Muscarinic receptor agonists and antagonists: Effects on ocular function

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology

Volumn 208, Issue , 2012, Pages 263-298

  Mitchelson, Frederick ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Muscarinic agonist; Muscarinic antagonist; Muscarinic cholinoceptor; Myopia; Ocular function; Sj gren's syndrome

Indexed keywords

4 DIPHENYLACETOXY 1 METHYLPIPERIDINE; ACECLIDINE; ATROPINE; BOTULINUM TOXIN A; CARBACHOL; CEVIMELINE; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR; DYFLOS; HIMBACINE; LATANOPROST; LATANOPROST PLUS TIMOLOL; MUSCARINIC AGENT; MUSCARINIC M1 RECEPTOR; MUSCARINIC M2 RECEPTOR; MUSCARINIC M3 RECEPTOR; MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; OXYPHENONIUM BROMIDE; PILOCARPINE; PIRENZEPINE; TIMOLOL; ACETYLCHOLINE; MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR;

ACINAR CELL; AQUEOUS HUMOR OUTFLOW; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SECRETION; CILIARY MUSCLE; CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA; DEPOLARIZATION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; GLAUCOMA; GOBLET CELL; HUMAN; LACRIMATION; LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY; MYOEPITHELIUM CELL; MYOPIA; NONHUMAN; PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETINA DEVELOPMENT; RETINA GANGLION CELL; REVIEW; SJOEGREN SYNDROME; SPHINCTER PUPILLAE MUSCLE; TEAR FILM; TRABECULAR MESHWORK; TRABECULOPLASTY; VERNAL CONJUNCTIVITIS; VISION; XEROPHTHALMIA; ANIMAL; CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM; EYE; EYE DISEASE; INNERVATION; METABOLISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ACETYLCHOLINE; ANIMALS; EYE; EYE DISEASES; HUMANS; MUSCARINIC AGONISTS; MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; RECEPTORS, MUSCARINIC; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84856648414     PISSN: 01712004     EISSN: 18650325     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-23274-9_12     Document Type: Review

References (206)

1. Abdel-Latif AA, Yousufzai SYK, De S, Tachado SD.1992) Carbachol stimulates adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C and muscle contraction- relaxation in a reciprocal manner in dog iris sphincter smooth muscle. Eur J Pharmacol 226:351-361
2. 2 Muscarinic receptor subtype is associated with inositol trisphosphate accumulation, myosin light chain phosphorylation and contraction in sphincter smooth muscle of rabbit iris. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 243:624-632 (Pubitemid 18011550)
3. Bacman S, Sterin-Borda L, Camusso JJ, Arana R, Hubscher O, Borda E.1996) Circulating antibodies against rat parotid gland M3 muscarinic receptors in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 104:454-459
4. Bacman SR, Berra A, Sterin-Borda L, Borda ES.1998) Human primary Sjögren's syndrome autoantibodies as mediators of nitric oxide release coupled to lacrimal gland muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Curr Eye Res 17:1135-1142 (Pubitemid 28562895)
5. Bacman S, Berra A, Sterin-Borda L, Borda E.2001) Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antibodies as a new marker of dry eye Sjögren's syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42:321-327 (Pubitemid 32121458)
6. Bartlett JD, Niemann K, Houde B, Allred T, Edmondson MJ, Crockett RS.2003) A tolerability study of pirenzepine ophthalmic gel in myopic children. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 19:271-279 (Pubitemid 36693577)
7. Berra A, Ganzinelli S, Saravia M, Borda E, Sterin-Borda L.2005) Inducible nitric oxide synthase subserves cholinergic vasodilation in retina. Vis Neurosci 22:371-377 (Pubitemid 41329352)
8. Berridge MJ.1995) Capacitative calcium entry. Biochem J 312:1-11
9. Bill A.1967) Effects of atropine and pilocarpine on aqueous humour dynamics in cynomolgus monkeyS.Macaca irus). Exp Eye Res 6:120-125
10. Bill A, Wålinder P-E (1966) The effects of pilocarpine on the dynamics of aqueous humor in a primate (Macaca irus). Invest Ophthalmol 5:170-175
11. Bognar IT, Pallas S, Fuder H, Muscholl E.1988) Muscarinic inhibition of [3H]-noradrenaline release on rabbit iris in vitro: Effects of stimulation conditions on intrinsic activity of methacholine and pilocarpine. Br J Pharmacol 94:890-900
12. 2 muscarinic receptors on the iris sphincter muscle differ from those on iris noradrenergic nerves. Eur J Pharmacol 163:263-274 (Pubitemid 19126291)
13. 2, M3 and M4 subtypes mediates the contraction of the rabbit iris sphincter. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 345:611-618
14. Borda E, Berra A, Saravia M, Ganzinelli S, Sterin-Borda L.2005) Correlations between neuronal nitric oxide synthase and muscarinic M3/M1 receptors in the rat retina. Exp Eye Res 80:391-399 (Pubitemid 40249895)
15. CaVanagh HD, Colley AM.1982) Cholinergic, adrenergic and PGE1 effects on cyclic nucleotides and growth in cultured corneal epithelium. Metab Pediatr Syst Opththalmol 6:63-74 (Pubitemid 13192441)
16. CaVanagh HD, Colley AM.1989) The molecular basis of neurotrophic keratitis. Acta Ophthalmol Suppl 192:115-134 (Pubitemid 19223753)
17. Cavill D, Waterman SA, Gordon TP.2002) Failure to detect antibodies to extracellular loop peptides of the muscarinic M3 receptor in primary Sjögren's syndrome. J Rheumatol 29:1342-1343
18. Cavill D, Waterman SA, Gordon TP.2004) Antibodies raised against the second extracellular loop of the human muscarinic M3 receptor mimic functional autoantibodies in Sjögren's syndrome. Scand J Immunol 59:261-266 (Pubitemid 38429292)
