Vitamin E and Immunity

Vitamins and Hormones

Volumn 86, Issue , 2011, Pages 179-215

  Pekmezci, Didem ^a  

^a ONDOKUZ MAYIS UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Tocopherol; Antioxidant; Immune system; Immunomodulator; Vitamin E

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL;

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL DEFICIENCY; ANIMAL; BOOK; DIET THERAPY; DRUG EFFECT; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOLOGY; IMMUNOMODULATION; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOMODULATION; VITAMIN E; VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY;

EID: 79952747159     PISSN: 00836729     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-386960-9.00008-3     Document Type: Book

References (288)

1. Abdo K.M., Rao G., Montgomery C.A., Dinowitz M., Kanagalingam K. Thirteen-week toxicity study of d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E) in Fischer 344 rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1986, 24(10-11):1043-1050.
2. Adachi N., Migita M., Ohta T., Higashi A., Matsuda I. Depressed natural killer cell activity due to decreased natural killer cell population in a vitamin E-deficient patient with Shwachman syndrome: Reversible natural killer cell abnormality by α-tocopherol supplementation. Eur. J. Pediatr. 1997, 156(6):444-448.
3. Adolfsson O., Huber B.T., Meydani S.N. Vitamin E enhanced IL-2 production in old mice: Naive but not memory T cells show increased cell division cycling and IL-2 producing capacity. J. Immunol. 2001, 167:3809-3817.
4. Alexander J.P., Kudoh S., Melsop K.A., Hamilton T.A., Edinger M.G., Tubbs R.R., Sica D., Tuason L., Klein E., Bukowski R.M., Finke J.H. T-cells infiltrating renal cell carcinoma display a poor proliferative response even though they can produce interleukin 2 and Express interleukin 2 receptors. Cancer Res. 1993, 53(6):1380-1387.
5. Alvarado C.B., Álvarez P., Puerto M., Gausserès N., Jiménez L., De la Fuente M. Dietary supplementation with antioxidants improves functions and decreases oxidative stress of leukocytes from prematurely aging mice. Nutrition 2006, 22(7):767-777.
6. Anderson T.W., Reid D.B. A double-blind trial of vitamin E in angina pectoris. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1974, 27(10):1174-1178.
7. Arista M.C., Callopoli A., De Franceschi L., Santini A., Schiratti M., Conti L., Di Filippo F., Gandolfo G.M. Flow cytometric study of lymphocyte subsets in patients at different stages of colorectal carcinoma. Dis. Colon Rectum 1994, 37(2):30-34.
8. Arita M., Sato Y., Miyata A., Tanabe T., Takahashi E., Kayden H.J., Arai H., Inoue K. Human alpha-tocopherol transfer protein: cDNA cloning, expression and chromosomal localization. Biochem. J. 1995, 306(2):437-443.
9. Ashworth C.J., Antipatis C. Micronutrient programming of development throughout gestation. Reproduction 2001, 122(4):527-535.
10. Babinszky L., Langhout D.J., Verstegen M.W.A., den Hartog L.A., Joling P., Niewl M. Effect of vitamin E and fat source in sows@apos; diets on immune response of suckling and weaned piglets. J. Anim. Sci. 1991, 69:1833-1842.
11. Balamurugan V., Kataria J.M. Economically important non-oncogenic immunosuppressive viral diseases of chicken-Current status. Vet. Res. Commun. 2006, 30(5):541-566.
12. Bartocci A., Maggi F.M., Welker R.D., Veronese F. Age-related immunosuppression: Putative role of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins and Cancer 1982, 725-730. Alan Riss, New York. T.J. Powles, R.S. Backman, K.V. Hohn, P. Ramwell (Eds.).
13. Beck M.A. Antioxidants and viral infections: Host immune response and viral pathogenicity. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2001, 20(5):384-388.
14. Beharka A.A., Redican S., Lynette L., Meydani S.N. Vitamin E status and immune function. Methods in Enzymology 1997, Vol. 282:247-263. Academic Press.
15. Beharka A.A., Wu D., Han S.N., Meydani S.N. Macrophage prostaglandin production contributes to the age-associated decrease in T cell function which is reversed by the dietary anti-oxidant vitamin E. Mech. Ageing Dev. 1997, 93(1-3):59-77.
16. Bellezo J.M., Leingang K.A., Bulla G.A., Britton R.S., Bacon B.R., Fox E.S. Modulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated activation in rat Kupffer cells by antioxidants. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1998, 131(1):36-44.
17. Ben Hamida M., Belal S., Sirugo G., Ben Hamida C., Panayides K., Ionannou P., Beckmann J., Mandel J.L., Hentati F., Koenig M. Friedreich@apos;s ataxia phenotype not linked to chromosome 9 and associated with selective autosomal recessive vitamin E deficiency in two inbred Tunisian families. Neurology 1993, 43(11):2179-2183.
18. Bender D.A. Vitamin E: Tocopherols and tocotrienols. Nutritional Biochemistry of the Vitamins 2003, 109-130. Cambridge University Press, New York. D.A. Bender (Ed.).
19. Bendich A. Antioxidant vitamins and immune responses. Nutrition and Immunology 1988, 125-148. A. R. Liss, New York. R.K. Chandra (Ed.).
20. Bendich A. Antioxidant micronutrients and immune responses. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1990, 587:168-180.
21. Bendich A. Vitamins and immunity. J. Nutr. 1992, 122(3):601-603.
22. Bendich A., Machlin L.J. Safety of oral intake of vitamin E. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1998, 48(3):612-619.
23. Bendich A., Gabriel G.E., Machlin L.J. Dietary vitamin E requirement for optimum immune responses in the rat. J. Nutr. 1986, 116(4):675-681.
24. Bonney R.J., Opas E.E., Humes J.L. Lipoxygenase pathway of macrophages. Fed. Proc. 1985, 44(14):2933-2936.
25. 2-induced DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Br. J. Nutr. 2000, 84(2):195-202.
26. Brigelius-Flohé R. Induction of drug metabolizing enzymes by vitamin E. J. Plant Physiol. 2005, 162(7):797-802.
27. Brigelius-Flohé R. Glutathione peroxidases and redox-regulated transcription factors. Biol. Chem. 2006, 387(10-11):1329-1335.
28. Brown B.G., Crowley J. Is there any hope for vitamin E?. JAMA 2005, 293(11):1387-1390.
29. Budowski P.D., Sklan D. Vitamins E and A. The Role of Fats in Human Nutrition 1989, 364-406. Academic Press, London. A.J. Vergroesen, M. Crawford (Eds.).
30. Bukowski R.M., Rayman P., Uzzo R., Bloom T., Sandstrom K., Peereboom D., Olencki T., Budd G.T., McLain D., Elson P., Novick A., Finke J.H. Signal transduction abnormalities in T lymphocytes from patients with advanced renal carcinoma: Clinical relevance and effects of cytokine therapy. Clin. Cancer Res. 1998, 4(10):2337-2347.
31. Burkholder W.J., Swecker W.S. Nutritional influences on immunity. Semin. Vet. Med. Surg. (Small Anim.) 1990, 5(3):154-166.
