 26(1): 51-70.
12. Dessel, A. and Rogge, M. 2008. Evaluation of intergroup dialogue: A review of the empirical literature. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 26(2): 199-238.
13. DeTurk, S. 2006. The power of dialogue: Consequences of intergroup dialogue and their implications for agency and alliance building. Communication Quarterly, 54(1): 33-51.
14. Erikson, E. H. 1968. Identity: Youth and crisis, New York, NY: Norton.
15. Fisher, C. B., Wallace, S. A. and Fenton, R. E. 2000. Discrimination distress during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(6): 679-695.
16. Frankenberg, E., Lee, C. and Orfield, G. 2003. A multiracial society with segregated schools: Are we losing the dream?, The Civil Rights Project. Retrieved from: http://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integration-and-diversity/a-multiracial-society-with-segregated-schools-are-we-losing-the-dream/?searchterm=A%20multiracial%20society%20with%20segregated%20schools
17. French, S. E., Seidman, E., Allen, L. and Aber, J. L. 2000. Racial/ethnic identity, congruence with the social context, and the transition to high school. Journal of Adolescent Research, 15: 587-602.
18. French, S. E., Seidman, E., Allen, L. and Aber, J. L. 2006. The development of ethnic identity during adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 42(1): 1-10.
19. Greene, M. L., Way, N. and Pahl, K. 2006. Trajectories of perceived adult and peer discrimination among black, Latino, and Asian American adolescents: Patterns and psychological correlates. Developmental Psychology, 42(2): 218-238.
20. Gurin, P., Nagda, B. A. and Lopez, G. E. 2004. The benefits of diversity in education for democratic citizenship. Journal of Social Issues, 60(1): 17-34.
21. Hoff, E., Laursen, B. and Tardif, T. 2002. "Socioeconomic status and parenting". In Handbook of parenting, 2nd ed., Edited by: Bornstein, M. H. 231-252. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
22. Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Stevenson, H. C. and Spicer, P. 2006. Parents' ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42(5): 747-770.
23. Kernahan, C. and Davis, T. 2007. Changing perspective: How learning about racism influences student awareness and emotion. Teaching of Psychology, 34(1): 49-52.
24. Khanlou, N., Koh, J. and Mill, C. 2008. Cultural identity and experiences of prejudice and discrimination of Afghan and Iranian immigrant youth. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 6(4): 494-513.
25. Kosmitzki, C. 1996. The reaffirmation of cultural identity in cross-cultural encounters. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(3): 238-248.
26. Landrine, H. and Klonoff, E. A. 1996. The schedule of racist events: A measure of racial discrimination and a study of its negative physical and mental health consequences. Journal of Black Psychology, 22(2): 144-168.
27. Marcia, J. 1980. "Identity in adolescence". In Handbook of adolescent psychology, Edited by: Adelson, J. 159-187. New York, NY: Wiley.
28. Matsudaira, J. and Jefferson, A. 2006. Anytown: NCCJ's youth leadership experience in social justice. New Directions for Youth Development, 2006(109): 107-155.
29. McIntosh, P. 1989, July/August. White privilege: Unpacking the invisible knapsack. Peace and Freedom: 10-12.
30. Nagda, B. A. and Gurin, P. 2007. Intergroup dialogue: A critical dialogic approach to learning about differences, inequality and social justice. New Directions in Teaching and Learning,: 35-45.
31. Nagda, B. A. and Zúñiga, X. 2003. Fostering meaningful racial engagement through intergroup dialogues. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 6(1): 111-128.
32. Neville, H. A., Lilly, R. L., Duran, G., Lee, R. M. and Browne, L. 2000. Construction and initial validation of the color-blind racial attitudes scale (CoBRAS). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(1): 59-70.
33. Nolen, A. L. and Putten, J. V. 2007. Action research in education: Addressing gaps in ethical principles and practices. Educational Researcher, 36(7): 401-407.
34. Orfield, G. 2001. "School more separate: Consequences of a decade of resegregation". In Harvard Civil Rights Project Cambridge, MA Retrieved fromhttp://eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED459217.pdf
35. Orfield, G. and Lee, C. 2005. "Why segregation matters: Poverty and educational inequality". In The Civil Rights Project, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University. Retrieved from: http://bsdweb.bsdvt.org/district/EquityExcellence/Research/Why_Segreg_Matters.pdf
36. Pahl, K. and Way, N. 2006. Longitudinal trajectories of ethnic identity among urban Black and Latino adolescents. Child Development, 77(5): 1403-1415.
37. Phinney, J. S. 1990. Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: Review of research. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3): 499-514.