19. Choppin A, Eglen RM, Hegde SS.1998) Pharmacological characterization of muscarinic receptors in rabbit isolated iris sphincter muscle and urinary bladder smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol 124:883-888 (Pubitemid 28312821)
20. Chua W-H, Balakrishnan V, Chan Y-H, Tong L, Ling Y, Quah B-L, Tan D.2006) Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia. Ophthalmology 113:2285-2291 (Pubitemid 44838909)
21. Cimini BA, Strang CE, Wotring VE, Keyser KT, Eldred WD.2008) Role of acetylcholine in nitric oxide production in the salamander retina. J Comp Neurol 507:1952-1963 (Pubitemid 351468211)
22. Colley AM, CaVanagh HD.1982) Binding of [3H]dihydroalprenolol and [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate in intact cells of cultured corneal epithelium. Metab Pediatr Syst Opththalmol 6:75-86 (Pubitemid 13192442)
23. Colley AM, Law M.L.1987a) Effects of carbamylcholine on nuclear cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase activity in cultured corneal epithelial cells of the rabbit. Metab Pediatr Syst Opththalmol 10:24-31 (Pubitemid 18072960)
24. Colley AM, Law M.L.1987b) Effects of carbamylcholine on cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase activity in corneal epithelium during resurfacing. Metab Pediatr Syst Opththalmol 10:73-75 (Pubitemid 18071534)
25. Colley AM, CaVanagh HD, Drake LA, Law M.L.1985) Cyclic nucleotides in muscarinic regulation of DNA and RNA polymerase activity in cultured corneal epithelial cells of the rabbit. Curr Eye Res 4:941-950 (Pubitemid 15234905)
26. Colley AM, CaVanagh HD, Law M.L.1987a) Subcellular localization of muscarinic effects on enzymes of cyclic nucleotide metabolism in cultured corneal epithelial cells of the rabbit. Metab Pediatr Syst Opththalmol 10:36-38 (Pubitemid 18067731)
27. Colley AM, Law ML, Drake LA, CaVanagh HD.1987b) Activity of DNA and RNA polymerases in resurfacing rabbit corneal epithelium. Curr Eye Res 6:477-487 (Pubitemid 17039759)
28. Collison DJ, Duncan G.2001) Regional differences in functional receptor distribution and calcium mobilization in the intact human lens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42:2355-2363 (Pubitemid 32848866)
29. Collison DJ, Coleman RA, James RS, Carey J, Duncan G.2000) Characterization of muscarinic receptors in human lens cells by pharmacologic and molecular techniques. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:2633-2641 (Pubitemid 30624392)
30. Cottriall CL, McBrien NA (1996) The M1 muscarinic antagonist pirenzepine reduces myopia and eye enlargement in the tree shrew. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:1368-1379 (Pubitemid 26177313)
31. Cottriall CL, Brew J, Vessey KA, McBrien NA (2001a) Diisopropylfluorophosphate alters retinal neurotransmitter levels and reduces experimentally-induced myopia. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 364:372-382 (Pubitemid 32938344)
32. Cottriall CL, Truong H-T, McBrien NA (2001b) Inhibition of myopia development in chicks using himbacine: A role for M4 receptors? Neuroreport 12:2453-2456 (Pubitemid 32682201)
33. Croft MA, Oyen MJ, Gange SJ, Fisher MR, Kaufman P.L.1996) Aging effects on accommodation and outflow facility responses to pilocarpine in humans. Arch Ophthalmol 114:586-592 (Pubitemid 26136353)
34. da Silva N, Herron CE, Stevens K, Jollimore CAB, Barnes S, Kelly MEM.2008) Metabotropic receptor-activated calcium increases and store-operated calcium influx in mouse Müller cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49:3065-3073
35. Dartt D.2002) Regulation of mucin and fluid secretion by conjunctival epithelial cells. Prog Retin Eye Res 21:555-576 (Pubitemid 35341511)
36. Dartt D.2004) Interaction of EGF family growth factors and neurotransmitters in regulating lacrimal gland secretion. Exp Eye Res 78:337-345 (Pubitemid 38183310)
37. 2+ and protein kinase C. Exp Eye Res 71:619-628 (Pubitemid 32002248)
38. Diebold Y, Ríos JD, Hodges RR, Rawe I, Dartt DA (2001) Presence of nerves and their receptors in mouse and human conjunctival goblet cells. Invest Ophthalmal Vis Sci 42:2270-2282 (Pubitemid 32848856)
39. Diebold Y, Chen L-L, Tepavcevic V, Ferdman D, Hodges RR, Dartt DA (2007) Lymphocytic infiltration and goblet cell marker alteration in the conjunctiva of the MRL/MpJ-Faslpr mouse model of Sjögren's syndrome. Exp Eye Res 84:500-512 (Pubitemid 46204692)
40. Diestelhorst M, Nordmann J-P, Toris CB.2002) Combined therapy of pilocarpine or latanoprost with timolol versus latanoprost monotherapy. Surv Ophthalmol 47(Suppl 1):S155-S161 (Pubitemid 35232230)
41. Diether S, Schaeffel F, Lambrou GN, Fritsch C, Trendelenburg A-U (2007) Effects of intravitreally and intraperitoneally injected atropine on two types of experimental myopia in chicken. Exp Eye Res 84:266-274 (Pubitemid 44958466)
42. dos Santos AA, Medina SV, Sholl-Franco A, de Araujo EG.2003) PMA decreases the proliferation of retinal cells in vitro: The involvement of acetylcholine and BDNF. Neurochem Int 42:73-80 (Pubitemid 35346334)
43. Duncan G, Collison D.J.2003) Role of the non-neuronal cholinergic system in the eye: A review. Life Sci 72:2013-2019 (Pubitemid 36298942)
44. Duncan G, Williams MR, Riach RA (1994) Calcium, cell signaling and cataract. Prog Ret Eye Res 13:623-652
45. Duncan G, Riach RA, Williams MR, Webb SF, Dawson AP, Reddan J.1996) Calcium mobilisation modulates growth of lens cells. Cell Calcium 19:83-89 (Pubitemid 26065363)
46. Dursun D, Wang M, Monroy D, Li D-Q, Lokeshwar BL, Stern ME, Pflugfelder SC.2002) A mouse model of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43:632-638 (Pubitemid 34184477)
