Endocannabinoids and the cardiovascular response to stress

Journal of Psychopharmacology

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 71-82

  O'Sullivan, Saoirse E ^a   Kendall, Patrick J ^b   Kendall, David A ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular system; endocannabinoid; stress

Indexed keywords

1 (2,4 DICHLOROPHENYL) 5 (4 IODOPHENYL) 4 METHYL N (1 PIPERIDYL) 1H PYRAZOLE 3 CARBOXAMIDE; 4 (1,1 DIMETHYLHEPTYL) 1',2',3',4',5',6' HEXAHYDRO 2,3' DIHYDROXY 6' (3 HYDROXYPROPYL)BIPHENYL; ANANDAMIDE; CANNABIDIOL; CORTICOSTEROID DERIVATIVE; CYCLOHEXYLCARBAMIC ACID 3' CARBAMOYLBIPHENYL 3 YL ESTER; ENDOCANNABINOID; FATTY ACID AMIDASE INHIBITOR; INDOMETACIN; N (4 HYDROXYPHENYL)ARACHIDONAMIDE; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR ALPHA AGONIST; RIMONABANT;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION; CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME INHIBITION; ENZYME REGULATION; HEART PROTECTION; HEART RATE; HEART STRESS; HUMAN; MODULATION; NONHUMAN; PAIN; PRESSORECEPTOR REFLEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SOCIAL STRESS; STANDING; STRESS; VASODILATATION;

ANIMALS; CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; ENDOCANNABINOIDS; HUMANS; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 84856471496     PISSN: 02698811     EISSN: 14617285     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0269881111408457     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Adameova A, Abdellatif Y, Dhalla NS. Role of the excessive amounts of circulating catecholamines and glucocorticoids in stress-induced heart disease. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009 ; 87: 493-514
2. Ahn K, Johnson DS, Mileni M, Beidler D, Long JZ, McKinney MK, et al. Discovery and characterization of a highly selective FAAH inhibitor that reduces inflammatory pain. Chem Biol. 2009 ; 16: 411-420
3. Alexander SP, Kendall DA. The complications of promiscuity: endocannabinoid action and metabolism. Br J Pharmacol. 2007 ; 152: 602-623 (Pubitemid 350034984)
4. Anagnostis P, Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Clinical review: The pathogenetic role of cortisol in the metabolic syndrome: a hypothesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 ; 94: 2692-2701
5. Axelrod J, Reisine TD. Stress hormones: their interaction and regulation. Science. 1984 ; 224: 452-459 (Pubitemid 14134739)
6. Bagi Z, Koller A, Kaley G. PPARgamma activation, by reducing oxidative stress, increases NO bioavailability in coronary arterioles of mice with type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol. 2004 ; 286: H742 - H748
7. Bátkai S, Mukhopadhyay P, Harvey-White J, Kechrid R, Pacher P, Kunos G. Endocannabinoids acting at CB1 receptors mediate the cardiac contractile dysfunction in vivo in cirrhotic rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007 ; 293: H1689 - H1695
8. Bátkai S, Pacher P, Osei-Hyiaman D, Radaeva S, Liu J, Harvey-White J, et al. Endocannabinoids acting at cannabinoid-1 receptors regulate cardiovascular function in hypertension. Circulation. 2004 ; 110: 1996-2002 (Pubitemid 39331913)
9. Ben-Shabat S, Fride E, Sheskin T, Tamiri T, Rhee MH, Vogel Z, et al. An entourage effect: inactive endogenous fatty acid glycerol esters enhance 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol cannabinoid activity. Eur J Pharmacol. 1998 ; 353: 23-31 (Pubitemid 28352285)
10. Berridge MJ, Irvine RF. Inositol trisphosphate, a novel second messenger in cellular signal transduction. Nature. 1984 ; 312: 315-321 (Pubitemid 15209307)
11. Bishop-Bailey D. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the cardiovascular system. Br J Pharmacol. 2000 ; 129: 823-834
12. Blankman JL, Simon GM, Cravatt BF. A comprehensive profile of brain enzymes that hydrolyze the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Chem Biol. 2007 ; 14: 1347-1356 (Pubitemid 350257008)
13. Bonz A, Laser M, Kullmer S, Kniesch S, Babin-Ebell J, Popp V, et al. Cannabinoids acting on CB1 receptors decrease contractile performance in human atrial muscle. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2003 ; 41: 657-664 (Pubitemid 36373805)
