Bacterial Interactions with CdSe Quantum Dots and Environmental Implications

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: Environmental and Health Impacts

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 197-231

  Nadeau, Jay L ^a   Priester, John H ^b   Stucky, Galen D ^b   Holden, Patricia A ^b  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Bacterial microenvironment and nanoparticle association; CDSE quantum dots bacterial interaction; Quantum dots cellular labeling and photovoltaics

Indexed keywords

EID: 84856444394     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470396612.ch9     Document Type: Chapter

References (173)

1. Acosta-Martinez, V., Tabatabai, M.A. Arylamidase activity in soils: effect of trace elements and relationships to soil properties and activities of amidohydrolases. Soil Bio Biochem 2001;33:17-23.
2. Aizenberg, J., Lambert, G., Weiner, S., Addadi, L. Factors involved in the formation of amorphous and crystalline calcium carbonate: a study of an ascidian skeleton. JAm Chem Soc 2002;124:32-39.
3. Alexander, M. Biodegradation and Bioremediation. San Diego: Academic Press; 1994.
4. Allison, S.D., Jastrow, J.D. Activities of extracellular enzymes in physically isolated fractions of restored grassland soils. Soil Biol Biochem 2006;38:3245-3256.
5. Anatasio, C., Martin, S.T. Atmospheric nanoparticles. In: Banfield, J.F., Navrotsky, A., editors. Nanoparticles and the Environment, vol. 44. Washington, D.C.: mineralogical Society of America; 2001. pp. 293-349.
6. Bae, W., Abdullah, R., Mehra, R.K. Cysteine-mediated synthesis of CdS bionanocrys-tallites. Chemosphere 1998;37:363-385.
7. Bae, W.O., Abdullah, R., Henderson, D., Mehra, R.K. Characteristics of glutathione-capped ZnS nanocrystallites. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997;237:16-23.
8. Ballou, B., Lagerholm, B.C., Ernst, L.A., Bruchez, M.P., Waggoner, A.S. Noninvasive imaging of quantum dots in mice. Bioconjug Chem 2004;15:79-86.
9. Banfield, J.F., Zhang, H.Z. Nanoparticles in the environment. In: Banfield, J.F., Navrotsky, A., editors. Nanoparticles and the Environment. Washington, D.C.: Miner-alogical Society of America; 2001. pp. 1-58.
10. Bazylinski, D.A., Frankel, R.B. Magnetosome formation in prokaryotes. Nature Rev Microbiol 2004;2:217-230.
11. Bender, J., Lee, R.F., Phillips, P. Uptake and transformation of metals and metalloids by microbial mats and their use in bioremediation. J Ind Microbiol 1995;14:113-118.
12. Beveridge, T.J., Makin, S.A., Kadurugamuwa, J.L., Li, Z.S. Interactions between biofilms and the environment. Fems Microbiol Revi 1997;20:291-303.
13. Biffinger, J.C., Ray, R., Little, B., Ringeisen, B.R. Diversifying biological fuel cell designs by use of nanoporous filters. Environ Sci Technol 2007;41:1444-1449.
14. Bitton, G., Freihofer, V. Influence of extracellular polysaccharides on toxicity of copper and cadmium toward Klebsiella aerogenes. Microb Ecol 1978;4:119-125.
15. Blaney, L.M., Cinar, S., SenGupta, A.K. Hybrid anion exchanger for trace phosphate removal from water and wastewater. Water Res 2007;41:1603-1613.
16. Borm P., Klaessig, F.C., Landry, T.D., Moudgil, B., Pauluhn, J., Thomas, K., Trottier, R., Wood, S. Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials, Part V: Role of dissolution in biological fate and effects of nanoscale particles. Toxicol Sci 2006;90:23-32.
17. Borrok, D., Turner, B.F., Fein, J.B. A universal surface complexation framework for modeling proton binding onto bacterial surfaces in geologic settings. Am J Sci 2005;305:826-853.
18. Boult, S., Hand, V.L., Vaughan, D.J. Microbial controls on metal mobility under the low nutrient fluxes found throughout the subsurface. Sci Total Environ 2006;372:299-305.
19. Brodowski, S., Amelung, W., Haumaier, L., Abetz, C., Zech, W. Morphological and chemical properties of black carbon in physical soil fractions as revealed by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Geoderma 2005;128: 116-129.
20. Brown, A.D. Microbial Water Stress Physiology. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 1990. p. 183.
21. Brown, G.E., Henrich, V.E., Casey, W.H., Clark, D.L., Eggleston, C., Felmy, A., Goodman, D.W., Gratzel, M., Maciel, G., McCarthy, M.I., Nealson, K.H., Sverjensky, D.A., Toney, M.F., Zachara, J.M. Metal oxide surfaces and their interactions with aqueous solutions and microbial organisms. Chem Rev 1999;99:77-174.