47. Eglen RM, Hegde SS, Watson N.1996) Muscarinic receptor subtypes and smooth muscle function. Pharmacol Rev 48:531-565 (Pubitemid 27023820)
48. Ehlert FJ, Griffin MT, Glidden P.F.1996) The interaction of the enantiomers of aceclidine with subtypes of the muscarinic receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 279:1335-1344 (Pubitemid 27166782)
49. Ellis DZ, Nathanson JA, Rabe J, Sweadner KJ.2001) Carbachol and nitric oxide inhibition of Na, K-ATPase activity in bovine ciliary processes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42:2625-2631 (Pubitemid 32954873)
50. Enríquez de Salamanca A, Siemasko KF, Diebold Y, Calonge M, Gao J, Juárez-Campo M, Stern ME (2005) Expression of muscarinic and adrenergic receptors in normal human conjunctival epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46:504-513 (Pubitemid 40270328)
51. Erickson KA, Schroeder A.2000) Direct effects of muscarinic agents on the outflow pathways in human eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:1743-1748 (Pubitemid 30354345)
52. Erickson-Lamy K, Schroeder A.1990) Dissociation between the effect of aceclidine on outflow facility and accommodation. Exp Eye Res 50:143-147 (Pubitemid 20076330)
53. Fan DSP, Lam DSC, Chan CKM, Fan AH, Cheung EYY, Rao SK (2007) Topical atropine in retarding myopic progression and axial length growth in children with moderate to severe myopia: A pilot study. Jpn J Ophthalmol 51:27-33 (Pubitemid 46281227)
54. Fischer AJ, McKinnon LA, Nathanson NM, Stell WK (1998a) Identification and localization of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the ocular tissues of the chick. J Comp Neurol 392:273-284 (Pubitemid 28165886)
55. Fischer AJ, Miethke P, Morgan IG, Stell WK (1998b) Cholinergic amacrine cells are not required for the progression and atropine-mediated suppression of form-deprivation myopia. Brain Res 794:48-60 (Pubitemid 28298864)
56. Fuder H, Schöpf J, Unckell J, Wesner MTh, Melchiorre C, Tacke R, Mutschler E, Lambrecht G.1989) Different muscarinic receptors mediate the prejunctional inhibition of [3H]-noradrenaline release in rat or guinea-pig iris and the contraction of the rabbit iris sphincter muscle. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 340:597-604 (Pubitemid 20023145)
57. Furuta M, Ohya S, Imaizumi Y, Watanabe M.1998) Molecular cloning of m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in rat iris. J Smooth Muscle Res 34:111-122 (Pubitemid 29081077)
58. Gabelt BT, Kaufman P.L.1992) Inhibition of outflow facility and accommodative and miotic responses to pilocarpine in rhesus monkeys by muscarinic receptor subtype antagonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 263:1133-1139 (Pubitemid 23157191)
59. Gatzioufas Z, Charalambous P, Seitz B, Evers S, Jonescu-Cuypers C, Krause M, Thanos S.2008) Cholinergic inhibition by botulinum toxin in a rat model of congenital glaucoma raises intraocular pressure. Br J Ophthalmol 92:826-831 (Pubitemid 351839578)
60. Gericke A, Mayer VGA, Steege A, Patzak A, Neumann U, Grus FH, Joachim SC, Choritz L, Wess J, Pfeiffer N.2009) Cholinergic responses of ophthalmic arteries in M3 and M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor knockout mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50:4822-4827
61. Gil DW, Krauss HA, Bogardus AM, WoldeMussie E.1997) Muscarinic receptor subtypes in human iris-ciliary body measured by immunoprecipitation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 38: 1434-1442 (Pubitemid 27278563)
62. Gnädinger M, Walz D, von Hahn HP, Grün F.1967) Acetylcholine-splitting activity of abraded and cultivated corneal epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 6:239-242
63. Gnädinger MC, Heimann R, Markstein R.1973) Choline acetyltransferase in corneal epithelium. Exp Eye Res 15:395-399
64. González A III, Crittenden EL, García DM.2004) Activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors elicits pigment granule dispersion in retinal pigment epithelium isolated from bluegill. BMC Neurosci 5:23, 12 p
65. 2 muscarinic receptor signaling through Gi/o, Gs and G15. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 321:1193-1207 (Pubitemid 46762694)
66. 2 subtypes in the human eye: QNB, pirenzipine, oxotremorine, and AFDX-116 in vitro autoradiography. Br J Ophth 78:555-559 (Pubitemid 24213016)
67. Hagan JJ, Van der Heijden B, Broekkamp CLE (1988) The relative potencies of cholinomimetics and muscarinic antagonists on the rat iris in vivo: Effects of pH on potency of pirenzepine and telenzepine. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 338:476-483 (Pubitemid 19014453)
68. Hall MO, Burgess BL, Abrams TA, Martinez MO (1996) Carbachol does not correct the defect in the phagocytosis of outer segments by Royal College of Surgeons rat retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:1473-1477 (Pubitemid 26177324)
69. Hasegawa N, Imaizuma Y, Watanabe M.1988) Parasympathetic denervation abolishes acetylcholine- induced relaxation in the rat iris dilator. Eur J Pharmacol 156:291-294 (Pubitemid 18260493)
70. Heth CA, Marescalchi PA, Ye L.1995) IP3 generation increases rod outer segment phagocytosis by cultured Royal College of Surgeons retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36:984-989
71. 2+, Pyk2, and c-Src in agonist activation of rat lacrimal gland p42/p44 MAPK. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47:3352-3359 (Pubitemid 351639697)
72. Honkanen RE, Abdel-Latif AA (1988) Characterization of cholinergic muscarinic receptors in the rabbit iris. Biochem Pharmacol 37:2575-2583
