Fat-soluble vitamins and atopic disease: What is the evidence?

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society

Volumn 71, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 67-74

  Litonjua, Augusto A ^a  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Allergic rhinitis; Asthma; Eczema; Vitamin A; Vitamin D; Vitamin E

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIOXIDANT; ASCORBIC ACID; CAROTENOID; PLACEBO; RETINOL; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D RECEPTOR; VITAMIN K GROUP;

ADOLESCENT; ALLERGY; ASTHMA; ATOPIC DERMATITIS; ATOPY; CONFERENCE PAPER; DIETARY INTAKE; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; HAY FEVER; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PREGNANCY; SMOOTH MUSCLE; SUN EXPOSURE; VITAMIN INTAKE; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

ANIMALS; ASTHMA; AVITAMINOSIS; DIET; HUMANS; HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE; VITAMIN A; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN K; VITAMINS;

EID: 84856258106     PISSN: 00296651     EISSN: 14752719     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S002966511100334X     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (130)

1. Global Initiative for Asthma Management and Prevention (1995) NHLBI/WHO Workshop Report. Publication No. 95-3659. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health.
2. Masoli M, Fabian D, Holt S et al. (2004). The global burden of asthma: executive summary of the GINA Dissemination Committee report. Allergy 59, 469-478. (Pubitemid 38580764)
3. Mannino DM, Homa DM, Akinbami LJ et al. (2002) Surveillance for asthma-United States, 1980-1999. MMWR Surveill Summ 51, 1-13.
4. Devereux G (2003) The increase in allergic disease: environment and susceptibility. Proceedings of a symposium held at the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 4th June 2002. Clin Exp Allergy 33, 394-406.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011) Vital signs: asthma prevalence, disease characteristics, and selfmanagement education: United States, 2001-2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 60, 547-552.
6. Moorman JE, Zahran H, Truman BI et al. (2011) Current asthma prevalence-United States, 2006-2008. MMWR Surveill Summ 60, 84-86.
7. Barnett SB & Nurmagambetov TA (2011) Costs of asthma in the United States: 2002-2007. J Allergy Clin Immunol 127, 145-152.
8. Sullivan PW, Ghushchyan VH, Slejko JF et al. (2011) The burden of adult asthma in the United States: evidence from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol 127, 363-369 e1-3.
9. Gergen PJ, Arbes SJ Jr., Calatroni A et al. (2009) Total IgE levels and asthma prevalence in the US population: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006. J Allergy Clin Immunol 124, 447-453.
10. Ellis CN, Drake LA, Prendergast MM et al. (2002) Cost of atopic dermatitis and eczema in the United States. J Am Acad Dermatol 46, 361-370. (Pubitemid 34225399)
11. Malone DC, Lawson KA, Smith DH et al. (1997) A cost of illness study of allergic rhinitis in the United States. J Allergy Clin Immunol 99, 22-27. (Pubitemid 27074893)
12. Masoli M, Fabian D, Holt S et al. (2004) The global burden of asthma: executive summary of the GINA Dissemination Committee report. Allergy 59, 469-478. (Pubitemid 38580764)
13. Flohr C (2011) Recent perspectives on the global epidemiology of childhood eczema. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 39, 174-182.
14. Devereux G (2006) The increase in the prevalence of asthma and allergy: food for thought. Nat Rev Immunol 6, 869-874. (Pubitemid 44631655)
15. Devereux G & Seaton A (2005) Diet as a risk factor for atopy and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 115, 1109-1117.
16. Litonjua AA (2008) Dietary factors and the development of asthma. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 28, 603-629, ix. (Pubitemid 351902182)
17. Office of Dietary Supplements at the National Institutes of Health (2006) Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin A and Carotenoids. http://ods.od.nih. gov/factsheets/vitamina/(updated 23 April 2006; cited 20 August 2011).
18. Gerster H (1997) Vitamin A-functions, dietary requirements and safety in humans. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 67, 71-90. (Pubitemid 27176885)
19. Hinds TS, West WL & Knight EM (1997) Carotenoids and retinoids: a review of research, clinical, and public health applications. J Clin Pharmacol 37, 551-558. (Pubitemid 27443535)
20. Semba RD (1998) The role of vitamin A and related retinoids in immune function. Nutr Rev 56, S38-S48. (Pubitemid 28069968)
21. Riedl MA & Nel AE (2008) Importance of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and treatment of asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 8, 49-56.