22. Brown, R.L., Bowman, R.S., Kieft, T.L. Microbial effects on nickel and cadmium sorption and transport in volcanic tuff. J Environ Qual 1994;23:723-729.
23. Bruchez, M., Moronne, M., Gin, P., Weiss, S., Alivisatos, A.P. Semiconductor nanocrystals as fluorescent biological labels. Science 1998;281:2013-2016.
24. Burda, C., Green, T.C., Link, S., El-Sayed, M.A. Electron shuttling across the interface of CdSe nanoparticles monitored by femtosecond laser spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 1999;103:1783-1788.
25. Champion, J.T., Gilkey, J.C., Lamparski, H., Retterer, J., Miller, R.M. Electron microscopy of rhamnolipid (biosurfactant) morphology-effects of pH, cadmium, and octadecane. J Colloid Interface Sci 1995;170:569-574.
26. Chan, W.C.W., Maxwell, D.J., Gao, X.H., Bailey, R.E., Han, M.Y., Nie, S.M. Luminescent quantum dots for multiplexed biological detection and imaging. Curr Opini Biotechnol 2002;13:40-46.
27. Chan, W.C.W., Nie, S. Quantum dot bioconjugates for ultrasensitive nonisotopic detection. Science 1998;281:2016-2018.
28. Chandrasekhar, S., Satyanarayana, K.G., Pramada, P.N., Raghavan, P., Gupta, T.N. Processing, properties and applications of reactive silica from rice husk-an overview. J Mater Science 2003;38:3159-3168.
29. Chang, J.S., Chang, K.L.B., Hwang, D.F., Kong, Z.L. In vitro cytotoxicitiy of silica nanoparticles at high concentrations strongly depends on the metabolic activity type of the cell line. Environ Sci & Technol 2007;41:2064-2068.
30. Characklis, W.G., Marshall, K.C. Biofilms: a basis for an interdisciplinary approach, In: Characklis W.G., Marshall K.C., editors. Biofilms, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1990. pp. 3-15.
31. Charron, A., Harrison, R.M. Primary particle formation from vehicle emissions during exhaust dilution in the roadside atmosphere. Atmospheric Environ 2003;37: 4109-4119.
32. Chaudhuri, S.K., Lovley, D.R. Electricity generation by direct oxidation of glucose in mediatorless microbial fuel cells. Nat Biotech 2003;21:1229-1232.
33. Chen, J.-H., Lion, L.W., Ghiorse, W.C., Shuler, M.L. Mobilization of adsorbed cadmium and lead in aquifer material by bacterial extracellular polymers. Water Res 1995;29:421-430.
34. Chen, K.L., Mylon, S.E., Elimelech, M. Aggregation kinetics of alginate-coated hematite nanoparticles in monovalent and divalent electrolytes. Environ Sci Technol 2006;40: 1516-1523.
35. Claessens, J., Van Cappellen, P. Competitive binding of Cu2+ and Zn2+ to live cells of Shewanella putrefaciens. Environ Sci Technol 2007;41:909-914.
36. Clarke, S.J., Hollmann, C.A., Zhang, Z.J., Suffern, D., Bradforth, S.E., Dimitrijevic, N. M., Minarik, W.G., Nadeau, J.L. Photophysics of dopamine-modified quantum dots and effects on biological systems. Nature Mater 2006;5:409-417.
37. Clever, H.L., Derrick, E.M., Johnson, S.A. The solubility of some sparingly soluble salts of zinc and cadmium in water and in aqueous electrolyte solutions. JPhys Chem RefData 1992;21:941-1044.
38. Comolli, L.R., Kundmann, M., Downing, K.H. Characterization of intact subcellular bodies in whole bacteria by cryo-electron tomography and spectroscopic imaging. J Microsc 2006;223:40-52.
39. Costerton, J.W., Cheng, K.J., Geesey, G.G., Ladd, T.I., Nickel, J.C., Dasgupta, M., Marrie, T.J. Bacterial Biofilms in Nature and Disease 1987.
40. Costerton, J.W., Lewandowski, Z., De Beer, D., Caldwell, D., Korber, D., James, G. Biofilms, the customized microniche. J Bacteriol 1994;176:2137-2142.
41. Cubison, M.J., Alfarra, M.R., Allan, J., Bower, K.N., Coe, H., McFiggans, G.B., Whitehead, J.D., Williams, P.I., Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J.L., Hopkins, J., Lee, J. The characterisation of pollution aerosol in a changing photochemical environment. Atmos Chem Phys 2006;6:5573-5588.