73. Honkanen RE, Howard EF, Abdel-Latif AA (1990) M3-muscarinic receptor subtype predominates in the bovine iris sphincter smooth muscle and ciliary processes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:590-593 (Pubitemid 20117078)
74. Horikawa Y, Shatos MA, Hodges RR, Zoukhri D, Rios JD, Chang EL, Bernardino CR, Rubin PAD, Dartt DA (2003) Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by cholinergic agonists and EGF in human compared with rat cultured conjunctival goblet cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44:2535-2544 (Pubitemid 36618412)
75. 2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor: Cloning, pharmacological characterization, expression patterns and role in embryonic bradycardia. Br J Pharmacol 137:782-792 (Pubitemid 35404177)
76. Irani A-MA, Butrus SI, Tabbara KF, Schwartz LB.1990) Human conjunctival mast cells: distribution of MCT and MCTC in vernal conjunctivitis and giant papillary conjunctivitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 86:34-40 (Pubitemid 20226841)
77. Ishida N, Hirai S-I, Mita S.1997) Immunolocalization of aquaporin homologs in mouse lacrimal glands. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 238:891-895 (Pubitemid 27472672)
78. Ishikawa H, DeSantis L, Patil PN (1998) Selectivity of muscarinic agonists includinG(±)-aceclidine and antimuscarinics on the human intraocular muscles. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 14:363-373 (Pubitemid 28369008)
79. Ishikawa Y, Cho G, Yuan Z, Inoue N, Nakae Y.2006) Aquaporin-5 water channel in lipid rafts of rat parotid gland. Bichim Biophys Acta 1758:1053-1060 (Pubitemid 44373861)
80. Ishizaka N, Noda M, Yokoyama S, Kawasaki K, Yamamoto M, Higashida H.1998) Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes in the human iris. Brain Res 787:344-347 (Pubitemid 28197927)
81. 2-type muscarinic receptors mediate prejunctional inhibition of norepinephrine release in the human iris-ciliary body. Exp Eye Res 58:175-180 (Pubitemid 24080929)
82. Kanno H, Horikawa Y, Hodges RR, Zoukhri D, Shatos MA, Ríos JD, Dartt DA (2003) Cholinergic agonists transactivate EGFR and stimulate MAPK to induce goblet cell secretion. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 284:C988-C998 (Pubitemid 36336955)
83. Kaufman PL, Bárány EH (1976) Loss of acute pilocarpine effect on outflow facility following surgical disinsertion and retrodisplacement of the ciliary muscle from the scleral spur in the cynomolgus monkey. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 15:793-807
84. Kawashima K, Fujii T.2008) Basic and clinical aspects of non-neuronal acetylcholine: overview of non-neuronal cholinergic systems and their biological significance. J Pharmacol Sci 106: 167-173 (Pubitemid 351366333)
85. Kiland JA, Hubbard WC, Kaufman P.L.2000) Low doses of pilocarpine do not significantly increase outflow facility in the cynomolgus monkey. Exp Eye Res 70:603-609
86. Konttinen YT, Platts LAM, Tuominen S, Eklund KK, Santavirta N, Törnwall J, Sorsa T, Hukkanen M, Polak JM.1997) Role of nitric oxide in Sjögren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 40:875-883 (Pubitemid 27200004)
87. Lameh J, Philip M, Sharma YK, Moro O, Ramachandran J, Sadee W.1992) Hm1 muscarinic cholinergic receptor internalization requires a domain in the third cytoplasmic loop. J Biol Chem 267:13406-13412
88. Lee J-J, Fang P-C, Yang I-H, Chen C-H, Lin P-W, Lin S-A, Kuo H-K, Wu P-C.2006) Prevention of myopia progression with 0.05% atropine solution. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 22:41-46 (Pubitemid 43364079)
89. Lemullois M, Rossignol B, Mauduit P.1996) Immunolocalization of myoepithelial cells in isolated acini of rat exorbital lacrimal gland: Cellular distribution of muscarinic receptors. Biol Cell 86:175-181 (Pubitemid 26345727)
90. Leonardi A, Motterle L, Bortolotti M.2008) Allergy and the eye. Clin Exp Immunol 153 (Suppl 1):17-21 (Pubitemid 352020378)
91. Lepple-Weinhues A, Stahl F, Wiederholt M.1991) Differential smooth muscle-like contractile properties of trabecular meshwork and ciliary muscle. Exp Eye Res 53:33-38
92. Leung E, Mitchelson F.1982) Modification by hexamethonium of the muscarinic receptor blocking activity of pancuronium and homatropine in isolated tissues of the guinea-pig. Eur J Pharmacol 80:11-17 (Pubitemid 12115899)
93. Leung KCM, McMillan AS, Wong MCM, Leung WK, Mok MY, Lau, CS.2008) The efficacy of cevimeline hydrochloride in the treatment of xerostomia in Sjögren's syndrome in southern Chinese patients: A randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Clin Rheumatol 27: 429-436. (Pubitemid 351404296)
94. Lin H-J, Wan L, Tsai Y, Chen W-C, Tsai S-W, Tsai F-J.2009) Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 1 gene polymorphisms associated with high myopia. Mol Vis 15:1774-1780
95. Lind GJ, CaVanagh HD.1993) Nuclear muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in corneal cells from rabbit. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 34:2943-2952 (Pubitemid 23269149)
96. Lind GJ, CaVanagh HD.1995) Identification and subcellular distribution of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-related proteins in rabbit corneal and Chinese hamster ovary cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36:1492-1507
97. Lind GJ, Chew SJ, Marzani D, Wallman J.1998) Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists inhibit chick scleral chondrocytes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39:2217-2231 (Pubitemid 28485631)
98. Liu S, Li J, Tan DTH, Beuerman R.W.2007) Expression and function of muscarinic receptor subtypes on human cornea and conjunctiva. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48:2987-2996 (Pubitemid 351261138)
