Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke: Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American college of chest physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines

Chest

Volumn 141, Issue 2 SUPPL., 2012, Pages e601S-e636S

  Lansberg, Maarten G ^a   O'Donnell, Martin J ^b   Khatri, Pooja ^c   Lang, Eddy S ^d   Nguyen Huynh, Mai N ^e   Schwartz, Neil E ^a   Sonnenberg, Frank A ^f   Schulman, Sam ^g   Vandvik, Per Olav ^h   Spencer, Frederick A ⁱ   Alonso Coello, Pablo ^j   Guyatt, Gordon H ^g   Akl, Elie A ^g,k  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND   (Ireland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^f ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^g MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^h NORWEGIAN KNOWLEDGE CENTRE FOR THE HEALTH SERVICES   (Norway)

ⁱ MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^j Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre   (Spain)

^k UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID PLUS DIPYRIDAMOLE; ALTEPLASE; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ARGATROBAN; CERTOPARIN; CILOSTAZOL; CLOPIDOGREL; DALTEPARIN; DANAPAROID; ENOXAPARIN; HEPARIN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; MESOGLYCAN; NADROPARIN; PLACEBO; PROUROKINASE; TERUTROBAN; TICLOPIDINE; TINZAPARIN; TRIFLUSAL;

BLEEDING; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; COMPRESSION GARMENT; DRUG DOSAGE FORM COMPARISON; EARLY INTERVENTION; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEPARIN INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HUMAN; INTERMITTENT PNEUMATIC COMPRESSION DEVICE; MECHANICAL THROMBECTOMY; MEDICAL HISTORY; MEDICAL SOCIETY; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MORTALITY; PATIENT SELECTION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY CONTROL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SYSTEMATIC ERROR; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; TREATMENT DURATION; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84856775385     PISSN: 00123692     EISSN: 19313543     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-2302     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. Vandvik PO, Lincoff AM, Gore JM, et al. Primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2)(suppl):e637S-e668S.
2. Alonso-Coello P, Bellmunt S, McGorrian C, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in peripheral artery disease: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2)(suppl): e669S-e690S.
3. You JJ, Singer DE, Howard PA, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2)(suppl):e531S-e575S.
4. Whitlock RP, Sun JC, Fremes SE, Rubens FD, Teoh KH. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for valvular disease: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidencebased clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2)(suppl): e576S-e600S.
5. Guyatt GH, Norris SL, Schulman S, et al. Methodology for the development of antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis guidelines: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2)(suppl):53S-70S.
6. Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, et al. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction-GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):383-394.
7. Brozek J, Oxman AD, Schünemann H. GRADEprofiler [Computer Program] Version 3.6 for Windows, 2011. http:// ims.cochrane.org/revman/gradepro.
8. MacLean S, Mulla S, Akl EA, et al. Patient values and preferences in decision making for antithrombotic therapy: a systematic review: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2)(suppl):e1S-e23S.
9. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 1995;333 (24): 1581-1587.
10. Lees KR, Bluhmki E, von Kummer R, et al; ECASS, ATLANTIS, NINDS and EPITHET rt-PA Study Group. Time to treatment with intravenous alteplase and outcome in stroke: an updated pooled analysis of ECASS, ATLANTIS, NINDS, and EPITHET trials. Lancet. 2010;375(9727): 1695-1703.