32. Cachia O., Benna J.E., Pedruzzi E., Descomps B., Gougerot-Pocidalo M.A., Leger C.L. Alpha-tocopherol inhibits the respiratory burst in human monocytes. Attenuation of p47 (phox) membrane translocation and phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 1998, 273(49):32801-32805.
33. Calzada C., Bruckdorfer K.R., Rice-Evans C.A. The influence of antioxidant nutrients on platelet function in healthy volunteers. Atherosclerosis 1997, 128(1):97-105.
34. Cannon J.G., Meydani S.N., Fielding R.A., Fiatarone M.A., Meydani M., Farhangmehr M., Orencole S.F., Blumberg J.B., Evans W.J. Acute phase response in exercise. II. Associations between vitamin E, cytokines, and muscle proteolysis. Am. J. Physiol. 1991, 260:1235-1240.
35. Catignani G.L., Bieri J.G. Rat liver alpha-tocopherol binding protein. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1977, 497(2):349-357.
36. Cavalier L., Ouahchi K., Kayden H.J., Di Donato S., Reutenauer L., Mandel J.L., Koenig M. Ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency: Heterogeneity of mutations and phenotypic variability in a large number of families. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1998, 62(2):301-310.
37. Chandra R.K. Nutrition is an important determinant of immunity in old age. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 1990, 326:321-334.
38. Chandra R.K. Effect of vitamin and trace-element supplementation on immune responses and infection in elderly subjects. Lancet 1992, 340(8828):1124-1127.
39. Chandra R.K. Impact of nutritional status and nutrient supplements on immune responses and incidence of infection in older individuals. Ageing Res. Rev. 2004, 3(1):91-104.
40. Chang W.P., Hom J.S., Dietert R.R., Combs G.F.J., Marsh J.A. Effect of dietary vitamin E and selenium deficiency on chicken splenocytes proliferation and cell surface marker expression. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 1994, 16(2):203-223.
41. Chavance M., Brubacher G., Herbert B., Vernhers G., Mistacki T., Dete F., Founier C., Janot C. Immunological nutritional status among the elderly. Lymphoid Cell Functions in Aging 1984, 231-237. Eurage, Paris. A.L. De Wilk (Ed.).
42. Chavance M., Brubacher G., Herbert B., Vernhers G., Mistacki T., Dete F., Founier C., Janot C. Immunological and nutritional status among the elderly. Nutrition, Immunity and Illness in the Elderly 1985, 137-142. Pergamon Press, New York. R.K. Chandra (Ed.).
43. Cheeseman K.H. Lipid peroxidation and cancer. DNA and Free Radicals 1993, 211-228. Ellis Horwood Ltd., West Sussex. B. Halliwell, O.I. Aruoma (Eds.).
44. Chow C.K. Vitamin E regulation of mitochondrial superoxide generation. Biol. Signals Recept. 2001, 10(1-2):112-124.
45. Cipriano J.E., Morrill J.L., Anderson N.V. Effect of dietary vitamin E on immune responses of calves. J. Dairy Sci. 1982, 65(12):2357-2365.
46. Coquette A., Vray B., Vanderpas J. Role of vitamin E in the protection of the resident macrophage membrane against oxidative damage. Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochim. 1986, 94(5):529-534.
47. Corwin L.M., Gordon R.K. Vitamin E and immune regulation. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1982, 393:437-451.
48. Corwin L.M., Shloss J. Influence of vitamin E on the mitogenic response of murine lymphoid cells. J. Nutr. 1980, 110(5):916-923.
49. De la Fuente M., Ferrandez M.D., Burgos M.S., Soler A., Prieto A., Miquel J. Immune function in aged women is improved by ingestion of vitamins C and E. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1998, 76:373-380.
50. De la Fuente M., Hernanz A., Guayerbas N., Victor V.M., Arnalich F. Vitamin E ingestion improves several immune functions in elderly men and women. Free Radic. Res. 2008, 42(3):272-280.
51. De Waart F., Portengen L., Doekes G., Verwaal C.J., Kok F.J. Effect of 3 months vitamin E supplementation on indices of the cellular and humoral immune response in elderly subjects. Br. J. Nutr. 1997, 78:761-774.
52. Debier C. Vitamin E during pre and postnatal periods. Vitamins and Hormones 2007, Vol. 76:357-373. Elsevier Inc., California.
53. Del Rio M., Ruedas G., Medina S., Victor V.M., De la Fuente M. Improvement by several antioxidants of macrophage function in vitro. Life Sci. 1998, 63(10):871-881.
54. Department of Health Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom 1991, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
55. Di Mascio P.D., Murphy M.E., Sies H. Antioxidant defense systems: the role of carotenoids, tocopherols and thiols. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1991, 53(1):194-200.
56. Diaz M.N., Frei B., Vita J.A., Keaney J.F. Antioxidants and atheroslcerotic heart disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997, 337(6):408-416.
57. Dove C.R., Ewan R.C. Effect of excess dietary copper, iron or zinc on the tocopherol and selenium status of growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 1990, 68(8):2407-2413.
58. Dysmsza H.A., Park J. Excess dietary vitamin E in rats. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 1975, 34:912-916.
59. Eitenmiller R., Lee J. Vitamin E: Food chemistry, composition, and analysis. Nutrition and Health Implications of Vitamin E 2004, 39-88. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York. R. Eitenmiller, J. Lee (Eds.).
60. Elsasser-Beile U., von Kleist S., Fischer R., Monting J.S. Impaired cytokine production in whole blood cell cultures from patients with colorectal carcinomas as compared to benign colorectal tumors and controls. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 1992, 6(5):311-314.
61. Eskew M.L., Scheuchenzuber W.J., Scholz R.W., Reddy C.C., Zarkower A. The effects of ozone inhalation on the immunological response of selenium- and vitamin E-deprived rats. Environ. Res. 1986, 40(2):274-284.
62. Favier A., Sappey C., Leclerc P., Faure P., Micoud M. Antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in patients infected with HIV. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1994, 91(2-3):165-180.
63. Féger F., Varadaradjalou S., Gao Z., Abraham S.N., Arock M. The role of mast cells in host defense and their subversion by bacterial pathogens. Trends Immunol. 2002, 23(3):151-158.
64. Fogarty A., Lewis S., Weiss S., Britton J. Dietary vitamin E, IgE concentrations, and atopy. Lancet 2000, 356(9241):1573-1574.
65. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids, 2000, 186-283. Food and Nutrition Board, and Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press, Washington.
66. Franchini A., Canti M., Manfreda G., Bertuzzi S. Vitamin E as adjuvant in emulsified vaccine for chicks. Poult. Sci. 1991, 70(8):1709-1715.
67. Franchini A., Bertuzzi S., Tosarelli C., Manfreda G. Vitamin E in viral inactivated vaccines. Poult. Sci. 1995, 74(4):666-671.
68. Franklin S.T., Sorenson C.E., Hammell D.C. Influence of vitamin A supplementation in milk on growth, health, concentrations of vitamins in plasma, and immune parameters of calves. J. Dairy Sci. 1998, 81(10):2623-2632.
69. Freeman B.A., Crapo J.D. Biology of disease: Free radicals and tissue injury. Lab. Invest. 1982, 47(5):412-426.
70. Gebremichael A., Levy E.M., Corwin L.M. Adherent cell requirement for the effect of vitamin E on in vitro antibody synthesis. J. Nutr. 1984, 114(7):1297-1305.