22. Paiva SA & Russell RM (1999) Beta-carotene and other carotenoids as antioxidants. J Am Coll Nutr 18, 426-433.
23. Institute of Medicine (2000) Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids [National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board, editor]. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
24. Mora JR, Iwata M & von Andrian UH (2008) Vitamin effects on the immune system: vitamins A and D take centre stage. Nat Rev Immunol 8, 685-698.
25. Ertesvag A, Engedal N, Naderi S et al. (2002) Retinoic acid stimulates the cell cycle machinery in normal T cells: involvement of retinoic acid receptor-mediated IL-2 secretion. J Immunol 169, 5555-5563. (Pubitemid 35291654)
26. Engedal N, Ertesvag A & Blomhoff HK (2004) Survival of activated human T lymphocytes is promoted by retinoic acid via induction of IL-2. Int Immunol 16, 443-453. (Pubitemid 38313153)
27. Feng T, Cong Y, Qin H et al. (2010) Generation of mucosal dendritic cells from bone marrow reveals a critical role of retinoic acid. J Immunol 185, 5915-5925.
28. Geissmann F, Revy P, Brousse N et al. (2003) Retinoids regulate survival and antigen presentation by immature dendritic cells. J Exp Med 198, 623-634. (Pubitemid 37040396)
29. Benson MJ, Pino-Lagos K, Rosemblatt M et al. (2007) Alltrans retinoic acid mediates enhanced T reg cell growth, differentiation, and gut homing in the face of high levels of co-stimulation. J Exp Med 204, 1765-1774. (Pubitemid 47236315)
30. Sun CM, Hall JA, Blank RB et al. (2007) Small intestine lamina propria dendritic cells promote de novo generation of Foxp3T reg cells via retinoic acid. J Exp Med 204, 1775-1785. (Pubitemid 47236316)
31. Mucida D, Park Y, Kim G et al. (2007) Reciprocal TH17 and regulatory T cell differentiation mediated by retinoic acid. Science 317, 256-260. (Pubitemid 47076203)
32. Lovett-Racke AE & Racke MK (2002) Retinoic acid promotes the development of Th2-like human myelin basic protein-reactive T cells. Cell Immunol 215, 54-60.
33. Schuster GU, Kenyon NJ & Stephensen CB (2008) Vitamin A deficiency decreases and high dietary vitamin A increases disease severity in the mouse model of asthma. J Immunol 180, 1834-1842.
34. Nurmatov U, Devereux G & Sheikh A (2011) Nutrients and foods for the primary prevention of asthma and allergy: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 127, 724-733 e1-30.
35. Litonjua AA, Rifas-Shiman SL, Ly NP et al. (2006) Maternal antioxidant intake in pregnancy and wheezing illnesses at 2 years of age. Am J Clin Nutr 84, 903-911. (Pubitemid 44715674)
36. Martindale S, McNeill G, Devereux G et al. (2005) Antioxidant intake in pregnancy in relation to wheeze and eczema in the first two years of life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171, 121-128. (Pubitemid 40105410)
37. Rautalahti M, Virtamo J, Haukka J et al. (1997) The effect of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on COPD symptoms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156, 1447-1452. (Pubitemid 27505508)
38. Office of Dietary Supplements at the National Institutes of Health (2011) Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin E. http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/ VitaminE (updated 24 June 2011; cited 20 August 2011).