42. Cunningham, A.B., Characklis, W.G., Abedeen, F., Crawford, D. Influence of biofilm accumulation on porous media hydrodynamics. Environ Sci Technol 1991;25:1305-1311.
43. Danese, P.N., Pratt, L.A., Kolter, R. Exopolysaccharide production is required for development of Escherichia coli K-12 biofilm architecture. J Bacteriol 2000;182:3593-3596.
44. Debeer, D., Stoodley, P., Lewandowski, Z. Liquid flow in heterogeneous biofilms. Biotechnol Bioeng 1994;44:636-641.
45. Deng, S.P., Tabatabai, M.A. Cellulase activity of soils-effect of trace elements. Soil Biol Biochem 1995;27:977-979.
46. Derfus, A.M., Chan, W.C.W., Bhatia, S.N. Probing the cytotoxicity of semiconductor quantum dots. Nano Lett 2004;4:11-18.
47. DiChristina, T.J., Fredrickson, J.K., Zachara, J.M. Enzymology of electron transport: energy generation with geochemical consequences. In: Banfield, J.F., Cervini-Silva, J., editors. Molecular Geomicrobiology, vol. 59. Washington, D.C: Mineralogical Society of America; 2005. pp. 27-52.
48. 2+ by isolated enveloped of Pseudomonas fluorescens. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993;108:347-352.
49. Ferrari, B.C., Binnerup, S.J., Gillings, M. Microcolony cultivation on a soil substrate membrane system selects for previously uncultured soil bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005;71:8714-8720.
50. Ferris, F.G., Schultze, S., Witten, T.C., Fyfe, W.S., Beveridge, T.J. Metal interactions with microbial biofilms in acidic and neutral pH environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989;55:1249-1257.
51. Fountaine, T.J., Wincovitch, S.M., Geho, D.H., Garfield, S.H., Pittaluga, S. Multispec-tral imaging of clinically relevant cellular targets in tonsil and lymphoid tissue using semiconductor quantum dots. Modern Pathol 2006;19:1-11.
52. Frankel, R.B., Bazylinski, D.A. Biologically induced mineralization by bacteria. In: Dove, P.M., de Yoreo, J.J., Weiner, S., editors. Biomineralization, Washington, D.C.: Mineralogical Society of America; 2003. pp. 95-114.
53. Frankel, R.B., Zhang, J.P., Bazylinski, D.A. Single magnetic domains in magnetotactic bacteria. J Geophys Res-Solid Earth 1998;103:30601-30604.
54. Gao, X.H., Chan, W.C.W., Nie, S.M. Quantum-dot nanocrystals for ultrasensitive biological labeling and multicolor optical encoding. J Biomed Opt 2002;7:532-537.
55. Gerion, D., Parak, W.J., Williams, S.C., Zanchet, D., Micheel, C.M., Alivisatos, A.P. Sorting fluorescent nanocrystals with DNA. J Am Chem Soc 2002;124:7070-7074.
56. Giere, R., Blackford, M., Smith, K. TEM study of PM2.5 emitted from coal and tire combustion in a thermal power station. Environ Sci Technol 2006;40:6235-6240.
57. Gilbert, B., Banfield, J.F. Molecular-scale processes involving nanoparticulate minerals in biogeochemical systems. In: Banfield, J.F., Cervini-Silva, J., Nealson, K.M., editors. Molecular Geomicrobiology, Washington, D.C.: Mineralogical Society of America; 2005. pp. 109-155.
58. Goertz, M.P., Houston, J.E., Zhu, X.Y. Hydrophilicity and the viscosity of interfacial water. Langmuir 2007;23:5491-5497.
59. Gu, H.W., Ho, P.L., Tong, E., Wang, L., Xu, B. Presenting vancomycin on nanoparticles to enhance antimicrobial activities. Nano Lett 2003;3:1261-1263.
60. Guinness, E.A., Arvidson, R.E., Jolliff, B.L., Seelos, K.D., Seelos, F.P., Ming, D.W., Morris, R.V., Graff, T.G. Hyperspectral reflectance mapping of cinder cones at the summit of Mauna Kea and implications for equivalent observations on Mars. J Geophys Res-Planet 2007;112:E08511.
61. Hahn, M.A., Tabb, J.S., Krauss, T.D. Detection of single bacterial pathogens with semiconductor quantum dots. Analy Chem 2005;77:4861-4869.
62. Han, M.Y., Gao, X.H., Su, J.Z., Nie, S. Quantum-dot-tagged microbeads for multiplexed optical coding of biomolecules. Nature Biotechnol 2001;19:631-635.
63. Hardman, R. A toxicologic review of quantum dots: toxicity depends on physicochemical and environmental factors. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114:165-172.