71. Gey K.F. Cardiovascular disease and vitamins. Concurrent correction of 'suboptimal' plasma antioxidant levels may, as important part of 'optimal' nutrition, help to prevent early stages of cardiovascular disease and cancer, respectively. Bibl. Nutr. Dieta 1995, 52:75-91.
72. Giuliano A.R., Papenfuss M., Nour M., Canfield L.M., Schneider A., Hatch K. Antioxidant nutrients: Associations with persistent human papillomavirus infection. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 1997, 6(11):917-923.
73. Globerson A., Effros R.B. Ageing of lymphocytes and lymphocytes in the aged. Immunol. Today 2000, 21(10):515-521.
74. Goldstone S.D., Hunt N.H. Redox regulation of the mitogenactivated protein kinase pathway during lymphocyte activation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1997, 1355(3):353-360.
75. Goodman M.T., Kiviat N., McDuffie K., Hankin J.H., Hernandez B., Wilkens L.R., Franke A., Kuypers J., Kolonel L.N., Nakamura J., Ing G., Branch B., et al. The association of plasma micronutrients with the risk of cervical dysplasia in Hawaii. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 1998, 7(6):537-544.
76. Goodwin J.S. Changes in lymphocyte sensitivity to prostaglandin E2, histamine, hydrocortisone, and X irradiation with age: Studies in a healthy elderly population. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1982, 25(2):243-251.
77. Goodwin J.S., Garry T.J. Relationship between megadoses vitamin supplementation and immunological function in a healthy elderly population. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1983, 51(3):647-653.
78. Goodwin J.S., Messner R.P. Sensitivity of lymphocytes to prostaglandin E2 increases in subjects over age 70. J. Clin. Invest. 1979, 64(2):434-439.
79. Goodwin J.S., Webb D.R. Regulation of the immune response by prostaglandins: A critical review. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1981, 15:116-132.
80. Gordon N. Hereditary vitamin E deficiency. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 2001, 43(2):133-135.
81. Gruver A.L., Hudson L.L., Sempowski G.D. Immunosenescence of ageing. J. Pathol. 2007, 211(2):144-156.
82. Hadden J.W. Neuroendocrine modulation of the thymus-dependent immune system. Agonists and mechanisms. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1987, 496:39-48.
83. Hahne M., Rimoldi D., Schroter M., Romero P., Schreier M., French L.E., Schneider P., Bornand T., Fontana A., Lienard D., Cerottini J., Tschopp J. Melanoma cell expression of Fas (Apo-1/CD95) ligand: Implications for tumor immune escape. Science 1996, 274:1363-1366.
84. Hainonen O.P., Albanes D., Virtamo J., Taylor P.R., Huttunen J.K., Hartman A.M., Haapakoski J., Malila N., Rautalahti M., Ripatti S., Mäenpää H., Teerenhovi L., et al. Prostate cancer and supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene: Incidence and mortality in a controlled trial. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1998, 90(6):440-446.
85. Halliwell B., Gutteridge J.M.C. Free radicals, ageing, and disease. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine 1989, 416-508. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 2nd ed. B. Halliwell, J.M.C. Gutteridge (Eds.).
86. Han S.N., Meydani S.N. Vitamin E and infectious diseases in the aged. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1999, 58(3):697-705.
87. Han S.N., Adolfsson O., Lee C.K., Prolla T.A., Ordovas J., Meydani S.N. Vitamin E and gene expression in immune cells. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2004, 1031:96-101.
88. Harman D. Ageing: A theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J. Gerontol. 1956, 11(3):298-300.
89. Harman D. The aging process: Major risk factor for the disease and death. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1991, 88(12):5360-5364.
90. Harman D., Miller R.W. Effect of vitamin E on the immune response to influenza virus vaccine and the incidence of infectious disease in man. Age 1986, 9(1):21-23.
91. Harris R.E., Boxer L.A., Baehner R.L. Consequences of vitamin-E deficiency on the phagocytic and oxidative functions of the rat polymorphonuclear leukocyte. Blood 1980, 55(2):338-343.
92. Hatam L.J., Kayden H.J. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of tocopherol in plasma and cellular elements of the blood. J. Lipid Res. 1979, 20:639-645.
93. Hayek M.G., Meydani S.N., Meydani M., Blumberg J.B. Age differences in eicosanoid production of mouse splenocytes: Effects on mitogen-induced T-cell proliferation. J. Gerontol. 1994, 49(5):197-207.
94. Hayek M.G., Taylor S.F., Bender B.S., Han S.N., Meydani M., Smith D.E., Eghtesada S., Meydani S.N. Vitamin E supplementation decreases lung virus titers in mice infected with influenza. J. Infect. Dis. 1997, 176(1):273-276.
95. Heneka M.T., O Banion M.K. Inflammatory processes in Alzheimer@apos;s disease. J. Neuroimmunol. 2007, 184(1-2):69-91.
96. Henz B.M., Maurer M., Lippert U., Worm M., Babina M. Mast cells as initiators of immunity and host defense. Exp. Dermatol. 2001, 10(1):1-10.
97. Heriot A.G., Marriott J.B., Cookson S., Kumar D., Dalgleish A.G. Reduction in cytokine production in colorectal cancer patients: Association with stage and reversal by resection. Br. J. Cancer 2000, 82(5):1009-1012.
98. Herrera E., Barbas C. Vitamin E: Action, metabolism and perspectives. J. Physiol. Biochem. 2001, 57(2):43-56.
99. Hidiroglou N., Cave N., Atwal A.S., Farnsworth E.R., McDowell L.R. Comparative vitamin E requirements and metabolism in livestock. Ann. Rech. Vét. 1992, 23:337-359.
100. Hidiroglou M., Batra T.R., Farnworth E.R., Markham F. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on immune status and α-tocopherol in plasma of piglets. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 1995, 35(4):443-450.
101. Hlúbik P., Střítecká H. Antioxidants-clinical aspects. Cent. Eur. J. Public Health 2004, 12:28-30.
102. Hodis H.N., Mack W.J., LaBree L., Cashin-Hemphill L., Sevanian A., Johnson R., Azen S.P. Serial coronary angiographic evidence that antioxidant vitamin intake reduces progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis. JAMA 1995, 273(23):1849-1854.
103. Hogan J.S., Weiss W.P., Todhunter D.A., Smith K.L., Schoenberger P.S. Bovine neutrophil responses to parenteral vitamin E. J. Dairy Sci. 1992, 75(2):399-405.
104. Horwitt M.K. Data supporting supplementation of humans with vitamin E. J. Nutr. 1991, 121:424-429.
105. Hotamisligil G.S. Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature 2006, 444(7127):860-867.
106. Hughes D.A. Effects of dietary antioxidants on the immune function of middle-aged adults. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1999, 58(1):79-84.
107. Humes J.L., Bonney R.J., Pebes L. Macrophages synthesize and release prostaglandins in response to inflammatory response. Nature 1977, 259:149-151.