99. Luft WA, Ming Y, Stell WK (2003) Variable effects of previously untested muscarinic receptor antagonists on experimental myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44:1330-1338 (Pubitemid 36297857)
100. Lütjen-Drecoll E, Kaufman PL, Bárány EH (1977) Light and electron microscopy of the anterior chamber angle structures following surgical disinsertion of the ciliary muscle in the cynomolgus monkey. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 16:218-225 (Pubitemid 8057801)
101. Luu CD, Lau AMI, Koh AHC, Tan D.2005) Multifocal electroretinogram in children on atropine treatment for myopia. Br J Ophthalmol 89:151-153 (Pubitemid 40175209)
102. Mallorga P, Babilon RW, Buisson S, Sugrue M.F.1989) Muscarinic receptors of the albino rabbit ciliary process. Exp Eye Res 48:509-522 (Pubitemid 19123502)
103. Martins RAP, Pearson RA (2008) Control of cell proliferation by neurotransmitters in the developing vertebrate retina. Brain Res 1192:37-60 (Pubitemid 351199482)
104. Masuda Y, Yamahara NS, Tanaka M, Ryang S, Kawai T, Imaizumi Y, Watanabe M.1995) Characterization of muscarinic reptors mediating relaxation and contraction in the rat iris dilator muscle. Br J Pharmacol 114:769-776
105. Masuda H, Goto M, Tamaoki S, Kamikawatoko S, Tokoro T, Azuma H.1998) M3-type muscarinic receptors predominantly mediate neurogenic quick contraction of bovine ciliary muscle. Gen Pharmacol 30:579-584 (Pubitemid 28102838)
106. Matsui M, Motomura D, Karasawa H, Fujikawa T, Jiang J, Komiya Y, Takahashi S-I, Taketo MM.2000) Multiple functional defects in peripheral autonomic organs in mice lacking muscarinic acetylcholine receptor gene for the M3 subtype. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:9579-9584 (Pubitemid 30650818)
107. 2 and M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are devoid of cholinergic smooth muscle contractions but still viable. J Neurosci 22:10627-10632 (Pubitemid 36005136)
108. Matsumoto S, Yorio T, DeSantis L, Pang I-H (1994) Muscarinic effects on cellular functions in cultured human ciliary muscle cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 35:3732-3738 (Pubitemid 24337986)
109. Mauduit P, Jammes H, Rossignol B.1993) M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor coupling to PLC in rat exorbital lacrimal acinar cells. Am J Physiol 264:C1550-C1560, Cell Physiol 33 (Pubitemid 23198525)
110. McBrien NA, Moghaddam HO, Reeder AP.1993) Atropine reduces experimental myopia and eye enlargement via a nonaccommodative mechanism. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 34: 205-215 (Pubitemid 23045118)
111. McBrien NA, Cottriall CL, Annies R.2001) Retinal acetylcholine content in normal and myopic eyes: A role in ocular growth control? Vis Neurosci 18:571-580 (Pubitemid 34083887)
112. McBrien NA, Jobling AI, Truong HT, Cottriall CL, Gentle A.2009) Expression of muscarinic receptor subtypes in tree shrew ocular tissues and their regulation during development of myopia. Mol Vis 15:464-475
113. McKinnon LA, Nathanson NM.1995) Tissue-specific regulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expression during embryonic development. J Biol Chem 270:20636-20642
114. Michon J, Kinoshita JH (1968) Experimental miotic cataract. Arch Ophthalmol 79:79-86
115. Mindel JS, Mittag T.W.1976) Choline acetyltransferase in ocular tissues of rabbits, cats, cattle, and man. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 15:808-814
116. Motterle L, Diebold Y, Enriquez de Salamanca A, Saez V, Garcia-Vazquez C, Stern ME, Calonge M, Leonardi A.2006) Altered expression of neurotransmitter receptors and neuromediators in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Arch Ophthalmol 124:462-468
117. Nadler LS, Rosoff ML, Hamilton SE, Kalaydjian AE, McKinnon LA, Nathanson NM.1999) Molecular analysis of the regulation of muscarinic receptor expression and function. Life Sci 64:375-379 (Pubitemid 29066682)
118. Nagataki S, Brubaker R.F.1982) Effect of pilocarpine on aqueous humor formation in human beings. Arch Ophthalmol 100:818-821 (Pubitemid 12156602)
119. Nakajima E, Nakajima T, Minagawa Y, Shearer TR, Azuma M.2005) Contribution of ROCK in contraction of trabecular meshwork: proposed mechanism for regulating aqueous outflow in monkey and human eyes. J Pharm Sci 94:701-708 (Pubitemid 40577304)
120. Narita S, Watanabe M.1982) Response of isolated rat iris dilator to adrenergic and cholinergic agents and electrical stimulation. Life Sci 30:1211-1218 (Pubitemid 12122202)
121. Naruoka H, Kojima R, Ohmasa M, Layer PG, Saito T.2003) Transient muscarinic calcium mobilisation in transdifferentiating as in reaggregating embryonic chick retinae. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 143:233-244 (Pubitemid 36835866)
122. Neal MJ, Cunningham JR.1995) Baclofen enhancement of acetylcholine release from amacrine cells in the rabbit retina by reduction of glycinergic inhibition. J Physiol 482:363-372
123. Newman EA (2005) Calcium increases in retinal glial cells evoked by light-induced neuronal activity. J Neurosci 25:5502-5510 (Pubitemid 40800642)
124. Nguyen DH, Vadlamudi V, Toshida H, Beuerman R.W.2006) Loss of parasympathetic innervations leads to sustained expression of pro-inflammatory genes in the rat lacrimal gland. Auton Neurosci 124:81-89
125. Olsen JS, Neufeld AH (1979) The rabbit cornea lacks cholinergic receptors. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 18:1216-1225 (Pubitemid 10203439)