11. Wardlaw JM, Murray V, Berge E, Del Zoppo GJ. Thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD000213.
12. Albers GW, Bates VE, Clark WM, Bell R, Verro P, Hamilton SA. Intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator for treatment of acute stroke: the Standard Treatment with Alteplase to Reverse Stroke (STARS) study. JAMA. 2000;283(9):1145-1150. (Pubitemid 30126602)
13. Hill MD, Buchan AM; Canadian Alteplase for Stroke Effectiveness Study (CASES) Investigators. Thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke: results of the Canadian Alteplase for Stroke Effectiveness Study. CMAJ. 2005;172(10): 1307-1312. (Pubitemid 40745072)
14. Wahlgren N, Ahmed N, Dávalos A, et al; SITS-MOST investigators. Thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke in the Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke-Monitoring Study (SITS-MOST): an observational study [erratum appears in Lancet. 2007;369(9564):826]. Lancet. 2007;369(9558):275-282. (Pubitemid 46138121)
15. Grond M, Stenzel C, Schmülling S, et al. Early intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke in a communitybased approach. Stroke. 1998;29(8):1544-1549. (Pubitemid 28365571)
16. Chiu DKD, Krieger D, Villar-Cordova C, et al. Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke: feasibility, safety, and efficacy in the first year of clinical practice. Stroke. 1998;29(1):18-22. (Pubitemid 28046935)
17. Trouillas P, Nighoghossian N, Derex L, et al. Thrombolysis with intravenous rtPA in a series of 100 cases of acute carotid territory stroke: determination of etiological, topographic, and radiological outcome factors. Stroke. 1998; 29(12):2529-2540. (Pubitemid 28544003)
18. Tanne D, Bates VE, Verro P, et al. Initial clinical experience with IV tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke: a multicenter survey. The t-PA Stroke Survey Group. Neurology. 1999;53(2):424-427. (Pubitemid 29344376)
19. Akins PT, Delemos C, Wentworth D, Byer J, Schorer SJ, Atkinson RP. Can emergency department physicians safely and effectively initiate thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke? Neurology. 2000;55(12):1801-1805. (Pubitemid 32103959)
20. Katzan IL, Furlan AJ, Lloyd LE, et al. Use of tissuetype plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke: the Cleveland area experience. JAMA. 2000;283(9):1151-1158. (Pubitemid 30126603)
21. Katzan IL, Hammer MD, Furlan AJ, Hixson ED, Nadzam DM; Cleveland Clinic Health System Stroke Quality Improvement Team. Quality improvement and tissue-type plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke: a Cleveland update. Stroke. 2003;34(3):799-800. (Pubitemid 36307415)
22. Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E, et al ECASS Investigators. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(13):1317-1329.
23. Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C, et al The European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS). Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute hemispheric stroke. JAMA. 1995;274(13):1017-1025.
24. Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C, et al; Second European- Australasian Acute Stroke Study Investigators. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thrombolytic therapy with intravenous alteplase in acute ischaemic stroke (ECASS II). Lancet. 1998;352(9136):1245-1251. (Pubitemid 28470336)
25. Clark WM, Wissman S, Albers GW, Jhamandas JH, Madden KP, Hamilton S. Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (Alteplase) for ischemic stroke 3 to 5 hours after symptom onset. The ATLANTIS Study: a randomized controlled trial. Alteplase Thrombolysis for Acute Noninterventional Therapy in Ischemic Stroke. JAMA. 1999; 282(21):2019-2026.
26. Davis SM, Donnan GA, Parsons MW, et al; EPITHET investigators. Effects of alteplase beyond 3 h after stroke in the Echoplanar Imaging Thrombolytic Evaluation Trial (EPITHET): a placebo-controlled randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(4):299-309.
27. Patel SC, Levine SR, Tilley BC, et al; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Lack of clinical significance of early ischemic changes on computed tomography in acute stroke. JAMA. 2001; 286(22):2830-2838. (Pubitemid 33126925)
28. Demchuk AM, Hill MD, Barber PA, Silver B, Patel SC, Levine SR; NINDS rtPA Stroke Study Group, NIH. Importance of early ischemic computed tomography changes using ASPECTS in NINDS rtPA Stroke Study. Stroke. 2005;36(10):2110-2115. (Pubitemid 41429229)
29. Intracerebral Hemorrhage After Intravenous t-PA Therapy for Ischemic Stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Stroke. 1997;28 (11): 2109-2118.
30. Marler JR, Tilley BC, Lu M, et al. Early stroke treatment associated with better outcome: the NINDS rt-PA stroke study. Neurology. 2000;55(11):1649-1655.
31. Hacke W, Donnan G, Fieschi C, et al ATLANTIS Trials Investigators; ECASS Trials Investigators; NINDS rt-PA Study Group Investigators. Association of outcome with early stroke treatment: pooled analysis of ATLANTIS, ECASS, and NINDS rt-PA stroke trials. Lancet. 2004;363(9411): 768-774.