39. Singh U & Devaraj S (2007) Vitamin E: inflammation and atherosclerosis. Vitam Horm 76, 519-549.
40. Pekmezci D (2011) Vitamin E and immunity. Vitam Horm 86, 179-215.
41. Morante M, Sandoval J, Gomez-Cabrera MC et al. (2005) Vitamin E deficiency induces liver nuclear factor-kappaB DNA-binding activity and changes in related genes. Free Radic Res 39, 1127-1138. (Pubitemid 41358567)
42. Suzuki YJ & Packer L (1993) Inhibition of NF-kappa B activation by vitamin E derivatives. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 193, 277-283. (Pubitemid 23199943)
43. Jialal I, Devaraj S & Kaul N (2001) The effect of alphatocopherol on monocyte proatherogenic activity. J Nutr 1, 389S-394S. (Pubitemid 32115387)
44. Devaraj S & Jialal I (1999) Alpha-tocopherol decreases interleukin-1 beta release from activated human monocytes by inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase. Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol 19, 1125-1133. (Pubitemid 29177365)
45. Munteanu A & Zingg JM (2007) Cellular, molecular and clinical aspects of vitamin E on atherosclerosis prevention. Mol Asp Med 28, 538-590. (Pubitemid 47628863)
46. Li-Weber M, Giaisi M, Treiber MK et al. (2002) Vitamin E inhibits IL-4 gene expression in peripheral blood T cells. Eur J Immunol 32, 2401-2408.
47. Dworski R, Han W, Blackwell TS et al. (2011) Vitamin E prevents NRF2 suppression by allergens in asthmatic alveolar macrophages in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med 51, 516-521.
48. Devereux G, Barker RN & Seaton A (2002) Antenatal determinants of neonatal responses to allergens. Clin Exp Allergy 32, 43-50. (Pubitemid 34226926)
49. Romieu I & Trenga C (2001) Diet and obstructive lung diseases. Epidemiol Rev 23, 268-287.
50. Sausenthaler S, Loebel T, Linseisen J et al. (2009) Vitamin E intake in relation to allergic sensitization and IgE serum concentration. Cent Eur J Public Health 17, 79-85.
51. Gao J, Gao X, Li W, Zhu Y et al. (2008) Observational studies on the effect of dietary antioxidants on asthma: a meta-analysis. Respirology 13, 528-536. (Pubitemid 351725282)
52. Pearson PJ, Lewis SA, Britton J et al. (2004) Vitamin E supplements in asthma: a parallel group randomised placebo controlled trial. Thorax 59, 652-656. (Pubitemid 39061526)
53. Sienra-Monge JJ, Ramirez-Aguilar M, Moreno-Macias H et al. (2004) Antioxidant supplementation and nasal inflammatory responses among young asthmatics exposed to high levels of ozone. Clin Exp Immunol 138, 317-322. (Pubitemid 39472450)
54. Romieu I, Sienra-Monge JJ, Ramirez-Aguilar M et al. (2002) Antioxidant supplementation and lung functions among children with asthma exposed to high levels of air pollutants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166, 703-709. (Pubitemid 34971854)
55. Shahar E, Hassoun G & Pollack S (2004) Effect of vitamin E supplementation on the regular treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 92, 654-658. (Pubitemid 39243156)
56. Greenough A, Shaheen SO, Shennan A et al. (2010) Respiratory outcomes in early childhood following antenatal vitamin C and E supplementation. Thorax 65, 998-1003.
57. Holick MF (2007) Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 357, 266-281.
58. Lamberg-Allardt C (2006) Vitamin D in foods and as supplements. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 92, 33-38. (Pubitemid 43831955)
59. Hollis BW, Wagner CL, Drezner MK et al. (2007) Circulating vitamin D(3) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in humans: An important tool to define adequate nutritional vitamin D status. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 103, 631-634. (Pubitemid 46401311)
60. van der Mei IA, Blizzard L, Ponsonby AL et al. (2006) Validity and reliability of adult recall of past sun exposure in a case-control study of multiple sclerosis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15, 1538-1544. (Pubitemid 44299329)
61. Sahota H, Barnett H, Lesosky M et al. (2008) Association of vitamin D related information from a telephone interview with 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17, 232-238. (Pubitemid 351196296)
62. Webb AR (2006) Who, what, where and when-influences on cutaneous vitamin D synthesis. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 92, 17-25. (Pubitemid 43831964)
63. Institute of Medicine (2010) Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D [AC Ross, CL Taylor, AL Yaktine and HB Del Valle, editors]. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
64. Heaney RP & Holick MF (2011) Why the IOM recommendations for vitamin D are deficient. J Bone Miner Res 26, 455-457.
65. Holick MF (2006) High prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implications for health. Mayo Clin Proc 81, 353-373. (Pubitemid 43334631)
66. Nesby-O'Dell S, Scanlon KS, Cogswell ME et al. (2002) Hypovitaminosis D prevalence and determinants among African American and white women of reproductive age: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Am J Clin Nutr 76, 187-192. (Pubitemid 34686565)
67. US Environmental Protection Agency (1989) Report to Congress on Indoor Air Quality, Volume II: Assessment and Control of Indoor Air Pollution, Report No. EPA 400-1-89-001C. Washington, DC: EPA.