64. Harris, R.F. Effect of water potential on microbial growth and activity. In: Parr, J.F., Gardner, W.R., Elliott, L.F., editors. Water Potential Relations in Soil Microbiology, SSSA Special Publication Number 9, Madison: Soil Science Society of America; 1981. pp. 23-95.
65. He, F., Zhao, D.Y., Liu, J.C., Roberts, C.B. Stabilization of Fe-Pd nanoparticles with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose for enhanced transport and dechlorination of trichloro-ethylene in soil and groundwater. Ind Eng Chem Res 2007;46:29-34.
66. Herman, D.C., Artiola, J.F., Miller, R.M. Removal of cadmium, lead, and zinc from soil by a rhamnolipid biosurfactant. Environ Sci Technol 1995;29:2280-2285.
67. Hershkovitz, N., Oren, A., Cohen, Y. Accumulation of trehalose and sucrose in cyanobacteria exposed to matric water-stress. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991;57:645-648.
68. Hersman, L.E. The Role of siderophores in iron oxide dissolution. In: Lovley, D.R., editor. Environmental Microbe-Metal Interactions, Washington, D.C.: ASM Press; 2000.
69. Hockin, S.L., Gadd, G.M. Linked redox precipitation of sulfur and selenium under anaerobic conditions by sulfate-reducing bacterial biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003;69:7063-7072.
70. Hoffman, D.J. Role of selenium toxicity and oxidative stress in aquatic birds. Aquat Toxicol 2002;57:11-26.
71. Holden, P.A. Biofilms in unsaturated environments. In: Doyle, R.J., editor. Methods of Enzymology, vol. 337. San Diego: Academic Press; 2001. pp. 125-143.
72. Holden, P.A., Halverson, L.J., Firestone, M.K. Water stress effects on toluene biodegradation by Pseudomonas putida. Biodegradation 1997;8:143-151.
73. Holden, P.A., Hunt, J.R., Firestone, M.K. Toluene diffusion and reaction in unsaturated Pseudomonas putida mt-2 biofilms. Biotechnol Bioeng 1997;56:656-670.
74. Holden, P.A., LaMontagne, M.G., Bruce, A.K., Miller, W.G., Lindow, S.E. Assessingthe role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa surface-active gene expression in hexadecane biodegradation in sand. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002;68:2509-2518.
75. Iler, R.K. The Chemistry of Silica: Solubility, Polymerization, Colloid and Surface Properties, and Biochemistry. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1979.
76. Jaiswal, J.K., Mattoussi, H., Mauro, J.M., Simon, S.M. Long-term multiple color imaging of live cells using quantum dot bioconjugates. Nature Biotechnol 2003;21: 47-51.
77. Jamba, L., Nehru, B., Bansal, M.P. Selenium supplementation during cadmium exposure: changes in antioxidant enzymes and the ultrastructure of the kidney. J Trace Elem ExperimenMed 1997;10:233-242.
78. Jarup, L. Cadmium overload and toxicity. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2002;17: 35-39.
79. Jarup, L., Berglund, M., Elinder, C.G., Nordberg, G., Vahter, M. Health effects of cadmium exposure-a review of the literature and a risk estimate. Scandinavian J Work Environ Health 1998;24:240-240.
80. Jenkins, M.B., Chen, J.-H., Kadner, D.J., Lion, L.W. Methanotrophic bacteria and facilitated transport of pollutants in aquifer material. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994;60:3491-3498.
81. Jiang, C.W., Green, M.A. Silicon quantum dot superlattices: modeling of energy bands, densities of states, and mobilities for silicon tandem solar cell applications. J Appl Phys 2006;99:084506.
82. Kao, P.H., Huang, C.C., Hseu, Z.Y. Response of microbial activities to heavy metals in a neutral loamy soil treated with biosolid. Chemosphere 2006;64:63-70.
83. Kemmling, A., Kamper, M., Flies, C., Schieweck, O., Hoppert, M. Biofilms and extracellular matrices on geomaterials. Environ Geol 2004;46:429-435.
84. Kirchner, C., Liedl, T., Kudera, S., Pellegrino, T., Javier, A.M., Gaub, H.E., Stolzle, S., Fertig, N., Parak, W.J. Cytotoxicity of colloidal CdSe and CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles. Nano Lett 2005;5:331-338.
85. Kloepfer, J.A., Mielke, R.E., Nadeau, J.L. Uptake of CdSe and CdSe/ZnS quantum dots into bacteria via purine-dependent mechanisms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005;71:2548-2557.
86. Kloepfer, J.A., Mielke, R.E., Wong, M.S., Nealson, K.H., Stucky, G., Nadeau, J.L. Quantum dots as strain-and metabolism-specific microbiological labels. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003;69:4205-4213.