126. Ono M, Takamura E, Shinozaki K, Tsumura T, Hamano T, Yagi Y, Tsubota K.2004) Therapeutic effect of cevimeline on dry eye in patients with Sjögren's syndrome: A randomized, doubleblind clinical study. Am J Ophthalmol 138: 6-17. (Pubitemid 38850244)
127. Ota I, Zoukhri D, Hodges RR, Rios JD, Tepavcevic V, Raddassi I, Chen LL, Dartt DA (2003) a1-Adrenergic and cholinergic agonists activate MAPK by separate mechanisms to inhibit secretion in lacrimal gland. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 284:C168-C178
128. Pang I-H, Matsumoto S, Tamm E, DeSantis L.1994) Characterization of muscarinic receptor involvement in human ciliary muscle cell function. J Ocul Pharmacol 10:125-136 (Pubitemid 24119436)
129. Pearson R, Catsicas M, Becker D, Mobbs P.2002) Purinergic and muscarinic modulation of the cell cycle and calcium signaling in the chick retinal ventricular zone. J Neurosci 22:7569-7579 (Pubitemid 35386358)
130. Petrone D, Condemi JJ, Fife R, Gluck O, Cohen S, Dalgin P.2002) A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of cevimeline in Sjögren's syndrome patients with xerostomia and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Arthritis Rheum 46:748-754 (Pubitemid 34214256)
131. Phatarpekar PV, Durdan SF, Copeland CM, Crittenden EL, Neece JD, Garcia DM.2005) Molecular and pharmacological characterization of muscarinic receptors in retinal pigment epithelium: Role in light-adaptive pigment movements. J Neurochem 95:1504-1520 (Pubitemid 41779273)
132. Potts AM.1965) The effects of drugs upon the eye. In: Root WS, Hofmann FG.eds) Physiological pharmacology, vol II, The nervous system part B, central nervous system drugs. Academic, New York, pp 329-397
133. Poyer JF, Gabelt BT, Kaufman P.L.1994) The effect of muscarinic agonists and selective receptor subtype antagonists on the contractile response of the isolated rhesus monkey ciliary muscle. Exp Eye Res 59:729-736
134. Qiong L, Jie W, Xinmei W, Junwen Z (2007) Changes in muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expression in form deprivation myopia in guinea pigs. Mol Vis 13:1234-1244
135. Qu J, Zhou X, Zhang L, Hu D, Li H, Lu F.2006) The presence of m1 to m5 receptors in human sclerea: Evidence of the sclera as a potential site of action for muscarinic receptor antagonists. Curr Eye Res 31:587-597 (Pubitemid 44179985)
136. Ríos JD, Zoukhri D, Rawe IM, Hodges RR, Zieske JD, Dartt DA (1999) Immunolocalization of muscarinic and VIP receptor subtypes and their role in stimulating goblet cell secretion. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 40:1102-1111 (Pubitemid 29211447)
137. Ríos JD, Forde K, Diebold Y, Lightman J, Zieske JD, Dartt DA (2000) Development of conjunctival goblet cells and their neuroreceptor subtype expression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:2127-2137 (Pubitemid 30450984)
138. Salceda R.1994) Muscarinic receptors binding in retinal pigment epithelium during rat development. Neurochem Res 19:1207-1210 (Pubitemid 24284798)
139. Satoh Y, Sano K, Habara Y, Kanno T.1997) Effects of carbachol and catecholamines on ultrastructure and intracellular calcium-ion dynamics of acinar and myoepithelial cells of lacrimal glands. Cell Tissue Res 289:473-485 (Pubitemid 27367884)
140. Saw S-M, Katz J, Schein OD, Chew S-J, Chan T-K (1996) Epidemiology of myopia. Epidemiol Rev 18:175-187 (Pubitemid 27082088)
141. Saw S-M, Goh P-P, Cheng A, Shanka A, Tan DTH, Ellwein LB.2006) Ethnicity-specific prevalences of refractive errors vary in Asian children in neighbouring Malaysia and Singapore. Br J Ophthalmol 90:1230-1235 (Pubitemid 44621480)
142. Schwahn HN, Kaymak H, Schaeffel F.2000) Effects of atropine on refractive development, dopamine release, and slow retinal potentials in the chick. Vis Neurosci 17:165-176 (Pubitemid 30241019)
143. Seet B, Wong TY, Tan DTH, Saw S-M, Balakrishnan V, Lee LKH, Lim ASM.2001) Myopia in Singapore: Taking a public health approach. Br J Ophthalmol 85:521-526 (Pubitemid 32397820)
144. 2+ signaling in chicken retinal pigmented epithelial cells during deafferentiation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 296:C1195-C1206
145. Shade DL, Clark AF, Pang I-H (1996) Effects of muscarinic agents on cultured human trabecular meshwork cells. Exp Eye Res 62:201-210 (Pubitemid 26127996)
146. Shatos MA, Rios JD, Tepavcevic V, Kano H, Hodges R, Dartt DA (2001) Isolation, characterization and propagation of rat conjunctival goblet cells in vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42:1455-1464 (Pubitemid 32520735)
147. Shepard AR, Rae J.L.1998) Ion transporters and receptors in cDNA libraries from lens and cornea epithelia. Curr Eye Res 17:708-719 (Pubitemid 28367782)
148. Shiraishi K, Takayanagi I.1993) Subtype of muscarinic receptors mediating relaxation and contraction in the rat iris dilator smooth muscle. Gen Pharmacol 24:139-142 (Pubitemid 23089188)
149. ShirVanMH, Pollard HB, Heldman E.1991) Mixed nicotinic and muscarinic features of cholinergic receptor coupled to secretion in bovine chromaffin cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:4860-4864 (Pubitemid 21914642)
150. Siatkowski RM, Cotter SA, Crockett RS, Miller JM, Novack GD, Zadnick K, For the U.S. Pirenzepine Study GrouP.2008) Two-year multicenter, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, parallel safety and efficacy study of 2% pirenzepine ophthalmic gel in children with myopia. J AAPOS 12:332-339
151. Socci RR, Tachado SD, Aronstam RS, Reinach PS.1996) Characterization of muscarinic receptor subtypes in the bovine corneal epithelial cells. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 12:259-269 (Pubitemid 26335445)