108. James J.S., Castle S.C., Makinodan T. Decline in immune function with age: Interaction with specific nutrient deficiencies. Geriatric Nutrition 1995, 153-167. Raven Press Ltd., New York. J.E. Morley, Z. Glick, L.Z. Rubenstein (Eds.).
109. Janeway C.A., Travers P. Basic concepts in immunology. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease 1997, 1-33. Garland Publishing, New York. 3rd ed. P. Austin, E. Lawrence, M. Robertson (Eds.).
110. Jensen M., Fossum C., Ederoth M., Hakkarainen R.V. The effect of vitamin E on the cell-mediated immune response in pigs. J. Vet. Med. 1988, 35:549-555.
111. Jishage K., Arita M., Igarashi K., Iwata T., Watanabe M., Ogawa M., Ueda O., Kamada N., Inoue K., Arai H., Suzuki H. α-Tocopherol transfer protein is important for the normal development of placental labyrinthine trophoblasts in mice. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:1669-1672.
112. Jishage K., Tachibe T., Ito T., Shibata N., Suzuki S., Mori T., Hani T., Arai H., Suzuki H. Vitamin E is essential for mouse placentation but not for embryonic development itself. Biol. Reprod. 2005, 73:983-987.
113. Kaempf-Rotzoll D.E., Igarashi K., Aoki J., Jishage K., Suzuki H., Tamai H., Linderkamp O., Arai H. α-Tocopherol transfer protein is specifically localized at the implantation site of pregnant mouse uterus. Biol. Reprod. 2002, 67:599-604.
114. Kaempf-Rotzoll D.E., Traber M.G., Arai H. Vitamin E and transfer proteins. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 2003, 14(3):249-254.
115. Kandil A., Bazarbashi S., Mourad W.A. The correlation of Epstein-Barr virus expression and lymphocyte subsets with the clinical presentation of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin disease. Cancer 2001, 91(11):1957-1963.
116. Keusch G.T., Wilson C.S., Waksall S.D. Nutrition, host defenses and the lymphoid system. Arch. Host Def. Mech. 1983, 2:275-359.
117. Kiessling R., Kono K., Petersson M., Wasserman K. Immunosuppression in human tumor-host interaction: Role of cytokines and alterations in signal-transducing molecules. Springer Semin. Immunopathol. 1996, 18(2):227-242.
118. Kiessling R., Wasserman K., Horiguchi S., Kono K., Sjoberg J., Pisa P., Petersson M. Tumor-induced immune dysfunction. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 1999, 48(7):353-362.
119. Knight J.A. The biochemistry of aging. Adv. Clin. Chem. 2000, 35:1-62.
120. Kosowski A., Clouatre D.L. Vitamin E: Natural vs. synthetic. Tocotrienols Vitamin E Beyond Tocopherols 2008, 61-78. CRC Press, Boca Raton. R.R. Watson, V.R. Preedy (Eds.).
121. Kowdley K.V., Mason J.B., Meydani S.N., Cornwall S., Grand R.J. Vitamin E deficiency and impaired cellular immunity related to intestinal fat malabsorption. Gastroenterology 1992, 102:2139-2142.
122. Krajčovičová-Kudláčková M., Pauková V., Bačeková M., Dušinská M. Lipid peroxidation in relation to vitamin C and vitamin E levels. Cent. Eur. J. Public Health 2004, 12(1):46-48.
123. Kramer T.R., Schoene N., Douglass L.W., Judd J.T., Ballard-Barbash R., Taylor P.R., Bhagavan H.N., Nair P.P. Increased vitamin E intake restores fish-oil-induced suppressed blastogenesis of mitogen-stimulated T lymphocytes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1991, 54(5):890-902.
124. Krasavage W.J., Terhaar C.J. d-alpha-tocopheryl poly (ethylene glycol) 1000 succinate: Acute toxicity, subchronic feeding, reproduction, and teratologic studies in the rat. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1977, 25:273-278.
125. Kuhlenkamp J., Ronk M., Yusin M., Stolz A., Kaplowitz N. Identification and purification of a human liver cytosolic tocopherol binding protein. Protein Expr. Purif. 1993, 4:382-389.
126. Kushi L.H., Fee R.M., Sellers T.A., Zheng W., Folsom A.R. Intake of vitamins A, C, and E and postmenopausal breast cancer. The Iowa Women@apos;s Health Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1996, 144(2):165-174.
127. Kuss I., Saito T., Johnson J.T., Whiteside T.L. Clinical significance of decreased ζ chain expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with head and neck cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 1999, 5:329-334.
128. Ladisch S., Becker H., Ulsh L. Immunosuppression by human gangliosides: I. Relationship of carbohydrate structure to the inhibition of T cell responses. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1992, 1125(2):180-188.
129. Langweiler M., Schultz R.D., Sheffy B.E. Effect of vitamin E deficiency on the proliferative response of canine lymphocytes. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1981, 42(10):1681-1685.
130. Larsen H.J., Tollersud S. Effect if dietary vitamin E and selenium on the phytohaemagglutinin response of pig lymphocytes. Res. Vet. Sci. 1981, 31:301-305.
131. Lee C.Y., Wan F. Vitamin E supplementation improves cell-mediated immunity and oxidative stress of Asian men and women. J. Nutr. 2000, 130(12):2932-2937.
132. Lesourd B.M., Meaume S. Cell mediated immunity changes in ageing, relative importance of cell sub population switches and of nutritional factors. Immunol. Lett. 1994, 40:235-242.
133. Lesourd B.M., Laisney C., Salvatore R., Meaume S., Moulias R. Decreased maturation of T cell populations in the healthy elderly: Influence of nutritional factors on the appearance of double negative CD4-, CD8-, CD2+ cells. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 1994, 19(1):139-154.
134. Libby P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature 2002, 420(6917):868-874.
135. Libby P. Inflammation and cardiovascular disease mechanisms. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 83(2):456-460.
136. Liebler D.C. The role of metabolism in the anti-oxidant function of vitamin E. Crit. Rew. Toxicol. 1993, 23:147-169.
137. Ligthardt G.J., Van Vlokhoven P.C., Schuit H.R.E., Hijmans W. The expanded null cell compartment in ageing: Increase in the number of natural killer cells and changes in T-cell and NK-cell subset in human blood. Immunology 1986, 59:353-357.
138. Ling W., Rayman P., Uzzo R., Clark P., Kim H.J., Tubbs R., Novick A., Bukowski R., Hamilton T., Finke J. Impaired activation of NFkappaB in T cells from a subset of renal cell carcinoma patients is mediated by inhibition of phosphorylation and degradation of the inhibitor, IkappaBalpha. Blood 1998, 92(4):1334-1341.
139. Linton P.J., Dorshkind K. Age-related changes in lymphocyte development and function. Nat. Immunol. 2004, 5:133-139.
140. Li-Weber M., Giaisi M., Treiber M.K., Krammer P.H. Vitamin E inhibits IL-4 gene expression in peripheral blood T cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 2002, 32(9):2401-2408.
141. Lohmiller J.J., Roellich K.M., Toledano A., Rabinovitch P.S., Wolf N.S., Grossmann A. Aged murine T-lymphocytes are more resistant to oxidative damage due to the predominance of the cells possessing the memory phenotype. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 1996, 51(2):132-140.