87. Kowshik, M., Deshmukh, N., Vogel, W., Urban, J., Kulkarni, S.K., Paknikar, K.M. Microbial synthesis of semiconductor CdS nanoparticles, their characterization, and their use in the fabrication of an ideal diode. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002;78: 583-588.
88. Kupiainen, K., Klimont, Z. Primary emissions of fine carbonaceous particles in Europe. Atm Environ 2007;41:2156-2170.
89. Kurek, E., Francis, A.J., Bollag, J.M. Immobilization of cadmium by microbial extracellular products. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1991;21:106-111.
90. Kyriacou, S.V., Brownlow, W.J., Xu, X.H.N. Using nanoparticle optics assay for direct observation of the function of antimicrobial agents in single live bacterial cells. Biochemistry 2004;43:140-147.
91. Lagerholm, B.C., Wang, M.M., Ernst, L.A., Ly, D.H., Liu, H.J., Bruchez, M.P., Waggoner, A.S. Multicolor coding of cells with cationic peptide coated quantum dots. Nano Lett 2004;4:2019-2022.
92. Lane, T.W., Morel, F.M.M. A biological function for cadmium in marine diatoms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:4627-4631.
93. Larsen, L., Little, B., Nealson, K.H., Ray, R., Stone, A., Tian, J. Manganite reduction by Shewanella putrefaciens MR-4. Am Mineral 1988;83:1564-1572.
94. Larson, D.R., Zipfel, W.R., Williams, R.M., Clark, S.W., Bruchez, M.P., Wise, F.W., Webb, W.W. Water-soluble quantum dots for multiphoton fluorescence imaging in vivo. Science 2003;300:1434-1436.
95. Liermann, L.J., Guynn, R.L., Anbar, A., Brantley, S.L. Production of a molybdophore during metal-targeted dissolution of silicates by soil bacteria. Chemi Geol 2005;220:285-302.
96. Liu, H., Logan, B.E. Electricity generation using an air-cathode single chamber microbial fuel cell in the presence and absence of aproton exchange membrane. Environ Sci Technol 2004;38:4040-4046.
97. Logan, B.E., Regan, J.M. Electricity-producing bacterial communities in microbial fuel cells. Trends Microbiol 2006;14:512-518.
98. Lovric, J., Bazzi, H.S., Cuie, Y., Fortin, G.R.A., Winnik, F.M., Maysinger, D. Differences in subcellular distribution and toxicity of green and red emitting CdTe quantum dots. J Mol Med-Jmm 2005;83:377-385.
99. Lovric, J., Cho, S.J., Winnik, F.M., Maysinger, D. Unmodified cadmium telluride quantum dots induce reactive oxygen species formation leading to multiple organelle damage and cell death. Chem Biol 2005;12:1227-1234.
100. Lowenstam, H.A., Weiner, S. OnBiomineralization. New York: Oxford University Press; 1989.
101. Mao, C., Solis, D.J., Reiss, B.D., Kottmann, S.T., Sweeney, R.Y., Hayhurst, A., Georgiou, G., Iverson, B., Belcher, A.M. Virus-based toolkit for the directed synthesis of magnetic and semiconducting nanowires. Science 2004;303:213-217.
102. Marx M.C., Kandeler, E., Wood, M., Wermbter, N., Jarvis, S.C. Exploring the enzymatic landscape: distribution and kinetics of hydrolytic enzymes in soil particle-size fractions. Soil Biol Biochem 2005;37:35-48.
103. Mattoussi, H., Mauro, J.M., Goldman, E.R., Anderson, G.P., Sundar, V.C., Mikulec, F. V., Bawendi, M.G. Self-assembly of CdSe-ZnS quantum dot bioconjugates using an engineered recombinant protein. J Am Chem Soc 2000;122:12142-12150.
104. Miller, R.M. Biosurfactant-facilitated remediation of metal-contaminated soils. Environ Health Perspect 1995;103:59-62.
105. Moreau, J.W., Weber, P.K., Martin, M.C., Gilbert, B., Hutcheon, I.D., Banfield, J.F. Extracellular proteins limit the dispersal of biogenic nanoparticles. Science 2007;316: 1600-1603.
106. Morris, R.V., Golden, D.C., Ming, D.W., Shelfer, T.D., Jorgensen, L.C., Bell, J.F., Graff, T.G., Mertzman, S.A. Phyllosilicate-poor palagonitic dust from Mauna Kea Volcano (Hawaii): a mineralogical analogue for magnetic Martian dust? J Geophys Res-Planet 2001;106:5057-5083.
107. Nadeau, J.L., Perreault, N.N., Niederberger, T.D., Whyte, L.G., Sun, H.J., Leon, R. Fluorescence microscopy as a tool for in situ life detection. Astrobiology 2008;8(3).