14. Bougarne N, Paumelle R, Caron S, Hennuyer N, Mansouri R, Gervois P, et al. PPARalpha blocks glucocorticoid receptor alpha-mediated transactivation but cooperates with the activated glucocorticoid receptor alpha for transrepression on NF-kappaB. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009a ; 106: 7397-7402
15. Bougarne N, Paumelle R, Haegeman G, Staels B, De Bosscher K. Circumventing glucocorticoid-mediated hyperinsulinemia via the activation of PPARalpha. Cell Cycle. 2009b ; 8: 2311-2312
16. Brown AJ. Novel cannabinoid receptors. Br J Pharmacol. 2007 ; 152: 567-575 (Pubitemid 350041541)
17. Brozoski DT, Dean C, Hopp FA, Hillard CJ, Seagard JL. Differential endocannabinoid regulation of baroreflex-evoked sympathoinhibition in normotensive versus hypertensive rats. Auton Neurosci. 2009 ; 150: 82-93
18. Cadas H, di Tomaso E, Piomelli D. Occurrence and biosynthesis of endogenous cannabinoid precursor, N-arachidonoyl phosphatidylethanolamine, in rat brain. J Neurosci. 1997 ; 17: 1226-1242 (Pubitemid 27073726)
19. Calignano A, La Rana G, Beltramo M, Makriyannis A, Piomelli D. Potentiation of anandamide hypotension by the transport inhibitor, AM404. Eur J Pharmacol. 1997 ; 337: R1 - R2
20. Cho DH, Choi YJ, Jo SA, Jo I. Nitric oxide production and regulation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase phosphorylation by prolonged treatment with troglitazone: evidence for involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma-dependent and PPARgamma-independent signalling pathways. J Biol Chem. 2004 ; 279: 2499-2506 (Pubitemid 38114233)
21. Chrousos GP, Kino T, Charmandari E. Evaluation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in childhood and adolescence. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2009 ; 6: 272-283
22. Cota D, Steiner MA, Marsicano G, Cervino C, Herman JP, Grübler Y, et al. Requirement of cannabinoid receptor type 1 for the basal modulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. Endocrinology. 2007 ; 148: 1574-1581 (Pubitemid 46457104)
23. Côté M, Matias I, Lemieux I, Petrosino S, Alméras N, Després JP, et al. Circulating endocannabinoid levels, abdominal adiposity and related cardiometabolic risk factors in obese men. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007 ; 31: 692-699
24. Davis AM, Natelson BH. Brain-heart interactions. The neurocardiology of arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. Tex Heart Inst J. 1993 ; 20: 158-169 (Pubitemid 23308042)
25. Devane WA, Hanus L, Breuer A, Pertwee RG, Stevenson LA, Griffin G, et al. Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science. 1992 ; 258: 1946-1949 (Pubitemid 23026736)
26. Di S, Malcher-Lopes R, Halmos KC, Tasker JG. Nongenomic glucocorticoid inhibition via endocannabinoid release in the hypothalamus: a fast feedback mechanism. J Neurosci. 2003 ; 23: 4850-4857 (Pubitemid 36793211)
27. Di Marzo V. The endocannabinoid system: its general strategy of action, tools for its pharmacological manipulation and potential therapeutic exploitation. Pharmacol Res. 2009 ; 60: 77-84
28. Di Marzo V, Fontana A, Cadas H, Schinelli S, Cimino G, Schwartz JC, et al. Formation and inactivation of endogenous cannabinoid anandamide in central neurons. Nature. 1994 ; 372: 686-691
29. Dinh TP, Freund TF, Piomelli D. A role for monoglyceride lipase in 2-arachidonoylglycerol inactivation. Chem Phys Lipids. 2002 ; 121: 149-158 (Pubitemid 36044549)
30. Dol-Gleizes F, Paumelle R, Visentin V, Marés AM, Desitter P, Hennuyer N, et al. Rimonabant, a selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, inhibits atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009 ; 29: 12-18
31. Engeli S, Böhnke J, Feldpausch M, Gorzelniak K, Janke J, Bátkai S, et al. Activation of the peripheral endocannabinoid system in human obesity. Diabetes. 2005 ; 54: 2838-2843 (Pubitemid 41401077)
32. Ferre P. The biology of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: relationship with lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes. 2004 ; 53: S43 - S50