142. Machlin L.J. Use and safety of elevated dosages of vitamin E in adults. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 1989, 30:56-68.
143. Machlin L.J. Vitamin E. Handbook of Vitamins 1991, 99-146. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York. 2nd ed. L.J. Machlin (Ed.).
144. Malmberg K.J., Ljunggren H.G. Escape from immune-and nonimmune-mediated tumor surveillance. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2006, 16(1):16-31.
145. Malmberg K.J., Lenkei R., Petersson M., Ohlum T., Ichihara F., Glimelius B., Frodin J.E., Masucci G., Kiessling R. A short-term dietary supplementation of high doses of vitamin E increases T helper 1 cytokine production in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2002, 8(6):1772-1778.
146. Manor D., Morley S. The α-tocopherol transfer protein. Vitamins and Hormones 2007, Vol. 76:45-65. Elsevier Inc., California.
147. Marko M.G., Ahmed T., Bunnell S.C., Wu D., Chung H., Huber B.T., Meydani S.N. Age-associated decline in effective immune synapse formation of CD4 (+) T cell is reversed by vitamin E supplementation. J. Immunol. 2007, 178:1443-1449.
148. Matsuda M., Petersson M., Lenkei R., Taupin J.L., Magnusson I., Mellstedt H., Anderson P., Kiessling R. Alterations in the signal-transducing molecules of T cells and NK cells in colorectal tumor-infiltrating, gut mucosal, and peripheral lymphocytes: Correlation with the stage of the disease. Int. J. Cancer 1995, 61(6):765-772.
149. McDowell L.R. Vitamin E. Vitamins in Animal and Human Nutrition 2000, 155-225. Iowa State University Press. 2nd ed. L.R. Mcdowell (Ed.).
150. McDowell L.R., Williams S.N., Hidiroglou N., Njeru C.A., Hill G.M., Ochoa L., Wilkinson N.S. Vitamin E supplementation for the ruminant. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 1996, 60:273-296.
151. McInnes I.B., Schett G. Cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2007, 7(6):429-442.
152. Mecheri S., David B. Functional and ultrastructural insights into the immunobiology of mouse and human mast cells. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Int. 1999, 11:226-233.
153. Meneghini R., Martins S. Hydrogen peroxide and DNA damage. DNA and Free Radicals 1993, 211-228. Ellis Horwood Ltd., West Sussex. B. Halliwell, O.I. Aruoma (Eds.).
154. Meydani M. Effect of functional food ingredients: Vitamin E modulation of cardiovascular diseases and immune status in the elderly. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000, 71(suppl):1665-1668.
155. Meydani M. Vitamin E modulation of cardiovascular disease. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2004, 1031:271-279.
156. Meydani S.N., Beharka A.A. Recent developments in vitamin E and immune response. Nutr. Rev. 1998, 56(1):49-56.
157. Meydani S.N., Blumberg J.B. Nutrition and the immune function in the elderly. Human Nutrition: A Comprehensive Treatise 1989, Vol. VII:61-87. Plenum Press, New York.
158. Meydani S.N., Blumberg J.B. Vitamin E supplementation and enhancement of immune responses in the elderly. Micronutrients in Health and in Disease Prevention 1991, 289-306. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York. A. Bendich, C.E. Butterworth (Eds.).
159. Meydani S.N., Tengerdy R.P. Vitamin E and immun response. Vitamin E in Health and Disease: Biochemistry and Clinical Applications 1992, 549-562. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York. 1st ed. L. Packer, J. Fuchs (Eds.).
160. Meydani S.N., Meydani M., Verdon C.P., Shapiro A.C., Blumberg J.B., Hayes K.C. Vitamin E supplementation suppresses prostaglandin E(1)2 synthesis and enhances the immune response of aged mice. Mech. Ageing Dev. 1986, 34(2):191-201.
161. Meydani S.N., Meydani M., Barklund P.M., Liu S., Miller R.A., Cannon J.G., Rocklin R., Blumberg J.B. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on immune responsiveness of the aged. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1989, 570:283-290.
162. Meydani S.N., Barklund M.P., Liu S., Meydani M., Miller R.A., Cannon J.G., Morrow F.D., Rocklin R., Blumberg J.B. Vitamin E supplementation enhances cell-mediated immunity in healthy elderly subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1990, 52(3):557-563.
163. Meydani M., Meydani S.N., Leka L., Gong J., Blumberg J.B. Effect of long-term vitamin E supplementation on lipid peroxidation and immune responses of young and old subjects. FASEB J. 1993, 7:415.
164. Meydani S.N., Wu D., Santos M.S., Hayek M. Antioxidants and immune response in aged persons: Overview of present evidence. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1995, 62:1462-1476.
165. Meydani S.N., Meydani M., Blumberg J.B., Leka L.S., Siber G., Loszewski R., Thompson C., Pedrosa M.C., Diamond R.D., Stollar B.D. Vitamin E supplementation and in vivo immune response in healthy elderly subjects. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1997, 277(17):1380-1386.
166. Meydani S.N., Han S.N., Wu D. Vitamin E and immune response in the aged: Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Immunol. Rev. 2005, 205:269-284.
167. 2 and antioxidants have opposite effects on activation of NF-kB and AP-1 in intact cells: AP-1 as secondary antioxidant-responsive. EMBO J. 1993, 12:2005-2015.
168. Miller R.A. The aging immune system: Primer and prospectus. Science 1996, 273(5271):70-74.
169. Miquel J., Economos A.C., Fleming J.E., Johnson J.E. Mitochondrial role in cell aging. Exp. Gerontol. 1980, 15:575-591.
170. Mitchinson M.J. The new face of atherosclerosis. Br. J. Clin. Pract. 1994, 48(3):149-151.
171. Morel D.W., DiCorleto P.E., Chisolm G.M. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells alter low density lipoprotein in vitro by free radical oxidation. Arteriosclerosis 1984, 4(4):357-364.
172. Moriguchi S., Muraga M. Vitamin E and immunity. Vitamins and Hormones 2000, Vol. 59:305-336. Academic Press.
173. Moriguchi S., Kobayashi N., Kishino Y. Effects of vitamin E deficiency on the functions of splenic lymphocytes and alveolar macrophages. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 1989, 35:419-430.
174. Moriguchi S., Kobayashi N., Kishino Y. High dietary intakes of vitamin E and cellular immune functions in rats. J. Nutr. 1990, 120(9):1096-1102.
175. Moriguchi S., Miwa H., Okamura M., Maekawa K., Kishino Y., Maeda K. Vitamin E is an important factor in T cell differentiation in thymus of F344 rats. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 1993, 39(5):451-463.
176. Morrissey P.A., Sheehy P.J.A. Optimal nutrition: Vitamin E. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1999, 58:459-468.
177. Mower R., Steiner M. Synthetic byproducts of tocopherol oxidation as inhibitors of platelet function. Prostaglandins 1982, 24(2):137-147.
178. Muller D.P., Lloyd J.K., Wolff O.H. Vitamin E and neurological function. Lancet 1983, 1:225-228.
179. Muro Y. Autoantibodies in atopic dermatitis. J. Dermatol. Sci. 2001, 25(3):171-179.
180. Murphy S.P., Barr S.I. Dietary reference intakes for vitamins. Handbook of Vitamins 2007, 559-570. CRC Press. 4th ed. J. Zempleni, R.B. Rucker, D.B. McCormick, J.W. Suttie (Eds.).