38. Phinney, J. S. 1992. The multigroup ethnic identity measure: A new scale for use with diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7(2): 156-176.
39. Phinney, J. S. 1996. Understanding ethnic diversity. American Behavioral Scientist, 40(2): 143-152.
40. Phinney, J. S., Ferguson, D. L. and Tate, J. D. 1997. Intergroup attitudes among ethnic minority adolescents: A causal model. Child Development, 68(5): 955-969.
41. Phinney, J. S., Jacoby, B. and Silva, C. 2007. Positive intergroup attitudes: The role of ethnic identity. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31(5): 478-490.
42. Phinney, J. S., Madden, T. and Santos, L. J. 1998. Psychological variables as predictors of perceived ethnic discrimination among minority and immigrant adolescents. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28(11): 937-953.
43. Phinney, J. S. and Ong, A. D. 2007. Conceptualization and measurement of ethnic identity: Current status and future directions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(3): 271-281.
44. Phinney, J. S. and Tarver, S. 1988. Ethnic identity search and commitment amongst black and white eighth graders. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 8: 265-277.
45. Probst, T. M. 2003. Changing attitudes over time: Assessing the effectiveness of workplace diversity course. Teaching of Psychology, 30(3): 236-239.
46. Quintana, S. M. 1994. A model of ethnic perspective-taking ability applied to Mexican-American children and youth. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 18(4): 419-448.
47. Quintana, S. M. 1998. Children's developmental understanding of ethnicity and race. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 7(1): 27-45.
48. Quintana, S. M. 2007. Racial and ethnic identity: Developmental perspectives and research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(3): 259-270.
49. Roberts, R. E., Phinney, J. S., Masse, L. C., Chen, Y. R., Roberts, C. R. and Romero, A. 1999. The structure of ethnic identity in young adolescents from diverse ethnocultural groups. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19(3): 301-322.
50. Robinson, J. P., Shaver, P. R. and Wrightsman, L. S. 1999. "Scale selection and evaluation". In Measures of political attitudes, Edited by: Robinson, J. P., Shaver, P. R. and Wrightsman, L. S. 1-36. San Diego, CA: Academic.
51. Rodenborg, N. and Huynh, N. 2006. On overcoming segregation: Social work and intergroup dialogue. Social Work with Groups, 29(1): 27-44.
52. Rotheram-Borus, M. J., Lightfoot, M., Moraes, A., Dopkins, S. and LaCour, J. 1998. Developmental, ethnic, and gender differences in ethnic identity among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 13(4): 487-507.
53. Rudman, L. A., Ashmore, R. D. and Gary, M. L. 2001. "Unlearning" automatic biases: The malleability of implicit prejudice and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(5): 857-868.
54. Rumbaut, R. G. 1994. The crucible within: Ethnic identity, self-esteem, and segmented assimilation among children of immigrants. International Migration Review, 28(4): 748-794.
55. Seaton, E. K., Caldwell, C. H., Sellers, R. M. and Jackson, J. S. 2008. The prevalence of perceived discrimination among African American and Caribbean black youth. Developmental Psychology, 44(5): 1288-1297.
56. Spencer, M. S., Brown, M., Griffin, S. and Abdullah, S. 2008. Outcome evaluation of the intergroup project. Small Group Research, 39(1): 82-103.
57. Spencer, M. B. and Markstrom-Adams, C. 1990. Identity processes among racial and ethnic minority children in America. Child Development, 61(2): 290-310.
58. Stephan, W. G. 2008. Psychological and communication processes associated with intergroup conflict resolution. Small Group Research, 39(1): 28-41.
59. Tatum, B. D. 1997. Why are all the black kids sitting together in the cafeteria? And other conversations about race, New York, NY: Basic.
60. Thompson, V. L. 1994. Socialization to race and its relationship to racial identification among African Americans. Journal of Black Psychology, 20(2): 175-188.
61. Umaña-Taylor, A. J. 2004. Ethnic identity and self-esteem: Examining the role of social context. Journal of Adolescence, 27(2): 139-146.
62. Valencia, R. R. 2000. Inequalities and the schooling of minority students in Texas: Historical and contemporary conditions. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 22(4): 445-459.
63. Wayne, E. K. 2008. Is it just talk? Understanding and evaluating intergroup dialogue. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 25(4): 451-478.
64. Werts, C. E. and Linn, R. L. 1970. A general linear model for studying growth. Psychology Bulletin, 73(1): 17-22.
65. Zúñiga, X., Nagda, B. A., Chesler, M. and Cytron-Walker, A. 2007. Intergroup dialogues in higher education: Meaningful learning about social justice. ASHE Higher Education Report Series, 32(4) Hoboken, NJ: Wiley