32. Fagan SC, Morgenstern LB, Petitta A, et al. Costeffectiveness of tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. NINDS rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Neurology. 1998;50(4):883-890. (Pubitemid 28212810)
33. Ehlers L, Andersen G, Clausen LB, Bech M, Kjølby M. Cost-effectiveness of intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase within a 3-hour window after acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2007;38(1):85-89. (Pubitemid 46035611)
34. Sinclair SE, Frighetto L, Loewen PS, et al. Cost-utility analysis of tissue plasminogen activator therapy for acute ischaemic stroke: a Canadian healthcare perspective. Pharmacoeconomics. 2001;19(9):927-936. (Pubitemid 32937943)
35. Chung H, Refoios Camejo R, Barnett D. Alteplase for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke: NICE technology appraisal guidance. Heart. 2007;93(12):1616-1617. (Pubitemid 350205562)
36. Lindley RI. Commentary on NICE guidelines for alteplase for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. Heart. 2007; 93(12):1617-1618. (Pubitemid 350205563)
37. Matchar DB. The value of stroke prevention and treatment. Neurology. 1998;51(suppl 3):S31-S35. (Pubitemid 28429321)
38. Fields JD, Khatri P, Nesbit GM, et al. Meta-analysis of randomized intra-arterial thrombolytic trials for the treatment of acute stroke due to middle cerebral artery occlusion. J Neurointerv Surg. 2011;3(2):151-155.
39. del Zoppo GJHR, Furlan AJ, Pessin MS, Rowley HA, Gent M. PROACT: a phase II randomized trial of recombinant pro-urokinase by direct delivery in acute middle cerebral artery stroke. PROACT Investigators. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism. Stroke. 1998;29 (1): 4-11. (Pubitemid 28046933)
40. Furlan A, Higashida R, Wechsler L, et al. Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: a randomized controlled trial. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism. JAMA. 1999;282(21):2003-2011.
41. Ogawa A, Mori E, Minematsu K, et al MELT Japan Study Group. Randomized trial of intraarterial infusion of urokinase within 6 hours of middle cerebral artery stroke: the middle cerebral artery embolism local fibrinolytic intervention trial (MELT) Japan. Stroke. 2007;38(10):2633-2639. (Pubitemid 47493996)
42. Schonewille WJ, Wijman CA, Michel P, et al; BASICS study group. Treatment and outcomes of acute basilar artery occlusion in the Basilar Artery International Cooperation Study (BASICS): a prospective registry study. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(8):724-730.
43. Khatri P, Abruzzo T, Yeatts SD, Nichols C, Broderick JP, Tomsick TA; IMS I and II Investigators. Good clinical outcome after ischemic stroke with successful revascularization is time-dependent. Neurology. 2009;73(13):1066- 1072.
44. Lansberg MG, Schrooten M, Bluhmki E, Thijs VN, Saver JL. Treatment time-specific number needed to treat estimates for tissue plasminogen activator therapy in acute stroke based on shifts over the entire range of the modified Rankin Scale. Stroke. 2009;40(6):2079-2084.
45. Investigators IIT; IMS II Trial Investigators. The Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS) II Study. Stroke. 2007;38(7):2127-2135.
46. IMS Study Investigators. Combined intravenous and intraarterial recanalization for acute ischemic stroke: the Interventional Management of Stroke Study. Stroke. 2004;35(4): 904-911.
47. Struffert T, Köhrmann M, Engelhorn T, et al. Penumbra Stroke System as an "add-on" for the treatment of large vessel occlusive disease following thrombolysis: first results. Eur Radiol. 2009;19(9):2286-2293.
48. Penumbra Pivotal Stroke Trial Investigators. The penumbra pivotal stroke trial: safety and effectiveness of a new generation of mechanical devices for clot removal in intracranial large vessel occlusive disease. Stroke. 2009;40(8): 2761-2768.
49. Grunwald IQ, Walter S, Papanagiotou P, et al. Revascularization in acute ischaemic stroke using the penumbra system: the first single center experience. Eur J Neurol. 2009; 16(11):1210-1216.