33. Fowler CJ. Plant-derived, synthetic and endogenous cannabinoids as neuroprotective agents. Non-psychoactive cannabinoids, 'entourage' compounds and inhibitors of N-acyl ethanolamine breakdown as therapeutic strategies to avoid psychotropic effects. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2003 ; 41: 26-43 (Pubitemid 36044592)
34. Fride E, Gobshtis N, Dahan H, Weller A, Giuffrida A, Ben-Shabat S. The endocannabinoid system during development: emphasis on perinatal events and delayed effects. Vitam Horm. 2009 ; 81: 139-158
35. Gardiner SM, March JE, Kemp PA, Bennett T. Regional haemodynamic responses to the cannabinoid agonist, WIN 55212-2, in conscious, normotensive rats, and in hypertensive, transgenic rats. Br J Pharmacol. 2001 ; 133: 445-453 (Pubitemid 33027782)
36. Gardiner SM, March JE, Kemp PA, Bennett T. Complex regional haemodynamic effects of anandamide in conscious rats. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 ; 135: 1889-1896 (Pubitemid 34478300)
37. Giang DK, Cravatt BF. Molecular characterization of human and mouse fatty acid amide hydrolases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 ; 94: 2238-2242 (Pubitemid 27136858)
38. Glass CK. Going nuclear in metabolic and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Invest. 2006 ; 116: 556-560 (Pubitemid 43326859)
39. 2+-activated K+ channels. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 ; 328: 251-261
40. Gomes I, Grushko JS, Golebiewska U, Hoogendoorn S, Gupta A, Heimann AS, et al. Novel endogenous peptide agonists of cannabinoid receptors. FASEB J. 2009 ; 23: 3020-3029
41. Goodwin JE, Zhang J, Geller DS. A critical role for vascular smooth muscle in acute glucocorticoid-induced hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 ; 19: 1291-1299
42. Gorelick DA, Heishman SJ, Preston KL, Nelson RA, Moolchan ET, Huestis MA. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant attenuates the hypotensive effect of smoked marijuana in male smokers. Am Heart J. 2006 ; 151: 754.e1-754.e5
43. Hajrasouliha AR, Tavakoli S, Ghasemi M, Jabehdar-Maralani P, Sadeghipour H, Ebrahimi F, et al. Endogenous cannabinoids contribute to remote ischemic preconditioning via cannabinoid CB2 receptors in the rat heart. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 ; 579: 246-252
44. Han KH, Lim S, Ryu J, Lee CW, Kim Y, Kang JH, et al. CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors differentially regulate the production of reactive oxygen species by macrophages. Cardiovasc Res. 2009 ; 84: 378-386
45. Hanus L, Abu-Lafi S, Fride E, Breuer A, Vogel Z, Shalev DE, et al. 2-arachidonyl glyceryl ether, an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 ; 98: 3662-3665 (Pubitemid 32249827)
46. Hanus L, Gopher A, Almog S, Mechoulam R. Two new unsaturated fatty acid ethonolamides in brain that bind to the cannabinoid receptor. J Med Chem. 1993 ; 36: 3032-3034 (Pubitemid 23315410)
47. Hiley CR. Endocannabinoids and the heart. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2009 ; 53: 267-276
48. Hill MN, Gorzalka BB. The endocannabinoid system and the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2009 ; 8: 451-458
49. Hill MN, McEwen BS. Endocannabinoids: The silent partner of glucocorticoids in the synapse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 ; 106: 4579-4580
50. Hill MN, McLaughlin RJ, Bingham B, Shrestha L, Lee TT, Gray JM, et al. Endogenous cannabinoid signaling is essential for stress adaptation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 ; 107: 9406-9411
51. Hill MN, Miller GE, Carrier EJ, Gorzalka BB, Hillard CJ. Circulating endocannabinoids and N-acyl ethanolamines are differentially regulated in major depression and following exposure to social stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009 ; 34: 1257-1262
52. Hill MN, Patel S, Carrier EJ, Rademacher DJ, Ormerod BK, Hillard CJ, et al. Downregulation of endocannabinoid signaling in the hippocampus following chronic unpredictable stress. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005 ; 30: 508-515 (Pubitemid 40271153)