181. Mustacich D.J., Bruno R.S., Traber M.G. Vitamin E. Vitamins and Hormones 2007, 76:1-21. Elsevier Inc., California.
182. Nagel J.E., Chopra R.K., Chrest F.J., McCoy M.T., Schneider E.L., Holbrook N.J., Adler W.H. Decreased proliferation, interleukin 2 synthesis, and interleukin 2 receptor expression are accompanied by decreased mRNA expression in phytohemagglutinin stimulated cells from elderly donors. J. Clin. Invest. 1988, 81(4):1096-1102.
183. Fat-soluble vitamins. Recommended Dietary Allowances 1989, 78-114. National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington. 10th ed.
184. Components of poultry diets. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry 1994,
185. Nemec M., Butler G., Hidiroglou M., Farnworth E.R., Nielsen K. Effect of supplementing gilts@apos; diets with different levels of vitamin E and different fats on the humoral and cellular immunity of gilts and their progeney. J. Anim. Sci. 1994, 72:665-676.
186. Nervig R.M., Gough P.M., Kaeberle M.L., Whetstone C. Advances in Carriers and Adjuvants for Veterinary Biologic 1986, Iowa State University.
187. Neuzil J., Tomasetti M., Mellick A.S., Alleva R., Salvatore B.A., Birringer M., Fariss M.W. Vitamin E analogues: A new class of inducers of apoptosis with selective anti-cancer effects. Curr. Cancer Drug Targets 2004, 4(4):355-372.
188. Niki E., Noguchi N. Dynamics of antioxidant action of vitamin E. Acc. Chem. Res. 2004, 37(1):45-51.
189. Nockels C.F. Vitamin E requirement of beef cattle: Influencing factors. BASF Technical Symposium 1991, Bloomington, Minnesota, pp. 40.
190. O Connell J., O Sullivan G.C., Collins J.K., Shanahan F. The Fas counterattack: Fas mediated T cell killing by colon cancer cells expressing Fas ligand. J. Exp. Med. 1996, 184(3):1075-1082.
191. Odeleye O.E., Eskelson C.D., Mufti S.I., Watson R.R. Vitamin E protection against nitrosamine-induced esophageal tumor incidence in mice immunocompromised by retroviral infection. Carcinogenesis 1992, 13(10):1811-1816.
192. Oski F.A. Anemia in infancy: Iron deficiency and vitamin E deficiency. Pediatr. Rev. 1980, 1:247-253.
193. Ostrea E.M., Balun J.E., Winkler R., Porter T. Influence of breast-feeding on the restoration of the low serum concentration of vitamin E and b-carotene in the newborn infant. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1986, 154:1014-1017.
194. Ouahchi K., Arita M., Kayden H., Hentati F., Ben Hamida M., Sokol R., Arai H., Inoue K., Mandel J.L., Koenig M. Ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency is caused by mutations in the α-tocopherol transfer protein. Nat. Genet. 1995, 9:141-145.
195. Packer L. Vitamin E, biological activity and health benefits: Overview. Vitamin E in Health and Disease: Biochemistry and Clinical Applications 1992, 977-982. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York. 1st ed. L. Packer, J. Fuchs (Eds.).
196. Pahl H.L., Bauerle P.A. Oxygen and the control of gene expression. Bioessays 1994, 16(7):497-502.
197. Pallast E.G., Schouten E.G., de Waart F.G., Fonk H.C., Doekes G., von Blomberg B.M., Kok F.J. Effect of 50- and 100-mg vitamin E supplements on cellular immune function in noninstitutionalized elderly persons. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1999, 69(6):1273-1281.
198. Panemangalore M., Lee C.J. Evaluation of the indices of retinol and alpha-tocopherol status in free-living elderly. J. Gerontol. 1992, 47:98-104.
199. Parker R.S. Dietary and biochemical aspects of vitamin E. Adv. Food Nutr. Res. 1989, 33:157-232.
200. Passi S., Picardo M., Morrone A., De Luca C., Ippolito F., Rossi L., Rotilio G. Study on plasma polyunsaturared phospholipids and vitamin E, and on erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase in high risk HIV infection categories and AIDS patients. Clin. Chem. Enzym. Commun. 1993, 5:169-177.
201. Patella V., Florio G., Giuliano A., Oriente A., Spadaro G., Forte V., Genovese A., Marone G. Human mast cells and basophils in immune responses to infectious agents. Mast Cells and Basophils 2000, 397-418. Academic Press, London. G. Marone, L.M. Lichtenstein, S.J. Galli (Eds.).
202. Payette H., Rola-Pleszczynski M., Ghadirian P. Nutrition factors in relation to cellular and regulatory immune variables in a free-living elderly population. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1990, 52(5):927-932.
203. Pekmezci D., Cakiroglu D. Investigation of immunmodulatory effects of levamisole and vitamin E on immunity and some blood parameters in newborn Jersey calves. Vet. Res. Comm. 2009, 33(7):711-721.
204. Peplowski M.A., Mahan D.C., Murray F.A., Moxon A.L., Cantor A.H., Ekstron K.E. Effect of dietary and selenium in weanling swine antigenically challenged with sheep red blood cells. J. Anim. Sci. 1981, 51:344-351.
205. Pharazyn A., Den Hartog L.A., Aherne F.X. Vitamin E and its role in the nutrition of the gilt and sow: A review. Livest. Prod. Sci. 1990, 24(1):1-13.
206. Pinelli-Saavedra A. Vitamin E in immunity and reproductive performance in pigs. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 2003, 43(5):397-408.
207. Politis H., Hidiroglou M., Batra T.R., Gilmore J.A., Gorewit R.C., Scherf H. Effects of vitamin E on immune function in dairy cows. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1995, 56:179-184.
208. Porter J.M., Ivatury R.R., Azimuddin K., Swami R. Antioxidant therapy in the prevention of organ dysfunction syndrome and infectious complications after trauma: Early results of a prospective randomized study. Am. Surg. 1999, 65:478-483.
209. Pryor W.A. Cancer and free radicals. Basic Life Sci. 1986, 39:45-59.
210. Pryor W.A. Cigarette smoke and the involvement of free radical reactions in chemical carcinogenesis. Br. J. Cancer 1987, 55(Suppl. VIII):19-23.
211. Pryor W.A. Vitamin E and heart disease: Basic science to clinical intervention trials. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2000, 28(1):141-164.
212. Rabinowich H., Reichert T.E., Kashii Y., Gastman B.R., Bell M.C., Whiteside T.L. Lymphocyte apoptosis induced by Fas ligand-expressing ovarian carcinoma cells. Implications for altered expression of T cell receptor in tumor-associated lymphocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 1998, 101(11):2579-2588.
213. Rader D.J., Brewer H.B. Abetalipoproteinemia-new insights into lipoprotein assembly and vitamin E metabolism from a rare genetic disease. JAMA 1993, 270:865-869.
214. Rappaport R.S., Dodge G.R. Prostaglandin E inhibits the production of human interleukin 2. J. Exp. Med. 1982, 155(3):943-948.