50. Smith WS, Sung G, Starkman S, et al; MERCI Trial Investigators . Safety and efficacy of mechanical embolectomy in acute ischemic stroke: results of the MERCI trial. Stroke. 2005;36(7):1432-1438. (Pubitemid 40967507)
51. Smith WS, Sung G, Saver J, et al; Multi MERCI Investigators . Mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke: final results of the Multi MERCI trial. Stroke. 2008;39(4): 1205-1212. (Pubitemid 351440692)
52. Lee W, Sitoh Y-Y, Lim CCT, Lim WE, Hui FK. The MERCI Retrieval System for the management of acute ischaemic stroke-the NNI Singapore experience. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2009;38(9):749-755.
53. Josephson SA, Saver JL, Smith WS; Merci and Multi Merci Investigators. Comparison of mechanical embolectomy and intraarterial thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke within the MCA: MERCI and Multi MERCI compared to PROACT II. Neurocrit Care. 2009;10(1):43-49.
54. Rha JH, Saver JL. The impact of recanalization on ischemic stroke outcome: a meta-analysis. Stroke. 2007;38(3): 967-973. (Pubitemid 46568460)
55. Sandercock PAG, Counsell C, Gubitz GJ, Tseng MC. Antiplatelet therapy for acute ischaemic stroke [update of Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(2):CD000029; PMID: 12804384]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(3): CD000029.
56. Kahn SR, Lim W, Dunn AS, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonsurgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2)(suppl):e195S-e226S.
57. Kennedy J, Hill MD, Ryckborst KJ, Eliasziw M, Demchuk AM, Buchan AM; FASTER Investigators. Fast assessment of stroke and transient ischaemic attack to prevent early recurrence (FASTER): a randomised controlled pilot trial. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(11):961-969. (Pubitemid 47562312)
58. Wang Y, Johnston SC; CHANCE Investigators. Rationale and design of a randomized, double-blind trial comparing the effects of a 3-month clopidogrel-aspirin regimen versus aspirin alone for the treatment of high-risk patients with acute nondisabling cerebrovascular event. Am Heart J. 2010;160(3):380-386.e1.
59. Berge E, Sandercock P. Anticoagulants versus antiplatelet agents for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(4):CD003242.
60. Paciaroni M, Agnelli G, Micheli S, Caso V. Efficacy and safety of anticoagulant treatment in acute cardioembolic stroke: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [see comment]. Stroke. 2007;38(2):423-430. (Pubitemid 46184320)
61. Berge E, Abdelnoor M, Nakstad PH, Sandset PM. Low molecular-weight heparin versus aspirin in patients with acute ischaemic stroke and atrial fibrillation: a double-blind randomised study. HAEST Study Group. Heparin in Acute Embolic Stroke Trial. Lancet. 2000;355(9211):1205-1210. (Pubitemid 30184528)
62. Lyrer P, Engelter S. Antithrombotic drugs for carotid artery dissection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(10): CD000255.
63. Low molecular weight heparinoid, ORG 10172 (danaparoid), and outcome after acute ischemic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. The Publications Committee for the Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) Investigators . JAMA. 1998;279(16):1265-1272.
64. Kelly J, Rudd A, Lewis R, Hunt BJ. Venous thromboembolism after acute stroke. Stroke. 2001;32(1):262-267. (Pubitemid 32063854)
65. Dennis M, Sandercock PA, Reid J, et al CLOTS Trials Collaboration. Effectiveness of thigh-length graduated compression stockings to reduce the risk of deep vein thrombosis after stroke (CLOTS trial 1): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;373(9679):1958-1965.
66. Guyatt GH, Eikelboom JW, Gould MK, et al. Approach to outcome measurement in the prevention of thrombosis in surgical and medical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2)(suppl):e185S-e194S.
67. Kamphuisen PW, Agnelli G. What is the optimal pharmacological prophylaxis for the prevention of deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients with acute ischemic stroke? Thromb Res. 2007;119(3):265-274. (Pubitemid 44920433)
68. Shorr AF, Jackson WL, Sherner JH, Moores LK. Differences between low-molecular-weight and unfractionated heparin for venous thromboembolism prevention following ischemic stroke: a metaanalysis. Chest. 2008;133(1):149-155.