108. 2. J Photochem Photobiol A 2006;181:401-407.
109. Nealson, K.H., Belz, A., McKee, B. Breathing metals as a way of life: geobiology in action. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Int J Gen Mol Microbiol 2002;81:215-222.
110. Nealson, K.H., Stahl, D.A. Microorganisms and biogeochemical cycles: what can we learn from layered microbial communities? In: Banfield, J.F., Nealson, K.H., editors. Geomicrobiology: Interactions Between Microbes and Minerals, vol. 35. Washington, D. C.: Mineralogical Society of America; 1997. pp. 5-34.
111. Nies, D.H. Resistance to cadmium, cobalt, zinc, and nickel in microbes. Plasmid 1992;27:17-28.
112. Nozik, A.J. Quantum dot solar cells. Physica E 2002;14:115-120.
113. Oberdorster, G., Maynard, A., Donaldson, K., Castranova, V., Fitzpatrick, J., Ausman, K., Carter, J., Karn, B., Kreyling, W., Lai, D., Olin, S., Monteiro-Riviere, N., Warheit, D., Yang, H. Principles for characterizing the potential human health effects from exposure to nanomaterials: elements of a screening strategy. Parti Fibre Toxicol 2005;2:8.
114. Oremland, R.S., Herbel, M.J., Blum, J.S., Langley, S., Beveridge, T.J., Ajayan, P.M., Sutto, T., Ellis, A.V., Curran, S. Structural and spectral features of selenium nanospheres produced by se-respiring bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004;70:52-60.
115. Papendick, R.I., Campbell, G.S. Theory and measurement of water potential. In: Parr, J. F., Gardner, W.R., Elliot, L.F., editors. Water Potential Relations in Soil Microbiology, SSSA Special Publication Number 9, Madison: Soil Sci Soci Am; 1981. pp. 1-22.
116. Parak, W.J., Pellegrino, T., Plank, C. Labeling of cells with quantum dots. Nanotechnology 2005;16:R9-R25.
117. 2-oligonucleotide nanocomposites. Nature Mat 2003;2:343-346.
118. Posfai, M., Moskowitz, B.M., Arato, B., Schuler, D., Flies, C., Bazylinski, D.A., Frankel, R.B. Properties of intracellular magnetite crystals produced by desulfovibrio magneticus strain RS-1. Earth Planet Sci Lett 2006;249:444-455.
119. Potts, M. Desiccation tolerance of prokaryotes. Microbiolo Rev 1994;58:755-805.
120. Poulsen, N., Sumper, M., Kroger, N. Biosilica formation in diatoms: characterization of native silaffin-2 and its role in silica morphogenesis. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 2003;100:12075-12080.
121. Priester, J.H., Horst, A.M., Van De Werfhorst, L.C., Saleta, J.L., Mertes, L.A.K., Holden, P.A. Enhanced visualization of microbial biofilms by staining and environmental scanning electron microscopy. J Microbiol Methods 2007;68:577-587.
122. Priester, J.H., Olson, S.G., Webb, S.M., Neu, M.P., Hersman, L.E., Holden, P.A. Enhanced exopolymer production and chromium stabilization in Pseudomonas putida unsaturated biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006;72:1988-1996.
123. Qu, L.H., Peng, X.G. Control of photoluminescence properties of CdSe nanocrystals in growth. J Am Chem Soc 2002;124:2049-2055.
124. Qu, L.H., Peng, Z.A., Peng, X.G. Alternative routes toward high quality CdSe nanocrystals. Nano Lett 2001;1:333-337.
125. Rajh, T., Saponjic, Z., Liu, J.Q., Dimitrijevic, N.M., Scherer, N.F., Vega-Arroyo, M., Zapol, P., Curtiss, L.A., Thurnauer, M.C. Charge transfer across the nanocrystalline-DNA interface: probing DNA recognition. Nano Lett 2004;4:1017-1023.
126. Ramos, A.S.F., Techert, S. Influence of the water structure on the acetylcholinesterase efficiency. Biophy J 2005;89:1990-2003.
127. Rancourt, D.G. Magnetism of earth, planetary, and environmental nanomaterials. In: Banfield, J.F., Navrotsky, A., editors. Nanoparticles and the Environment, vol. 44. Washington, D.C.: Mineralogical Society of America; 2001. pp. 217-292.
128. Reimers, C.E., Tender, L.M., Fertig, S., Wang, W. Harvesting energy from the marine sediment-water interface. Environ Sci Technol 2001;35:192-195.
129. Reith, F., Rogers, S.L., McPhail, D.C., Webb, D. Biomineralization of gold: biofilms on bacterioform gold. Science 2006;313:233-236.