53. Himmi T, Perrin J, El Ouazzani T, Orsini JC. Neuronal responses to cannabinoid receptor ligands in the solitary tract nucleus. Eur J Pharmacol. 1998 ; 359: 49-54 (Pubitemid 28515721)
54. Huestis MA, Boyd SJ, Heishman SJ, Preston KL, Bonnet D, Le Fur G, et al. Single and multiple doses of rimonabant antagonize acute effects of smoked cannabis in male cannabis users. Psychopharmacology. 2007 ; 194: 505-515 (Pubitemid 47492992)
55. Hwang J, Kleinhenz DJ, Lassegue B, Griendling KK, Dikalov S, Hart CM. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligands regulate endothelial membrane superoxide production. Am J Physiol. 2005 ; 288: 899-905
56. Jhaveri MD, Richardson D, Robinson I, Garle MJ, Patel A, Sun Y, et al. Inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase and cyclooxygenase-2 increases levels of endocannabinoid related molecules and produces analgesia via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha in a model of inflammatory pain. Neuropharmacology. 2008 ; 55: 85-93
57. Jones D. End of the line for cannabinoid receptor 1 as an anti-obesity target?. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2008 ; 7: 961-962
58. Joyeux M, Arnaud C, Godin-Ribuot D, Demenge P, Lamontagne D, Ribuot C. Endocannabinoids are implicated in the infarct size-reducing effect conferred by heat stress preconditioning in isolated rat hearts. Cardiovasc Res. 2002 ; 55: 619-625 (Pubitemid 34874956)
59. Joyner MJ, Casey DP. The catecholamines strike back. What NO does not do. Circ J. 2009 ; 73: 1783-1792
60. Kano M, Ohno-Shosaku T, Hashimotodani Y, Uchigashima M, Watanabe M. Endocannabinoid-mediated control of synaptic transmission. Physiol Rev. 2009 ; 889: 309-380
61. Kapur A, Zhao P, Sharir H. Atypical responsiveness of the orphan receptor GPR55 to cannabinoid ligands. J Biol Chem. 2009 ; 284: 29, 817-29, 827
62. Kaufmann I, Hauer D, Huge V, Vogeser M, Campolongo P, Chouker A, et al. Enhanced anandamide plasma levels in patients with complex regional pain syndrome following traumatic injury: a preliminary report. Eur Surg Res. 2009 ; 43: 325-329
63. Kunos G, Batkai S, Offertaler L. The quest for a vascular endothelial cannabinoid receptor. Chem Phys Lipids. 2002 ; 121: 45-56
64. Lagneux C, Lamontagne D. Involvement of cannabinoids in the cardioprotection induced by lipopolysaccharide. Br J Pharmacol. 2001 ; 132: 793-796 (Pubitemid 32193634)
65. Lemberger T, Saladin R, Vazquez M, Assimacopoulos F, Staels B, Desvergne B, et al. Expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha gene is stimulated by stress and follows a diurnal rhythm. J Biol Chem. 1996 ; 271: 1764-1769 (Pubitemid 26028664)
66. Lemberger T, Staels B, Saladin R, Desvergne B, Auwerx J, Wahli W. Regulation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha gene by glucocorticoids. J Biol Chem. 1994 ; 269: 24,527-24,530
67. Lépicier P, Bouchard JF, Lagneux C, Lamontagne D. Endocannabinoids protect the rat isolated heart against ischaemia. Br J Pharmacol. 2003 ; 139: 805-815 (Pubitemid 36819608)
68. Liu J, Wang L, Harvey-White J, Osei-Hyiaman D, Razdan R, Gong Q, et al. A biosynthetic pathway for anandamide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 ; 103: 13,345-13,350
69. Lopez-Miranda V, Herradón E, Martín MI. Vasorelaxation caused by cannabinoids: mechanisms in different vascular beds. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2008 ; 6: 335-346
70. Maione S, de Novellis V, Cappellacci L, Palazzo E, Vita D, Luongo L, et al. The antinociceptive effect of 2-chloro-2'-C-methyl-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (2'-Me-CCPA), a highly selective adenosine A1 receptor agonist, in the rat. Pain. 2007 ; 131: 281-292 (Pubitemid 47374331)
71. Malcher-Lopes R, Di S, Marcheselli VS, Weng FJ, Stuart CT, Bazan NG, et al. Opposing crosstalk between leptin and glucocorticoids rapidly modulates synaptic excitation via endocannabinoid release. J Neurosci. 2006 ; 26: 6643-6650 (Pubitemid 44318346)