69. McGarry LJ, Thompson D, Weinstein MC, Goldhaber SZ. Cost effectiveness of thromboprophylaxis with a low-molecularweight heparin versus unfractionated heparin in acutely ill medical inpatients. Am J Manag Care. 2004;10(9):632-642. (Pubitemid 39287373)
70. Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2)(suppl):e227S-e277S.
71. Roderick P, Ferris G, Wilson K, et al. Towards evidencebased guidelines for the prevention of venous thromboembolism: systematic reviews of mechanical methods, oral anticoagulation, dextran and regional anaesthesia as thromboprophylaxis . Health Technol Assess. 2005;9(49):1-78.
72. Boeer A, Voth E, Henze T, Prange HW. Early heparin therapy in patients with spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991;54(5):466-467.
73. Orken DN, Kenangil G, Ozkurt H, et al. Prevention of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurologist. 2009; 15(6):329-331.
74. Dickmann U, Voth E, Schicha H, Henze T, Prange H, Emrich D. Heparin therapy, deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism after intracerebral hemorrhage. Klin Wochenschr. 1988;66(23):1182-1183. (Pubitemid 19019454)
75. Albers GW. Choice of endpoints in antiplatelet trials: which outcomes are most relevant to stroke patients? Neurology. 2000;54(5):1022-1028. (Pubitemid 30151840)
76. Sacco RL. Risk factors and outcomes for ischemic stroke. Neurology. 1995;45(2 suppl 1):S10-S14.
77. Hartmann A, Rundek T, Mast H, et al. Mortality and causes of death after first ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Neurology. 2001;57(11):2000-2005. (Pubitemid 33126865)
78. Brønnum-Hansen H, Davidsen M, Thorvaldsen P; Danish MONICA Study Group. Long-term survival and causes of death after stroke. Stroke. 2001;32(9):2131-2136. (Pubitemid 32868112)
79. Rothwell PM, Fowkes FGR, Belch JFF, Ogawa H, Warlow CP, Meade TW. Effect of daily aspirin on long-term risk of death due to cancer: analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2011;377(9759):31-41.
80. Rothwell PM, Wilson M, Elwin C-E, et al. Long-term effect of aspirin on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: 20-year follow-up of five randomised trials. Lancet. 2010; 376(9754):1741-1750.
81. Hankey GJ, Jamrozik K, Broadhurst RJ, Forbes S, Anderson CS. Long-term disability after first-ever stroke and related prognostic factors in the Perth Community Stroke Study, 1989-1990. Stroke. 2002;33(4):1034-1040. (Pubitemid 34293588)
82. Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R, et al Antithrombotic Trialists' (ATT) Collaboration. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2009;373(9678):1849-1860.
83. Farrell B, Godwin J, Richards S, Warlow C. The United Kingdom transient ischaemic attack (UK-TIA) aspirin trial: final results. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991;54(12): 1044-1054.
84. van Wijk I, Kappelle LJ, van Gijn J, et al; LiLAC study group. Long-term survival and vascular event risk after transient ischaemic attack or minor ischaemic stroke: a cohort study. Lancet. 2005;365(9477):2098-2104. (Pubitemid 40826967)
85. Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative metaanalysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002;324(7329):71-86.
86. Campbell CL, Smyth S, Montalescot G, et al. Aspirin dose for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. JAMA. 2007;297(18):2018-2024. (Pubitemid 46740354)
87. Serebruany VL, Steinhubl SR, Berger PB, et al. Analysis of risk of bleeding complications after different doses of aspirin in 192,036 patients enrolled in 31 randomized controlled trials. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95(10):1218- 1222. (Pubitemid 40616424)
88. Steering Committe CAPRIE; CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet. 1996;348(9038):1329-1339.
89. Diener HC, Cunha L, Forbes C, Sivenius J, Smets P, Lowenthal A. European Stroke Prevention Study. 2. Dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke. J Neurol Sci. 1996;143(1-2):1-13. (Pubitemid 26402780)
90. Halkes PH, van Gijn J, Kappelle LJ, Koudstaal PJ, Algra A; ESPRIT Study Group. Aspirin plus dipyridamole versus aspirin alone after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin (ESPRIT): randomised controlled trial [erratum appears in Lancet. 2007;369(9558):274]. Lancet. 2006;367(9523):1665-1673.