215. Reddy P.G., Morrill J.L., Minocha H.C., Morrill M.B., Dayton A.D., Frey R.A. Effect of supplemental vitamin E on the immune system of calves. J. Dairy Sci. 1986, 69(1):164-171.
216. Reddy P.G., Morrill J.L., Frey R.A. Vitamin E requirements of dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 1987, 70(1):123-129.
217. Reddy P.G., Morrill J.L., Minocha H.C., Stevenson J.S. Vitamin E is immunostimulatory in calves. J. Dairy Sci. 1987, 70:993-999.
218. Roberts-Thomson I.C., Whittingham S., Youngchaiyud U., Mackay I.R. Ageing, immune response, and mortality. Lancet 1974, 2:368-370.
219. 2 promotes B lymphocyte Ig isotype switching to IgE. J. Immunol. 1995, 154(1):162-170.
220. Rumin E.B., Stampfer M.J., Ascherio A., Giovannucci E., Colditz G.A., Willett W.C. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. N. Engl. J. Med. 1993, 328(20):1450-1456.
221. Ryan A., Craig L.D., Finn S.C. Nutrient intakes and dietary patterns of older Americans: A national survey. J. Gerontol. 1992, 47:145-150.
222. Sakai S., Moriguchi S. Long-term feeding of high vitamin E diet improves the decreased mitogen response of rat splenic lymphocytes with aging. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 1997, 43:113-122.
223. Sastre J., Pallardo F.V., Garcia de lá Asuncion J., Vina J. Mitochondria, oxidative stress and aging. Free Radic. Res. 2000, 32:189-198.
224. Sato Y., Hayiwara K., Arai H., Inoue K. Purification and characterization of the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein from rat liver. FEBS Lett. 1991, 288:41-45.
225. Sausenthaler S., Loebel T., Linseisen J., Nagel G., Magnussen H., Heinrich J. Vitamin E intake in relation to allergic sensitization and IgE serum concentration. Cent. Eur. J. Public Health 2009, 17(2):79-85.
226. Schneider E., Rolli-Derkinderen M., Arock M., Dy M. Trends in histamine research: New functions during immune responses and hematopoiesis. Trends Immunol. 2002, 23(5):255-263.
227. Schraufstätter I., Hyslop P.A., Jackson J.H., Cochrane C.G. Oxidant-induced DNA damage of target cells. J. Clin. Invest. 1988, 82:1040-1250.
228. Schreck R., Reiber P., Baeuerle P.A. Reactive oxygen intermediates as apparently widely used messengers in the activation of the NFkB transcription factor and HIV-1. EMBO J. 1992, 10:2247-2258.
229. Schreck R., Albermann K., Baeuerle P.A. Nuclear factor kappa B: an oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor of eukaryotic cells. Free Radic. Res. Commun. 1992, 17:221-237. (a review).
230. Scientific Committee for Food Nutrient and Energy Intakes for the European Community 1993, Commission of the European Communities, Luxemburg.
231. Scott M.L. Advances in our understanding of vitamin E. Fed. Proc. 1980, 39:2736-2739.
232. Scrivo R., Di Franco M., Spadaro A., Valesini G. The immunology of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2007, 1108(1):312-322.
233. Serafini M. Dietary vitamin E and T cell-mediated function in the elderly: Effectiveness and mechanism of action. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 2000, 18(4-5):401-410.
234. Sharp A.K., Colston M.J. Elevated macrophage activity in nude mice. Exp. Cell Biol. 1984, 52:44-47.
235. Sheffy B.E., Schultz R.D. Influence of vitamin E and selenium on immune response mechanism. Fed. Proc. 1979, 38:2139-2143.
236. Shoelson S.E., Herrero L., Naaz A. Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Gastroenterology 2007, 132(6):2169-2180.
237. Shrimpton D. Vitamins and Minerals: A Scientific Evaluation of the Range of Safe Intakes 1997, European Federation of Health Product Manufacturers Associations, Thames Ditton, UK.
238. Sies H., Murphy M.E. Role of tocopherols in the protection of biological systems against oxidative damage. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 1981, 8:211-224.
239. Spaulding C., Guo W., Effros R.B. Resistance to apoptosis in human CD8+ T cells that reach replicative senescence after multiple rounds of antigen-specific proliferation. Exp. Gerontol. 1999, 34(5):633-644.
240. Sprong R.C., Winkelhuyzen-Janssen A.M., Aarsman C.J., van Oirschot J.F., van der Bruggen T., van Asbeck B.S. Low-dose N-acetylcysteine protects rats against endotoxin-mediated oxidative stress, but high dose increases mortality. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1998, 157:1283-1293.
241. Steger P.J., Muhlebach S.F. Lipid peroxidation of i.v. lipid emulsions in TPN bags: The influence of tocopherols. Nutrition 1998, 14:179-185.
242. Steinberg D., Witztum J.L. Lipoproteins and atherogenesis: Current concepts. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1990, 264(23):3047-3052.
243. Stone W.L., Papas A.M. Tocopherols and the etiology of colon cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1997, 89(14):1006-1014.
244. Stumpf D.A., Sokol R., Bettis D., Neville H., Ringel S., Angelini C., Bell R. Friedreich@apos;s disease: V. Variant form with vitamin E deficiency and normal fat absorption. Neurology 1987, 37:68-74.
245. Suzuki Y.J., Packer L. Inhibition of NF-kappa B activation by vitamin E derivatives. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1993, 193(1):277-283.
246. Tada J., Toi Y., Yoshioka T., Fujiwara H., Arata J. Antinuclear antibodies in patients with atopic dermatitis and severe skin facial lesions. Dermatology 1994, 189(1):38-40.
247. Tak Cheung H., Twu J.S., Richardson A. Mechanism of the age-related decline in lymphocyte proliferation:role of IL-2 production and protein synthesis. Exp.Gerontol 1983, 18(6):451-460.
248. Tanaka J., Fujiwara H., Torisu M. Vitamin E and immune response, enhancement of helper T-cell activity by dietary supplementation of vitamin E in mice. Immunology 1979, 38:727-734.
249. Tang A.M., Smit E. Selected vitamins in HIV infection: A review. AIDS Patient Care STDs 1998, 12(4):263-273.
250. Tansey M.G., McCoy M.K., Frank-Cannon T.C. Neuroinflammatory mechanisms in Parkinson@apos;s disease: Potential environmental triggers, pathways, and targets for early therapeutic intervention. Exp. Neurol. 2007, 208(1):1-25.
251. Teige J., Saxegaard F., Froslie A. Influence of diet on experimental swine dysentery. Acta Vet. Scand. 1978, 19:133-146.
252. Tengerdy R.P. Immunity and disease resistance in farm animals fed vitamin e supplement. Antioxidant Nutrients and the Immune Response 1989, 103-110. Plenum Press, New York. A. Bendich, M. Phillips, R. Tengerdy (Eds.).
253. Tengerdy R.P., Heinzerling R.H., Brown G.L., Mathias M.M. Enhancement of the humoral immune response by vitamin E. Inter. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 1973, 44:221-232.
254. Tengerdy R.P., Lacetera N.G., Nockels C.F. Effect of beta carotene on disease protection and humoral immunity in chickens. Avian Dis. 1990, 34(4):848-854.