152. 2+ channels in human and bovine trabecular meshwork cells. Exp Eye Res 70:285-293 (Pubitemid 30658900)
153. Steinle JJ, Smith PG.2000) Presynaptic muscarinic facilitation of parasympathetic neurotransmission after sympathectomy in the rat choroid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 294:627-632 (Pubitemid 30490838)
154. Stone RA, Lin T, Laties AM.1991) Muscarinic antagonist effects on experimental chick myopia. Exp Eye Res 52:755-758
155. Strang CE, Renna JM, Amthor FR, Keyser KT.2010) Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor localization and activation effects on ganglion response properties. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51:2778-2789
156. Sugrue M.F.1989) The pharmacology of antiglaucoma drugs. Pharmacol Ther 43:91-138 (Pubitemid 19199089)
157. Sun T-T, Lavker RM.2004) Corneal epithelial stem cells: past, present and future. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 9:202-207 (Pubitemid 39108123)
158. Suzuki R, Oso T, Koboyashi S.1983) Cholinergic inhibitory response in the bovine iris dilator muscle. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 24:760-765 (Pubitemid 13069449)
159. Tachado SD, Virdee K, Akhtar RA, Abdel-Latif AA (1994) M3 Muscarinic receptors mediate an increase in both inositol trisphosphate production and cyclic AMP formation in dog iris sphincter smooth muscle. J Ocul Pharmacol 10:137-147 (Pubitemid 24119437)
160. Takayanagi I, Kokubu N, Shiraishi K.1993) Inhibitory effect of pilocarpine on norepinephrine release from electrically stimulated iris dilator muscles of rabbits as a most possible mechanism of pilocarpine-induced miosis. J Smooth Muscle Res 29:55-61 (Pubitemid 23202296)
161. Tan DTH, Chua WH, Lam DS, Shu-Ping DF, Crockett RS, For the Asian Pirenzepine Study GrouP.2005) One-year multicenter, double-masked, placebo-controlled, parallel safety and efficacy study of 2% pirenzepine ophthalmic gel in children with myopia. Ophthalmology 112:84-91 (Pubitemid 40075324)
162. Ten Tusscher MPM, Klooster J, Vrensen GFJM.1988) The innervation of the rabbit's anterior eye segment: A retrograde tracing study. Exp Eye Res 46:717-730
163. Teus MA, Castejón MA, Calvo MA, Fagúndez MA (1997) Ocular hypotensive effect of pilocarpine before and after argon laser trabeculoplasty. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 75:503-506 (Pubitemid 28022336)
164. Thieme H, Nass JU, Nuskovski M, Bechrakis NE, Stumpff F, Strauss O, Wiederholt M(1999) The effects of protein kinase C.PKC) on trabecular meshwork and ciliary muscle contractility. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 40:3254-3261
165. 2 subtype in human and bovine trabecular meshwork. Gräefes Arch Clin exp Ophthalmol 239:310-315 (Pubitemid 32514999)
166. Thomas GR, Williams MR, Sanderson S, Duncan G.1997) The human lens possesses acetylcholine receptors that are functional throughout life. Exp Eye Res 64:849-852 (Pubitemid 27278314)
167. Tian B, Gabelt BT, Peterson JA, Kiland JA, Kaufman P.L.1999) H-7 increases trabecular facility and facility after ciliary muscle disinsertion in monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 40:239-242 (Pubitemid 29029594)
168. Tigges M, Iuvone PM, Fernandes A, Sugrue MF, Mallorga PJ, Laties AM, Stone RA (1999) Effects of muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonists on postnatal eye growth of rhesus monkeys. Optom Vis Sci 76(6):397-407 (Pubitemid 29309765)
169. Tong L, Huang XL, Koh ALT, Zhang X, Tan DTH, Chua W-H (2009) Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia: Effect on myopia progression after cessation of atropine. Ophthalmology 116:572-579
170. Toris CB, Alm A, Camras CB.2002) Latanoprost and cholinergic agonists in combination. Surv Ophthalmol 47(Suppl 1):S141-S147 (Pubitemid 35232228)
171. Townes-Anderson E, Vogt BA (1989) Distribution of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on processes of isolated retinal cells. J Comp Neurol 290:369-383 (Pubitemid 20017406)
172. Truong H-T, Cottriall CL, Gentle A, McBrien NA (2002) Pirenzepine affects scleral metabolic changes in myopia through a non-toxic mechanism. Exp Eye Res 74:103-111 (Pubitemid 34948270)
173. Valant C, Gregory KJ, Hall NE, Scammells PJ, Lew MJ, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A.2008) A novel mechanism of G-protein coupled receptor functional selectivity. J Biol Chem 283:29312-29321
174. Verbitsky M, Rothlin CV, Katz E, Elgoyhen AB.2000) Mixed nicotinic-muscarinic properties of the a9 nicotinic cholinergic receptor. Neuropharmacology 39:2515-2524
175. Vessey KA, Cottriall CL, McBrien NA (2002) Muscarinic receptor protein expression in the ocular tissues of the chick during normal and myopic eye development. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 135:79-86 (Pubitemid 34442492)
176. Vitali C, Bombardieri S, Jonsson R, Moutsopoulos HM, Alexander EL, Carsons SE, Daniels TE, Fox PC, Fox RI, Kassan SS, Pillemer SR, Talal N, Weisman MH, The European Study Group on Classification Criteria for Sjögren's Syndrome (2002) Classification criteria for Sjögren's syndrome: A revised version of the European criteria proposed by the American-European consensus group. Ann Rheum Dis 61:554-558 (Pubitemid 34539104)
177. Vivino FB, Al-Hashimi I, Khan Z, LeVeque FG, Salisbury PL, Tran-Johnson TK, Muscoplat CC, Trivedi M, Goldlust B, Gallagher SC.1999) Pilocarpine tablets for the treatment of dry mouth and dry eye symptoms in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. A randomized, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose, multicenter trial. Arch Intern Med 159:174-181 (Pubitemid 29055106)