91. Guiraud-Chaumeil B, Rascol A, David J, Boneu B, Clanet M, Bierme R. Prevention of recurrences of cerebral ischemic vascular accidents by platelet antiaggregants. Results of a 3-year controlled therapeutic trial [in French]. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1982;138(5):367-385. (Pubitemid 12068830)
92. Bousser MG, Eschwege E, Haguenau M, et al. "AICLA" controlled trial of aspirin and dipyridamole in the secondary prevention of athero-thrombotic cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 1983;14(1):5-14. (Pubitemid 13174990)
93. Persantine Aspirin Trial in cerebral ischemia. Part II: endpoint results. The American-Canadian Co-Operative Study group. Stroke. 1985;16(3):406-415.
94. Caneschi S, Bonaventi C, Finzi F. Ischemic cerebrovascular disease: treatment with various anti-platelet aggregation drugs. Clinical follow-up of 80 patients (22-34 months) [in Italian]. Minerva Med. 1985;76(41):1933-1943. (Pubitemid 16193983)
95. Verro P, Gorelick PB, Nguyen D. Aspirin plus dipyridamole versus aspirin for prevention of vascular events after stroke or TIA: a meta-analysis. Stroke. 2008;39(4):1358-1363. (Pubitemid 351440719)
96. De Schryver EL, Algra A, van Gijn J. Dipyridamole for preventing stroke and other vascular events in patients with vascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007; (3):CD001820.
97. Diener HC, Sacco RL, Yusuf S, et al Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Second Strokes (PRoFESS) study group. Effects of aspirin plus extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel and telmisartan on disability and cognitive function after recurrent stroke in patients with ischaemic stroke in the Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Second Strokes (PRoFESS) trial: a double-blind, active and placebo-controlled study. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(10): 875-884.
98. Sacco RL, Diener H-C, Yusuf S, et al; PRoFESS Study Group. Aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel for recurrent stroke. N Engl J Med. 2008; 359(12):1238-1251.
99. Diener HC, Bogousslavsky J, Brass LM, et al; MATCH investigators. Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364(9431):331-337.
100. Uchiyama S, Demaerschalk BM, Goto S, et al. Stroke prevention by cilostazol in patients with atherothrombosis: meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;18(6):482-490.
101. Huang Y, Cheng Y, Wu J, et al; Cilostazol versus Aspirin for Secondary Ischaemic Stroke Prevention cooperation investigators . Cilostazol as an alternative to aspirin after ischaemic stroke: a randomised, double-blind, pilot study [erratum appears in Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(8):675]. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(6):494-499.
102. Shinohara Y, Katayama Y, Uchiyama S, et al; CSPS 2 group. Cilostazol for prevention of secondary stroke (CSPS 2): an aspirin-controlled, double-blind, randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(10):959-968.
103. Kamal AK, Naqvi I, Husain MR, Khealani BA. Cilostazol versus aspirin for secondary prevention of vascular events after stroke of arterial origin. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(1):CD008076.
104. Costa J, Ferro JM, Matias-Guiu J, Alvarez-Sabin J, Torres F. Triflusal for preventing serious vascular events in people at high risk. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(3): CD004296.
105. Sudlow CL, Mason G, Maurice JB, Wedderburn CJ, Hankey GJ. Thienopyridine derivatives versus aspirin for preventing stroke and other serious vascular events in high vascular risk patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD001246.
106. Chen DK, Kim JS, Sutton DM. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with ticlopidine use: a report of 3 cases and review of the literature. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(3):311-314. (Pubitemid 29075652)
107. Gent M, Blakely JA, Easton JD, et al. The Canadian American Ticlopidine Study (CATS) in thromboembolic stroke. Lancet. 1989;1(8649):1215-1220. (Pubitemid 19140324)
108. Bousser MG, Amarenco P, Chamorro A, et al PERFORM Study Investigators. Terutroban versus aspirin in patients with cerebral ischaemic events (PERFORM): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Lancet. 2011;377(9782): 2013-2022.