68. Rappaport BZ, Reed CI, Hathaway ML et al. (1934) The treatment of hay fever and asthma with viosterol of high potency. J Allergy 5, 541-553.
69. Poon AH, Laprise C, Lemire M et al. (2004) Association of vitamin D receptor genetic variants with susceptibility to asthma and atopy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170, 967-973. (Pubitemid 39425692)
70. Raby BA, Lazarus R, Silverman EK et al. (2004) Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with childhood and adult asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170, 1057-1065. (Pubitemid 39488617)
71. Saadi A, Gao G, Li H et al. (2009) Association study between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and asthma in the Chinese Han population: a case-control study. BMC Med Genet 10, 71.
72. Vollmert C, Illig T, Altmuller J et al. (2004) Single nucleotide polymorphism screening and association analysis-exclusion of integrin beta 7 and vitamin D receptor (chromosome 12q) as candidate genes for asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 34, 1841-1850. (Pubitemid 40023633)
73. Wjst M (2005) Variants in the vitamin D receptor gene and asthma. BMC Genet 6, 2.
74. Wjst M, Altmuller J, Faus-Kessler T et al. (2006) Asthma families show transmission disequilibrium of gene variants in the vitamin D metabolism and signalling pathway. Respir Res 7, 60.
75. Wittke A, Weaver V, Mahon BD et al. (2004) Vitamin D receptor-deficient mice fail to develop experimental allergic asthma. J Immunol 173, 3432-3436. (Pubitemid 39142054)
76. Wittke A, Chang A, Froicu M et al. (2007) Vitamin D receptor expression by the lung micro-environment is required for maximal induction of lung inflammation. Arch Biochem Biophys 460, 306-313. (Pubitemid 46589397)
77. Bosse Y, Maghni K & Hudson TJ (2007) 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 stimulation of bronchial smooth muscle cells induces autocrine, contractility, and remodeling processes. Physiol Genomics 29, 161-168. (Pubitemid 46701997)
78. Haussler MR, Haussler CA, Bartik L et al. (2008) Vitamin D receptor: molecular signaling and actions of nutritional ligands in disease prevention. Nutr Rev 66, S98-112.
79. Dusso AS, Brown AJ & Slatopolsky E (2005) Vitamin D. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 289, F8-28.
80. Ramagopalan SV, Heger A, Berlanga AJ et al. (2010) A ChIP-seq defined genome-wide map of vitamin D receptor binding: Associations with disease and evolution. Genome Res 20, 1352-1360.
81. Jackson DJ, Gangnon RE, Evans MD et al. (2008) Wheezing rhinovirus illnesses in early life predict asthma development in high-risk children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178, 667-672.
82. Litonjua AA (2009) Childhood asthma may be a consequence of vitamin D deficiency. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 9, 202-207.
83. Liu PT, Stenger S, Tang DH et al. (2007) Cutting edge: vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is dependent on the induction of cathelicidin. J Immunol 179, 2060-2063.
84. Grant WB (2008) Hypothesis-ultraviolet-B irradiance and vitamin D reduce the risk of viral infections and thus their sequelae, including autoimmune diseases and some cancers. Photochem Photobiol 84, 356-365. (Pubitemid 351421386)
85. Herr C, Shaykhiev R & Bals R (2007) The role of cathelicidin and defensins in pulmonary inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther 7, 1449-1461. (Pubitemid 47485151)