255. Traber M.G. Vitamin E. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease 1999, 347-362. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. M.E. Shils, J.A. Olson, M. Shike, A.C. Ross (Eds.).
256. Traber M.G. Vitamin E. Handbook of Vitamins 2007, 153-174. CRC Press. 4th ed. J. Zempleni, R.B. Rucker, D.B. McCormick, J.W. Suttie (Eds.).
257. Traber M.G., Sokol R.J., Ringel S.P., Neville H.E., Thellman C.A., Kayden H.J. Lack of tocopherol in peripheral nerves of vitamin E-deficient patients with peripheral neuropathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 1987, 317:262-265.
258. Traber M.G., Carpentier Y.A., Kayden H.J., Richelle M., Galeano N.F., Deckelbaum R.J. Alterations in plasma alpha- and gammatocopherol concentrations in response to intravenous infusion of lipid emulsions in humans. Metabolism 1993, 42:701-709.
259. Tsai A.C., Kelley J.J., Peng B., Cook N. Study on the effect of megavitamin E supplementation in man. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1978, 31:831-837.
260. Tsoureli-Nikita E., Hercogova J., Lotti T., Menchini G. Evaluation of dietary intake of vitamin E in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: A study of the clinical course and evaluation of the immunoglobulin E serum levels. Int. J. Dermatol. 2002, 41(3):146-150.
261. Turner R., Finch J. Immunological malfunctions associated with low selenium-vitamin E diets in lambs. J. Comp. Pathol. 1990, 102:99-109.
262. Unanue E.R. Cooperation between mononuclear phagocytes and lymphocytes in immunity. N. Engl. J. Med. 1980, 303(17):977-985.
263. The United States Pharmacopeia. National Formulary 1980, USP, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD.
264. Uzzo R.G., Clark P.E., Rayman P., Bloom T., Rybicki L., Novick A.C., Bukowski R.M., Finke J.H. Alterations in NFkappaB activation in T lymphocytes of patients with renal cell carcinoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1999, 91(8):718-721.
265. Víctor V.M., Guayerbas N., Garrote D., Del Río M., De la Fuente M. Modulation of murine macrophage function by N-acetylcysteine in a model of endotoxic shock. Biofactors 1999, 10(4):347-357.
266. Wakikawa A., Utsuyama M., Wakabayashi A., Kitagawa M., Hirokawa K. Vitamin E enhances the immune functions of young but not old mice under restraint stress. Exp. Gerontol. 1999, 34:853-862.
267. Wang Y., Watson R.R. Potential therapeutics of vitamin E (tocopherol) in AIDS and HIV. Drugs 1994, 48(3):327-333.
268. Wang Y., Watson R.R. Vitamin E supplementation at various levels alters cytokine production by thymocytes during retrovirus infection causing murine AIDS. Thymus 1994, 22(3):153-165.
269. Wang Y., Huang D.S., Eskelson C.D., Watson R.R. Long-term dietary vitamin E retards development of retrovirus-induced disregulation in cytokine production. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1994, 72(1):70-75.
270. Wang Q., Redovan C., Tubbs R., Olencki T., Klein E., Kudoh S., Finke J., Bukowski R.M. Selective cytokine gene expression in renal cell carcinoma tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Int. J. Cancer 1995, 61(6):780-785.
271. Wang X., Falcone T., Attaran M.D., Goldberg J.M., Agarwal A., Sharma R.K. Vitamin C and vitamin E supplementation reduce oxidative stres-induced embryo toxicity and improve the blastocyst development rate. Fertil. Steril. 2002, 78:1272-1277.
272. Watson R.R., Zibadi S., Vazquez R., Larson D. Nutritional regulation of immunosenescence for heart health. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2005, 16(2):85-87.
273. Wayne S.J., Rhyne R.L., Garry P.J., Goodwin J.S. Cell-mediated immunity as a predictor of morbidity and mortality in subjects over 60. J. Gerontol. 1990, 45(2):45-48.
274. Weber P., Bendich A., Machlin L.J. Vitamin E and human health: Rationale for determining recommended intake levels. Nutrition 1997, 13:450-460.
275. Wetterau J.R., Aggerbeck L.P., Laplaud P.M., McLean L.R. Structural properties of the microsomal triglyceride-transfer protein complex. Biochemistry 1991, 30:4406-4412.
276. Wetterau J.R., Aggerbeck L.P., Bouma M.E., Eisenberg C., Munck A., Hermier M., Schmitz J., Gay G., Rader D.J., Gregg R.E. Absence of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in individuals with abetalipoproteinemia. Science 1992, 258:999-1001.
277. Wintergerst E.S., Maggini S., Hornig D.H. Contribution of selected vitamins and trace elements to immune function. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2007, 51:301-323.
278. Wu D., Meydani S.N. Age-associated changes in immune and inflammatory responses: Impact of vitamin E intervention. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2008, 84(4):900-914.
279. Wu D., Han Sung N., Meydani M., Meydani S.N. Effect of concomitant consumption of fish oil and vitamin E on T cell mediated function in the elderly: A randomized double-blind trial. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2006, 25(4):300-306.
280. Wuryastuti H., Stowe H.D., Bull R.W., Miller E.R Effects of vitamin E and selenium on immune responses of peripheral blood, colostrum, and milk leukocytes of sows. J. Anim. Sci. 1993, 71(9):2464-2472.
281. Yates A.A., Schlicker S.A., Suitor C.W. Dietary reference intakes the new basis for recommendations for calcium and related nutrients, B vitamins, and choline. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 1998, 98(6):699-706.
282. Yoshida H., Yusin M., Ren I., Kuhlenkamp J., Hirano T., Stolz A., Kaplowitz N. Identification, purification and immunochemical characterization of a tocopherol-binding protein in rat liver cytosol. J. Lipid Res. 1992, 33:343-350.
283. Young R.C., Corder M.P., Haynes H.A., DeVita V.T. Delayed hypersensitivity in Hodgkin@apos;s disease. A study of 103 untreated patients. Am. J. Med. 1972, 52(1):63-72.
284. Zea A.H., Rodriguez P.C., Atkins M.B., Hernandez C., Signoretti S., Zabaleta J., McDermott D., Quiceno D., Youmans A., O Neill A., Mier J., Ochoa A.C. Arginase-producing myeloid suppressor cells in renal cell carcinoma patients: A mechanism of tumor evasion. Cancer Res. 2005, 65(8):3044-3048.
285. Zhang S., Hunter D.J., Forman M.R., Rosner B.A., Speizer F.E., Colditz G.A., Manson J.E., Hankinson S.E., Willett W.C. Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1999, 91(6):547-556.
286. Zheng K., Adjei A.A., Shinjo M., Shinjo S., Todoriki H., Ariizumi M. Effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation on murine nasal allergy. Am. J. Med. Sci. 1999, 318(1):49-54.
287. Ziemlanski S., Wartanowicz M., Klos A., Raczka A., Klos M. The effect of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol supplementation on serum proteins and immunoglobulin concentration in the elderly. Nutr. Int. 1986, 2:1-5.
288. Zingg J.M. Vitamin E and mast cells. Vitamins and Hormones 2007, Vol. 76:393-418. Elsevier Inc., California.