109. Algra A, De Schryver ELLM, van Gijn J, Kappelle LJ, Koudstaal PJ. Oral anticoagulants versus antiplatelet therapy for preventing further vascular events after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke of presumed arterial origin. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006; (3):CD001342.
110. Sacco RL, Prabhakaran S, Thompson JL, et al WARSS Investigators. Comparison of warfarin versus aspirin for the prevention of recurrent stroke or death: subgroup analyses from the Warfarin-Aspirin Recurrent Stroke Study. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2006;22(1):4-12. (Pubitemid 43875154)
111. Levine SR, Brey RL, Tilley BC, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and subsequent thrombo-occlusive events in patients with ischemic stroke. JAMA. 2004;291(5):576-584. (Pubitemid 38500311)
112. Mohr JP, Thompson JLP, Lazar RM, et al Warfarin-Aspirin Recurrent Stroke Study Group. A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(20):1444-1451.
113. Matchar DB, Samsa GP, Liu S. Cost-effectiveness of antiplatelet agents in secondary stroke prevention: the limits of certainty. Value Health. 2005;8(5):572-580. (Pubitemid 41727306)
114. Shah H, Gondek K. Aspirin plus extended-release dipyridamole or clopidogrel compared with aspirin monotherapy for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke: a costeffectiveness analysis. Clin Ther. 2000;22(3):362-370. (Pubitemid 30213143)
115. Schleinitz MD, Weiss JP, Owens DK. Clopidogrel versus aspirin for secondary prophylaxis of vascular events: a costeffectiveness analysis. Am J Med. 2004;116(12):797-806. (Pubitemid 38721321)
116. Sacco RL, Ellenberg JH, Mohr JP, et al. Infarcts of undetermined cause: the NINCDS Stroke Data Bank. Ann Neurol. 1989;25(4):382-390. (Pubitemid 19104170)
117. Bogousslavsky J, Cachin C, Regli F, Despland PA, Van Melle G, Kappenberger L. Cardiac sources of embolism and cerebral infarction-clinical consequences and vascular concomitants: the Lausanne Stroke Registry. Neurology. 1991;41(6):855-859.
118. EAFT (European Atrial Fibrillation Trial) Study Group. Secondary prevention in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke. Lancet. 1993;342(8882):1255-1262.
119. Warfarin versus aspirin for prevention of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation: Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation II Study. Lancet. 1994;343(8899):687-691.
120. Gage BF, van Walraven C, Pearce L, et al. Selecting patients with atrial fibrillation for anticoagulation: stroke risk stratifi- cation in patients taking aspirin. Circulation. 2004;110(16): 2287-2292. (Pubitemid 39407328)
121. Petersen P, Boysen G, Godtfredsen J, Andersen ED, Andersen B. Placebo-controlled, randomised trial of warfarin and aspirin for prevention of thromboembolic complications in chronic atrial fibrillation. The Copenhagen AFASAK study. Lancet. 1989;1(8631):175-179. (Pubitemid 19038801)
122. Gulløv AL, Koefoed BG, Petersen P, et al. Fixed minidose warfarin and aspirin alone and in combination vs adjusteddose warfarin for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: Second Copenhagen Atrial Fibrillation, Aspirin, and Anticoagulation Study. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(14): 1513-1521. (Pubitemid 28340984)
123. Hellemons BSP, Langenberg M, Lodder J, et al. Primary prevention of arterial thromboembolism in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation in primary care: randomised controlled trial comparing two intensities of coumarin with aspirin. BMJ. 1999;319(7215):958-964. (Pubitemid 29469394)
124. Pérez-Gómez F, Alegría E, Berjón J, et al NASPEAF Investigators. Comparative effects of antiplatelet, anticoagulant, or combined therapy in patients with valvular and nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: a randomized multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(8):1557-1566. (Pubitemid 39377708)
125. Vemmos KN, Tsivgoulis G, Spengos K, et al. Primary prevention of arterial thromboembolism in the oldest old with atrial fibrillation-a randomized pilot trial comparing adjusted-dose and fixed low-dose coumadin with aspirin. Eur J Intern Med. 2006;17(1):48-52. (Pubitemid 43003462)
126. Connolly S, Pogue J, Hart R, et al ACTIVE Writing Group of the ACTIVE Investigators. Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in the Atrial fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for prevention of Vascular Events (ACTIVE W): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;367(9526):1903-1912.