86. Dickson I (1987) New approaches to vitamin D. Nature 325, 18.
87. Minghetti PP & Norman AW (1988) 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 receptors: gene regulation and genetic circuitry. FASEB J 2, 3043-3053. (Pubitemid 19021165)
88. Akeno N, Saikatsu S, Kawane T et al. (1997) Mouse vitamin D-24-hydroxylase: molecular cloning, tissue distribution, and transcriptional regulation by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Endocrinology 138, 2233-2240. (Pubitemid 27215220)
89. Mahon BD, Wittke A, Weaver V et al. (2003) The targets of vitamin D depend on the differentiation and activation status of CD4 positive T cells. J Cell Biochem 89, 922-932. (Pubitemid 36927724)
90. Heine G, Anton K, Henz BM et al. (2002) 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits anti-CD40 plus IL-4-mediated IgE production in vitro. Eur J Immunol 32, 3395-3404. (Pubitemid 36024377)
91. Adorini L, Penna G, Giarratana N et al. (2004) Dendritic cells as key targets for immunomodulation by Vitamin D receptor ligands. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 89-90, 437-441. (Pubitemid 38844326)
92. Hewison M (2011)Vitamin D and immune function: an overview. Proc Nutr Soc 18, 1-12.
93. Hewison M (2011) Vitamin D and innate and adaptive immunity. Vitam Horm 86, 23-62.
94. Bikle DD (2011) Vitamin D regulation of immune function. Vitam Horm 86, 1-21.
95. Xystrakis E, Kusumakar S, Boswell S et al. (2006) Reversing the defective induction of IL-10-secreting regulatory T cells in glucocorticoid-resistant asthma patients. J Clin Invest 116, 146-155. (Pubitemid 43121799)
96. Banerjee A, Damera G, Bhandare R et al. (2008) Vitamin D and glucocorticoids differentially modulate chemokine expression in human airway smooth muscle cells. Br J Pharmacol 155, 84-92.
97. Taher YA, van Esch BC, Hofman GA et al. (2008) 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 potentiates the beneficial effects of allergen immunotherapy in a mouse model of allergic asthma: role for IL-10 and TGF-beta. J Immunol 180, 5211-5221.
98. Burri PH (1984) Fetal and postnatal development of the lung. Annu Rev Physiol 46, 617-628. (Pubitemid 14147819)
99. Marin L, Dufour ME, Nguyen TM et al. (1993) Maturational changes induced by 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in type II cells from fetal rat lung explants. Am J Physiol 265, L45-L52. (Pubitemid 23227010)
100. Marin L, Dufour ME, Tordet C et al. 1,25(OH)2D3 stimulates phospholipid biosynthesis and surfactant release in fetal rat lung explants. Biol Neonate 57, 257-260.
101. Nguyen M, Trubert CL, Rizk-Rabin M et al. (2004) 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and fetal lung maturation: immunogold detection of VDR expression in pneumocytes type II cells and effect on fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 89-90, 93-97. (Pubitemid 38844266)
102. Nguyen TM, Guillozo H, Marin L et al. (1996) Evidence for a vitamin D paracrine system regulating maturation of developing rat lung epithelium. Am J Physiol 271, L392-L399.
103. Nguyen M, Guillozo H, Garabedian M et al. (1987) Lung as a possible additional target organ for vitamin D during fetal life in the rat. Biol Neonate 52, 232-240. (Pubitemid 17153388)
104. Rehan VK, Torday JS, Peleg S et al. (2002) 1Alpha,25-dihydroxy-3-epi- vitamin D3, a natural metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3: production and biological activity studies in pulmonary alveolar type II cells. Mol Genet Metab 76, 46-56.
105. Phokela SS, Peleg S, Moya FR et al. (2005) Regulation of human pulmonary surfactant protein gene expression by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 289, L617-L626. (Pubitemid 41361672)
106. Gaultier C, Harf A, Balmain N et al. (1984) Lung mechanics in rachitic rats. Am Rev Respir Dis 130, 1108-1110. (Pubitemid 15186174)
107. Zosky GR, Berry LJ, Elliot JG et al. (2011) Vitamin D deficiency causes deficits in lung function and alters lung structure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183, 1336-1343.
108. Lunghi B, Meacci E, Stio M et al. (1995) 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits proliferation of IMR-90 human fibroblasts and stimulates pyruvate kinase activity in confluent-phase cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 115, 141-148.