72. Malcher-Lopes R, Franco A, Tasker JG. Glucocorticoids shift arachidonic acid metabolism toward endocannabinoid synthesis: a non-genomic anti-inflammatory switch. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 ; 583: 322-339
73. Manzanares J, Corchero J, Fuentes JA. Opioid and cannabinoid receptor-mediated regulation of the increase in adrenocorticotropin hormone and corticosterone plasma concentrations induced by central administration of delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats. Brain Res. 1999 ; 839: 173-179 (Pubitemid 29389804)
74. Marrs WR, Blankman JL, Horne EA, Thomazeau A, Lin YH, Coy J, et al. The serine hydrolase ABHD6 controls the accumulation and efficacy of 2-AG at cannabinoid receptors. Nat Neurosci. 2010 ; 13: 951-957
75. Matias I, Petrosino S, Racioppi A, Capasso R, Izzo AA, Di Marzo V. Dysregulation of peripheral endocannabinoid levels in hyperglycemia and obesity: Effect of high fat diets. Mol Endocrinol. 2008 ; 286: S66 - S78
76. McCormick CM, Mathews IZ, Thomas C, Waters P. Investigations of HPA function and the enduring consequences of stressors in adolescence in animal models. Brain Cogn. 2010 ; 72: 73-85
77. McEwen BS, Stellar E. Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease. Arch Intern Med. 1993 ; 153: 2093-2101
78. Mitrirattanakul S, Ramakul N, Guerrero AV, Matsuka Y, Ono T, Iwase H, et al. Site-specific increases in peripheral cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands in a model of neuropathic pain. Pain. 2006 ; 126: 102-114 (Pubitemid 44781351)
79. Moreira FA, Aguiar DC, Guimarães FS. Anxiolytic-like effect of cannabidiol in the rat Vogel conflict test. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006 ; 30: 1466-1471 (Pubitemid 44634958)
80. Mukhopadhyay P, Batkai S, Rajesh M. Pharmacological inhibition of CB1 cannabinoid receptor protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 ; 50: 528-536 (Pubitemid 47126779)
81. Mukhopadhyay P, Rajesh M, Bátkai S, Patel V, Kashiwaya Y, Liaudet L, et al. CB1 cannabinoid receptors promote oxidative stress and cell death in murine models of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy and in human cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc Res. 2010 ; 85: 773-784
82. Neukirchen M, Kienbaum P. Sympathetic nervous system: evaluation and importance for clinical general anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2008 ; 109: 1113-1131
83. Niederhoffer N, Szabo B. Involvement of CB1 cannabinoid receptors in the EDHF-dependent vasorelaxation in rabbits. Br J Pharmacol. 1999 ; 126: 1383-1386 (Pubitemid 29142069)
84. Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Wolski K, Rodes-Cabau J, Cannon CP, Deanfield JE, et al. Effect of rimonabant on progression of atherosclerosis in patients with abdominal obesity and coronary artery disease: the STRADIVARIUS randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008 ; 2299: 1547-1560 (Pubitemid 351482794)
85. O'Sullivan SE. Cannabinoids go nuclear: evidence for activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Br J Pharmacol. 2007 ; 152: 576-582 (Pubitemid 350034977)
86. O'Sullivan SE, Kendall DA, Randall MD. Time-dependent vascular effects of endocannabinoids mediated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). PPAR Res. 2009a ; 2009: 425289
87. O'Sullivan SE, Sun Y, Bennett AJ, Randall MD, Kendall DA. Time-dependent vascular actions of cannabidiol in the rat aorta. Eur J Pharmacol. 2009b ; 612: 61-68
88. Okamoto Y, Morishita J, Tsuboi K, Tonai T, Ueda N. Molecular characterization of a phospholipase D generating anandamide and its congeners. J Biol Chem. 2004 ; 279: 5298-5305 (Pubitemid 38220550)
89. Pacak K, Palkovits M. Stressor specificity of central neuroendocrine responses: implications for stress-related disorders. Endocr Rev. 2001 ; 22: 502-548 (Pubitemid 32762325)
90. Pacher P, Steffens S. The emerging role of the endocannabinoid system in cardiovascular disease. Semin Immunopathol. 2009 ; 31: 63-77