130. Rogach, A.L., Nagesha, D., Ostrander, J.W., Giersig, M., Kotov, N.A. "Raisin bun"-type composite spheres of silica and semiconductor nanocrystals. Chemistry of Materials 2000;12:2676-2685.
131. Sambhy, V., MacBride, M.M., Peterson, B.R., Sen, A. Silver bromide nanoparticle/polymer composites: dual action tunable antimicrobial materials. J Am Chem Soc 2006;128:9798-9808.
132. Schlesinger, W.H. Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change. San Diego: Academic Press; 1997.
133. Schnell, S., King, G.M. Responses of methanotrophic activity in soils and cultures to water stress. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996;62:3203-3209.
134. Schooling, S.R., Beveridge, T.J. Membrane vesicles: an overlooked component of the matrices of biofilms. J Bacteriol 2006;188:5945-5957.
135. Schultze-Lam, S., Fortin, D., Davis, B.S., Beveridge, T.J. Mineralization of bacterial surfaces. Chem Geol 1996;132:171-181.
136. Smith, A.M., Duan, H.W., Rhyner, M.N., Ruan, G., Nie, S.M. A systematic examination of surface coatings on the optical and chemical properties of semiconductor quantum dots. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006;8:3895-3903.
137. Spath R., Flemming, H.C., Wuertz, S. Sorption properties ofbiofilms. Water Science and Technology 1998;37:207-210.
138. Steinberger, R.E., Allen, A.R., Hansma, H.G., Holden, P.A. Elongation correlates with nutrient deprivation in unsaturated Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Microb Ecol 2002;43:416-423.
139. Steinberger, R.E., Holden, P.A. Extracellular DNA in single-and multiple-species unsaturated biofilms. Appl Environ Microb 2005;71:5404-5410.
140. Steinberger, R.E., Holden, P.A. Macromolecular composition of unsaturated Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms with time and carbon source. Biofilms 2004;1:37-47.
141. Stoodley, P., DeBeer, D., Lewandowski, Z. Liquid flow in biofilm systems. Appl Environ Micro 1994;60:2711-2716.
142. Su, B., Fermin, D.J., Abid, J.P., Eugster, N., Girault, H.H. Adsorption and photo-reactivity of CdSe nanoparticles at liquidlliquid interfaces. J Electroanal Chem 2005;583:241-247.
143. Sun, Y.H., Liu, Y.S., Vernier, P.T., Liang, C.H., Chong, S.Y., Marcu, L., Gundersen, M.A. Photostability and pH sensitivity of CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS quantum dots in living cells. Nanotechnology 2006;17:4469-4476.
144. Sweeney, R.Y., Mao, C.B., Gao, X.X., Burt J.L., Belcher, A.M., Georgiou, G., Iverson, B.L. Bacterial biosynthesis of cadmium sulfide nanocrystals. Chem Biol 2004;11:1553-1559.
145. Tan, H., Champion, J.T., Artiola, J.F., Brusseau, M.L., Miller, R.M. Complexation of cadmium by a rhamnolipid biosurfactant. Environ Sci Technol 1994;28: 2402-2406.
146. Tebo, B.M., Ghiorse, W.C., van Waasbergen, L.G., Siering, P.L., Caspi, R. Bacterially mediated mineral formation: insights into manganese(II) oxidation from molecular genetic and biochemical studies. In: Banfield, J.F., Nealson, K.H., editors. Geomicro-biology: Interactions Between Microbes and Minerals, vol. 35. Washington, D.C.: Mineralogical Society of America; 1997. pp. 225-266.
147. Tebo, B.M., Johnson, H.A., McCarthy, J.K., Templeton, A.S. Geomicrobiology of manganese(II) oxidation. Trends Microbiol 2005;13:421-428.
148. Teitzel, G.M., Parsek, M.R. Heavy metal resistance of biofilm and planktonic Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003;69:2313-2320.
149. Tender, L.M., Reimers, C.E., Stecher, H.A., Holmes, D.E., Bond, D.R., Lowy, D.A., Pilobello, K., Fertig, S.J., Lovley, D.R. Harnessing microbially generated power on the seafloor. Nature Biotechnol 2002;20:821-825.
150. 2 nanoparticles for Escherichia coli. Physico-chemical insight of the cytotoxicity mechanism. Environ Sci Technol 2006;40:6151-6156.
151. Tsuruoka, T., Akamatsu, K., Nawafune, H. Synthesis, surface modification, and multilayer construction of mixed-monolayer-protected CdS nanoparticles. Langmuir 2004;20:11169-11174.