109. Stio M, Celli A, Lunghi B et al. (1997) Vitamin D receptor in IMR-90 human fibroblasts and antiproliferative effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Biochem Mol Biol Int 43, 1173-1181. (Pubitemid 28022313)
110. Black PN & Scragg R (2005) Relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and pulmonary function in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Chest 128, 3792-3798. (Pubitemid 43062638)
111. Berry DJ, Hesketh K, Power C et al. (2011) Vitamin D status has a linear association with seasonal infections and lung function in British adults. Br J Nutr 1-8.
112. Tolppanen AM, Williams D, Henderson J et al. (2011) Serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and ionised calcium in relation to lung function and allergen skin tests. Eur J Clin Nutr 65, 493-500.
113. Li F, Peng M, Jiang L et al. (2011) Vitamin D deficiency is associated with decreased lung function in Chinese adults with asthma. Respiration 81, 469-475.
114. Shaheen SO, Jameson KA, Robinson SM et al. (2011) Relationship of vitamin D status to adult lung function and COPD. Thorax 66, 692-698.
115. Cremers E, Thijs C, Penders J et al. (2011) Mommers M. Maternal and child's vitamin D supplement use and vitamin D level in relation to childhood lung function: the KOALA Birth Cohort Study. Thorax 66, 474-480.
116. Damera G, Fogle H, Lim P et al. (2009) Vitamin D inhibits growth of human airway smooth muscle cells through growth factor-induced phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein and checkpoint kinase 1. Br J Pharmacol 158, 1429-1441.
117. Camargo JCA, Rifas-Shiman SL, Litonjua AA et al. (2007) Maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy and risk of recurrent wheeze in children at age 3 years. Am J Clin Nutr 85, 788-795. (Pubitemid 46393511)
118. Devereux G, Litonjua AA, Turner S et al. (2007) Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy and early childhood wheezing. Am J Clin Nutr 85, 853-859. (Pubitemid 46393519)
119. Erkkola M, Kaila M, Nwaru BI et al. (2009) Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy is inversely associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis in 5-year-old children. Clin Exp Allergy 39, 875-882.
120. Miyake Y, Sasaki S, Tanaka K et al. (2010) Dairy food, calcium and vitamin D intake in pregnancy, and wheeze and eczema in infants. Eur Respir J 35, 1228-1234.
121. Hypponen E, Sovio U, Wjst M et al. (2004) Infant vitamin D supplementation and allergic conditions in adulthood: northern Finland birth cohort 1966. Ann NY Acad Sci 1037, 84-95. (Pubitemid 40299747)
122. Gale CR, Robinson SM, Harvey NC et al. (2007) Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and child outcomes. Eur J Clin Nutr 62, 68-77.
123. Camargo CA Jr, Ingham T, Wickens K et al. (2011) Cordblood 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of respiratory infection, wheezing, and asthma. Pediatrics 127, e180-e187.
124. Hill J, Micklewright A, Lewis S et al. (1997) Investigation of the effect of short-term change in dietary magnesium intake in asthma. Eur Respir J 10, 2225-2229. (Pubitemid 27479540)
125. Brehm JM, Celedon JC, Soto-Quiros ME et al. (2009) Serum vitamin D levels and markers of severity of childhood asthma in Costa Rica. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 179, 765-771.
126. Brehm JM, Schuemann B, Fuhlbrigge AL et al. (2010) Serum vitamin D levels and severe asthma exacerbations in the Childhood Asthma Management Program study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 126, 52-58 e5.
127. Sutherland ER, Goleva E, Jackson LP et al. (2010) Vitamin D levels, lung function, and steroid response in adult asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 181, 699-704.
128. Searing DA, Zhang Y, Murphy JR et al. (2010) Decreased serum vitamin D levels in children with asthma are associated with increased corticosteroid use. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125, 995-1000.
129. Urashima M, Segawa T, Okazaki M et al. (2010) Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren. Am J Clin Nutr 91, 1255-1260.
130. Majak P, Olszowiec-Chlebna M, Smejda K et al. (2011) Vitamin D supplementation in children may prevent asthma exacerbation triggered by acute respiratory infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol 127, 1294-1296.