91. Pacher P, Bátkai S, Osei-Hyiaman D, Offertáler L, Liu J, Harvey-White J, et al. Hemodynamic profile, responsiveness to anandamide, and baroreflex sensitivity of mice lacking fatty acid amide hydrolase. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005 ; 289: H533 - H541
92. Pacher P, Mukhopadhyay P, Mohanraj R, Godlewski G, Batkai S, Kunos G. Modulation of the endocannabinoid system in cardiovascular disease: therapeutic potential and limitations. Hypertension. 2008 ; 52: 601-607
93. Pariante CM, Lightman SL. The HPA axis in major depression: classical theories and new developments. Trends Neurosci. 2008 ; 31: 464-468
94. Parrish JC, Nichols DE. Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor activation induces 2-arachidonoylglycerol release through a phospholipase c-dependent mechanism. J Neurochem. 2006 ; 99: 1164-1175 (Pubitemid 44655282)
95. Patel S, Hillard CJ. Adaptations in endocannabinoid signaling in response to repeated homotypic stress: a novel mechanism for stress habituation. Eur J Neurosci. 2008 ; 27: 2821-2829 (Pubitemid 351832221)
96. Patel S, Roelke CT, Rademacher DJ, Cullinan WE, Hillard CJ. Endocannabinoid signaling negatively modulates stress-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Endocrinology. 2004 ; 145: 5431-5438 (Pubitemid 39564580)
97. Plant TD, Strotmann R. TRPV4. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2007 ; 179: 189-205
98. Porter AC, Sauer JM, Knierman MD, Becker GW, Berna MJ, Bao J, et al. Characterization of a novel endocannabinoid, virodhamine, with antagonist activity at the CB1 receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 ; 301: 1020-1024 (Pubitemid 34595094)
99. Rademacher DJ, Patel S, Hopp FA, Dean C, Hillard CJ, Seagard JL. Microinjection of a cannabinoid receptor antagonist into the NTS increases baroreflex duration in dogs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2003 ; 284: H1570 - H1576
100. Rajesh M, Mukhopadhyay P, Batkai S, Hasko G, Liaudet L, Huffman JW, et al. CB2-receptor stimulation attenuates TNF-alpha-induced human endothelial cell activation, transendothelial migration of monocytes, and monocyte-endothelial adhesion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007 ; 293: 2210-2218
101. Rajesh M, Mukhopadhyay P, Haskó G, Liaudet L, Mackie K, Pacher P. Cannabinoid-1 receptor activation induces reactive oxygen species-dependent and -independent mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and cell death in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol. 2010 ; 160: 688-700
102. Randall MD, Kendall DA, O'Sullivan S. The complexities of the cardiovascular actions of cannabinoids. Br J Pharmacol. 2004 ; 142: 20-26 (Pubitemid 38698188)
103. Resstel LB, Joca SR, Moreira FA, Corrêa FM, Guimarães FS. Effects of cannabidiol and diazepam on behavioral and cardiovascular responses induced by contextual conditioned fear in rats. Behav Brain Res. 2006 ; 172: 294-298 (Pubitemid 44148829)
104. 1A receptors are involved in the cannabidiol-induced attenuation of behavioural and cardiovascular responses to acute restraint stress in rats. Br J Pharmacol. 2009 ; 156: 181-188
105. Rosengren A, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Sliwa K, Zubaid M, Almahmeed WA, et al. Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11119 cases and 13648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004 ; 364: 953-962 (Pubitemid 39208456)
106. Ruilope LM, Despres JP, Scheen A, Pi-Sunyer X, Mancia G, Zanchetti A, et al. Effect of rimonabant on blood pressure in overweight/obese patients with/without co-morbidities: analysis of pooled RIO study results. J Hypertens. 2008 ; 26: 357-367
107. Russo E, Guy GW. A tale of two cannabinoids: the therapeutic rationale for combining tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. Med Hypotheses. 2006 ; 66: 234-246 (Pubitemid 41773895)
108. Sagar DR, Kendall DA, Chapman V. Inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase produces PPAR-alpha-mediated analgesia in a rat model of inflammatory pain. Br J Pharmacol. 2008 ; 155: 1297-1306