127. Hu DY, Zhang HP, Sun YH, Jiang LQ; Antithrombotic Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation Study Group. The randomized study of efficiency and safety of antithrombotic therapy in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: warfarin compared with aspirin [in Chinese]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi. 2006;34(4):295-298.
128. Rash A, Downes T, Portner R, Yeo WW, Morgan N, Channer KS. A randomised controlled trial of warfarin versus aspirin for stroke prevention in octogenarians with atrial fibrillation (WASPO). Age Ageing. 2007;36(2):151-156. (Pubitemid 46455393)
129. Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI. Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(12): 857-867. (Pubitemid 351650486)
130. Lee JH, Park KY, Shin JH, et al. Symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation
131. Saxena R, Lewis S, Berge E, Sandercock PA, Koudstaal PJ. Risk of early death and recurrent stroke and effect of heparin in 3169 patients with acute ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation in the International Stroke Trial. Stroke. 2001;32(10): 2333-2337. (Pubitemid 32954805)
132. Lechat P, Mas JL, Lascault G, et al. Prevalence of patent foramen ovale in patients with stroke. N Engl J Med. 1988; 318(18):1148-1152.
133. Bogousslavsky J, Garazi S, Jeanrenaud X, Aebischer N, Van Melle G; Lausanne Stroke with Paradoxal Embolism Study Group. Stroke recurrence in patients with patent foramen ovale: the Lausanne Study. Neurology. 1996;46(5): 1301-1305. (Pubitemid 26159291)
134. Homma S, Sacco RL, Di Tullio MR, Sciacca RR, Mohr JP; PFO in Cryptogenic Stroke Study (PICSS) Investigators. Effect of medical treatment in stroke patients with patent foramen ovale: patent foramen ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke Study. Circulation. 2002;105(22):2625-2631. (Pubitemid 34596039)
135. Furlan AJ, Reisman M, Massaro J, et al; CLOSURE I Investigators . Study design of the CLOSURE I Trial: a prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the STARFlex septal closure system versus best medical therapy in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack due to presumed paradoxical embolism through a patent foramen ovale. Stroke. 2010;41(12): 2872-2883.
136. Eckman MH, Wong LKS, Soo YOY, et al. Patient-specific decision-making for warfarin therapy in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: how will screening with genetics and imaging help? Stroke. 2008;39(12):3308-3315.
137. Stam J, De Bruijn SF, DeVeber G. Anticoagulation for cerebral sinus thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(4):CD002005.
138. Bousser MG, Chiras J, Bories J, Castaigne P. Cerebral venous thrombosis-a review of 38 cases. Stroke. 1985;16(2): 199-213. (Pubitemid 15144722)
139. Bousser MG. Cerebral venous thrombosis: nothing, heparin, or local thrombolysis? Stroke. 1999;30(3):481-483.
140. Frey JL, Muro GJ, McDougall CG, Dean BL, Jahnke HK. Cerebral venous thrombosis: combined intrathrombus rtPA and intravenous heparin. Stroke. 1999;30(3):489-494. (Pubitemid 29115381)
141. Ageno W, Dentali F, Squizzato A, et al. Evidence and clinical judgment: Treatment of cerebral vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 2010;103(6):1109-1115.
142. Hirsch JA, Yoo AJ, Nogueira RG, et al. Case volumes of intra-arterial and intravenous treatment of ischemic stroke in the USA. J Neurointerv Surg. 2009;1(1):27-31.
143. Ferro JM, Canhao P, Stam J, Bousser MG, Barinagarrementeria F. Prognosis of cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis: results of the International Study on Cerebral Vein and Dural Sinus Thrombosis (ISCVT). Stroke. 2004;35(3):664-670. (Pubitemid 38280838)
144. Muir KW, Watt A, Baxter G, Grosset DG, Lees KR. Randomized trial of graded compression stockings for prevention of deep-vein thrombosis after acute stroke. Q J Med. 2000;93:(6)359-64. (Pubitemid 30386807)