152. Tungittiplakorn, W., Cohen, C., Lion, L.W. Engineered polymeric nanoparticles for bioremediation of hydrophobic contaminants. Environ Sci Technol 2005;39:1354-1358.
153. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Nanotechnology White Paper, In: Council, S.P., editor. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2007. p. 120.
154. Utsunomiya, S., Ewing, R.C. Application of high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy to the characterization of nanoparticles in the environment. Environ Sci Technol 2003;37:786-791.
155. Valentine, N.B., Bolton, H., Kingsley, M.T., Drake, G.R., Balkwill, D.L., Plymale, A.E. Biosorption of cadmium, cobalt, nickel, and strontium by a Bacillus simplex strain isolated from the vadose zone. J Ind Microbiol 1996;16:189-196.
156. Vecchio, A., Finoli, C., Di Simine, D., Andreoni, V. Heavy metal biosorption by bacterial cells. Fresenius J Anal Chem 1998;361:338-342.
157. Venugopalan, V.P., Kuehn, A., Hausner, M., Springael, D., Wilderer, P.A., Wuertz, S. Architecture of a nascent Sphingomonas sp biofilm under varied hydrodynamic conditions. Appl Environ Microbiolo 2005;71:2677-2686.
158. Volesky, B., Holan, Z.R. Biosorption of heavy metals. Biotechnol Progr 1995;11: 235-250.
159. Walsh, C.T., Sandstead, H.H., Prasad, A.S., Newberne, P.M., Fraker, P.J. Zinc: health effects and research priorities for the 1990s. Environ Health Perspect 1994;102:5-46.
160. Wang, C.L., Michels, P.C., Dawson, S.C., Kitisakkul, S., Baross, J.A., Keasling, J.D., Clark, D.S. Cadmium removal by a new strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in aerobic culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997;63:4075-4078.
161. Watson, S.K., Potok, R.M., Marcus, C.M., Umansky, V. Experimental realization of a quantum spin pump. Phy Rev Lett 2003;91:258-301.
162. Weiner, S., Dove, P.M. An overview of biomineralization processes and the problem of the vital effect. In: Dove, P.M., de Yoreo, J.J., Weiner, S., editors. Biomineralization, Washington, D.C.: Mineralogical Society of America; 2003. pp. 1-29.
163. Whitchurch, C.B., Tolker-Nielsen, T., Ragas, P.C., Mattick, J.S. Extracellular DNA required for bacterial biofilm formation. Science (Washington D.C.) 2002;295:1487.
164. White, C., Gadd, G.M. Accumulation and effects of cadmium on sulphate-reducing bacterial biofilms. Microbiology-UK 1998;144:1407-1415.
165. Whitman, W.B., Coleman, D.C., Wiebe, W.J. Prokaryotes: the unseen majority. ProcNatl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:6578-6583.
166. Willner, I., Baron, R., Willner, B. Integrated nanoparticle-biomolecule systems for biosensing and bioelectronics. Biosens Bioelectron 2007;22:1841-1852.
167. Wu, X.Y., Liu, H.J., Liu, J.Q., Haley, K.N., Treadway, J.A., Larson, J.P., Ge, N.F., Peale, F., Bruchez, M.P. Immunofluorescent labeling of cancer marker Her2 and other cellular targets with semiconductor quantum dots. Nature Biotechnol 2003;21:41-46.
168. Yee, N., Fein, J.B. Does metal adsorption onto bacterial surfaces inhibit or enhance aqueous metal transport? Column and batch reactor experiments on Cd-Bacillus subtilis-quartz systems. Chem Geol 2002;185:303-319.
169. Yu, K., Singh, S., Patrito, N., Chu, V. Effect of reaction media on the growth and photoluminescence of colloidal CdSe nanocrystals. Langmuir 2004;20:11161-11168.
170. Zhang, T.T., Stilwell, J.L., Gerion, D., Ding L.H., Elboudwarej, O., Cooke, P.A., Gray, J.W., Alivisatos, A.P., Chen, F.F. Cellular effect of high doses of silica-coated quantum dot profiled with high throughput gene expression analysis and high content cellomics measurements. Nano Lett 2006;6:800-808.
171. Zhelev, Z., Jose, R., Nagase, T., Ohba, H., Bakalova, R., Ishikawa, M., Baba, Y. Enhancement of the photoluminescence of CdSe quantum dots during long-term UV-irradiation: privilege or fault in life science research? J Photochem Photobiol B-Biol 2004;75:99-105.
172. Zhelev, Z., Ohba, H., Bakalova, R. Single quantum dot-micelles coated with silica shell as potentially non-cytotoxic fluorescent cell tracers. J Am Chem Soc 2006;128:6324-6325.
173. Zheng, Z.L., Stewart, P.S. Penetration of rifampin through Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:900-903.