178. Wakakura M, Utsunomiya-Kawasaki I, Ishikawa S.1998) Rapid increase in cytosolic calcium ion concentration mediated by acetylcholine receptors in cultured retinal neurons and Müller cells. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 236:934-939 (Pubitemid 28546509)
179. Walkenbach RJ, Ye G-S.1991) Muscarinic cholinoceptor regulation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate in human corneal epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32:610-615
180. Walkenbach RJ, Ye GS, Boney F, Duecker DK (1993) Muscarinic cholinoceptors in native and cultured human corneal endothelium. Curr Eye Res 12:155-162 (Pubitemid 23086144)
181. Waterman SA, Gordon TP, Rischmueller M.2000) Inhibitory effects of muscarinic receptor autoantibodies on parasympathetic neurotransmission in Sjögren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 43:1647-1654 (Pubitemid 30452487)
182. Wei ZG, Sun T-T, Lavker RM.1996) Rabbit conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells belong to two separate lineages. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:523-533 (Pubitemid 26077672)
183. Wessler I, Kilbinger H, Bittinger F, Unger R, Kirkpatrick CJ.2003) The non-neuronal cholinergic system in humans: Expression, function and pathophysiology. Life Sci 72:2055-2061 (Pubitemid 36298947)
184. Wiederholt M, Bielka S, Schweig F, Lütjen-Drecoll E, Lepple-Weinhues A.1995) Regulation of outflow rate and resistance in the perfused anterior segment of the bovine eye. Exp Eye Res 61:223-234
185. Wiederholt M, Thieme H, Stumpff F.2000) The regulation of trabecular meshwork and ciliary muscle contractility. Prog Retin Eye Res 19:271-295 (Pubitemid 30122724)
186. Wiesel TN, Raviola E.1977) Myopia and eye enlargement after neonatal lid fusion in monkeys. Nature 266:66-68 (Pubitemid 8050018)
187. Williams JD, Cooper JR.1965) Acetylcholine in bovine corneal epithelium. Biochem Pharmacol 14:1286-1289
188. Williams MR, Duncan G, Riach RA, Webb S.F.1993) Acetylcholine receptors are coupled to mobilization of intracellular calcium in cultured human lens cells. Exp Eye Res 57: 381-384 (Pubitemid 23288818)
189. Williams MR, Riach RA, Collison DJ, Duncan G.2001) Role of the endoplasmic reticulum in shaping calcium dynamics in human lens cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42:1009-1017 (Pubitemid 32289797)
190. WoldeMussie E, Feldmann BJ, Chen J.1993) Characterization of muscarinic receptors in cultured human iris sphincter and ciliary smooth muscle cells. Exp Eye Res 56:385-392 (Pubitemid 23176603)
191. 2+]i during cell division and differentiation in the mammalian retina. J Neurosci 15:2696-2706
192. Yamada ES, Dmitrieva N, Keyser KT, Lindstrom JM, Hersch LB, Marshak D.W.2003) Synaptic connections of starburst amacrine cells and localization of acetylcholine receptors in primate retinas. J Comp Neurol 461:76-90 (Pubitemid 36578598)
193. Yamahara NS, Tanaka M, Imaizumi Y, Watanabe M.1995) Pertussis toxin-sensitive muscarinic relaxation in the rat iris dilator muscle. Br J Pharmacol 114:777-784
194. Yamashita M, Fukuda Y.1993) Incurvation of early embryonic neural retina by acetylcholine through muscarinic receptors. Neurosci Lett 163:215-218 (Pubitemid 24005420)
195. Yamashita M, Yoshimoto Y, Fukuda Y.1994) Muscarinic acetylcholine responses in the early embryonic chick retina. J Neurobiol 25:1144-1153 (Pubitemid 24268741)
196. Yin GC, Gentle A, McBrien NA (2004) Muscarinic antagonist control of myopia: A molecular search for the M1 receptor in chick. Mol Vis 10:787-793 (Pubitemid 41358216)
197. Yoshitomi T, Ito Y.1986) Double reciprocal innervations in dog iris sphincter and dilator muscles. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 27:83-91 (Pubitemid 16127676)
198. Yoshitomi T, Ito Y, Inomata H.1985) Adrenergic excitatory and cholinergic inhibitory innervations in the human iris dilator. Exp Eye Res 40:453-459 (Pubitemid 16153378)
199. Zhang X, Hernandez MR, Yang H, Erickson K.1995a) Expression of muscarinic receptor subtype mRNA in the human ciliary muscle. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36:1645-1657
200. Zhang Y, Araki-Sasaki K, Handa H, Akhtar RA (1995b) Effect of carbachol on phospholipase C-mediated phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate hydrolysis, and its modulation by isoproterenol in rabbit corneal epithelial cells. Curr Eye Res 14:563-571
201. Zhou ZJ, Zhao D.2000) Coordinated transitions in neurotransmitter systems for the initiation and propagation of spontaneous retinal waves. J Neurosci 20:6570-6577
202. Zoukhri D, Dartt DA (1995) Cholinergic activation of phospholipase D in lacrimal gland acini is independent of protein kinase C and calcium. Am J Physiol 268:C713-C720, Cell Physiol 37
203. Zoukhri D, Hodges RR, Sergheraert C, Toker A, Dartt DA (1997a) Lacrimal gland PKC isoforms are differentially involved in agonist-induced protein secretion. Am J Physiol 272:C263-C269, Cell Physiol
204. Zoukhri D, Hodges RR, Willert S, Dartt DA (1997b) Immunolocalization of lacrimal gland PKC isoforms. Effect of phorbol esters and cholinergic agonists on their cellular distribution. J Membr Biol 157:169-175 (Pubitemid 27239394)
205. 2+ elevation in rat lacrimal gland acini is negatively modulated by PKCd and PKCe. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:386-392 (Pubitemid 30080439)
206. Zucker CL, Nilson JE, Ehinger B, Grzywacz NM.2005) Compartmental localization of g-aminobutyric acid type B receptors in the cholinergic circuitry of the rabbit retina. J Comp Neurol 493:448-459 (Pubitemid 41677473)