109. Schroeder C, Batkai S, Engeli S, Tank J, Diedrich A, Luft FC, et al. Circulating endocannabinoid concentrations during orthostatic stress. Clin Auton Res. 2009 ; 19: 343-346
110. Seckl JR, Holmes MC. Mechanisms of disease: glucocorticoids, their placental metabolism and fetal 'programming' of adult pathophysiology. Nature Clin Prac Endocrinol Metab. 2007 ; 3: 479-488 (Pubitemid 46808745)
111. Soufer R, Burg MM. The heart-brain interaction during emotionally provoked myocardial ischaemia: implications of cortical hyperactivation in CAD and gender interactions. Cleve Clin J Med. 2007 ; 74: 59-62
112. Stein EA, Fuller SA, Edgemond WS, Campbell WB. Physiological and behavioural effects of the endogenous cannabinoid, arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide), in the rat. Br J Pharmacol. 1996 ; 119: 107-114 (Pubitemid 26294529)
113. Steiner MA, Wanisch K, Monory K, Marsicano G, Borroni E, Bächli H, et al. Impaired cannabinoid receptor type 1 signaling interferes with stress-coping behavior in mice. Pharmacogenomics J. 2008 ; 8: 196-208 (Pubitemid 351712644)
114. Steptoe A, Marmot M. Impaired cardiovascular recovery following stress predicts 3-year increases in blood pressure. J Hypertens. 2005 ; 23: 529-536 (Pubitemid 40684710)
115. Sugamura K, Sugiyama S, Nozaki T, Matsuzawa Y, Izumiya Y, Miyata K, et al. Activated endocannabinoid system in coronary artery disease and anti-inflammatory effects of cannabinoid 1 receptor blockade on macrophages. Circulation. 2009 ; 119: 28-36
116. Taveres RF, Correa FM. Role of the medial prefrontal cortex in cardiovascular responses to acute restraint in rats. Neuroscience. 2006 ; 143: 231-240 (Pubitemid 44667308)
117. Tiyerili V, Zimmer S, Jung S, Wassmann K, Naehle CP, Lütjohann D, et al. CB1 receptor inhibition leads to decreased vascular AT1 receptor expression, inhibition of oxidative stress and improved endothelial function. Basic Res Cardiol. 2010 ; 105: 465-477
118. Underdown NJ, Hiley CR, Ford WR. Anandamide reduces infarct size in rat isolated hearts subjected to ischaemia-reperfusion by a novel cannabinoid mechanism. Br J Pharmacol. 2005 ; 146: 809-816 (Pubitemid 41622247)
119. 2+ influx via TRPV1 channels. EMBO J. 2006 ; 24: 3026-3037 (Pubitemid 41486339)
120. Vandevoorde S, Lambert DM. The multiple pathways of endocannabinoid metabolism: a zoom out. Chem Biodivers. 2007 ; 4: 1858-1881 (Pubitemid 47381194)
121. Wagner JA, Abesser M, Harvey-White J, Ertl G. 2-Arachidonylglycerol acting on CB1 cannabinoid receptors mediates delayed cardioprotection induced by nitric oxide in rat isolated hearts. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2006 ; 47: 650-655 (Pubitemid 44309657)
122. Wagner JA, Hu K, Bauersachs J, Karcher J, Wiesler M, Goparaju SK, et al. Endogenous cannabinoids mediate hypotension after experimental myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 ; 38: 2048-2054 (Pubitemid 33116583)
123. Walker JM, Hohmann AG, Martin WJ, Strangman NM, Huang SM, Tsou K. The neurobiology of cannabinoid analgesia. Life Sci. 1999 ; 65: 665-673 (Pubitemid 29362772)
124. Walker JM, Krey JF, Chu CJ, Huang SM. Endocannabinoids and related fatty acid derivatives in pain modulation. Chem Phys Lipids. 2002 ; 121: 159-172 (Pubitemid 36044550)
125. Weis F, Beiras-Fernandez A, Hauer D, Hornuss C, Sodian R, Kreth S, et al. Effect of anaesthesia and cardiopulmonary bypass on blood endocannabinoid concentrations during cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2010 ; 105: 139-144
126. Yan LL, Liu K, Matthews KA, Daviglus ML, Ferguson TF, Kiefe CI. Psychosocial factors and risk of hypertension: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. JAMA. 2003 ; 290: 2138-2148 (Pubitemid 37432974)
127. Zhang J, Bian HJ, Li XX, Liu XB, Sun JP, Li N, et al. ERK-MAPK signaling opposes rho-kinase to reduce cardiomyocyte apoptosis in heart ischemic preconditioning. Mol Med. 2010 ; 16: 307-315
128. Zygmunt PM, Petersson J, Andersson DA, Chuang H, Sorgard M, Di Marzo V, et al. Vanilloid receptors on sensory nerves mediate the vasodilator action of anandamide. Nature. 1999 ; 400: 452-457 (Pubitemid 29361798)