Marinobufagenin and cyclic strain may activate endothelial NADPH oxidase, contributing to the adverse impact of salty diets on vascular and cerebral health

Medical Hypotheses

Volumn 78, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 191-196

  McCarty, Mark F ^a  

^a NutriGuard Research   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE (POTASSIUM SODIUM); ANTIDOTE; BILIRUBIN; MARINOBUFAGENIN; NITRIC OXIDE; PHYCOBILIN; POTASSIUM; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE OXIDASE; STEROID;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CELL MEMBRANE; DAHL SALT SENSITIVE RAT; DEMENTIA; ENDOTHELIUM; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HEALTH; HEART VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOTHESIS; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING; MORTALITY; NATRIURESIS; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENICITY; SECRETION; SODIUM RESTRICTION; SPIRULINA; STROKE; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BLOOD PRESSURE; BUFANOLIDES; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; DEMENTIA; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; ENZYME ACTIVATION; HUMANS; NADPH OXIDASE; NITRIC OXIDE; PHYCOBILINS; PHYCOCYANIN; POTASSIUM; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SODIUM CHLORIDE, DIETARY; SODIUM-POTASSIUM-EXCHANGING ATPASE; STEROIDS; STROKE; VASOCONSTRICTOR AGENTS;

LAKE VICTORIA MARBURGVIRUS; RODENTIA; SPIRULINA;

EID: 84855205520     PISSN: 03069877     EISSN: 15322777     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.09.028     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Lindeberg S., Lundh B. Apparent absence of stroke and ischaemic heart disease in a traditional Melanesian island: a clinical study in Kitava. J Intern Med 1993, 233(3):269-275.
2. Lindeberg S. Apparent absence of cerebrovascular disease in Melanesians. PhD thesis, Lund University, Sweden; 1994.
3. McCarty M.F. Up-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide activity as a central strategy for prevention of ischemic stroke - just say NO to stroke!. Med Hypotheses 2000, 55(5):386-403.
4. Austin S.A., Santhanam A.V., Katusic Z.S. Endothelial nitric oxide modulates expression and processing of amyloid precursor protein. Circ Res 2010, 107:1498-1502.
5. McCarty M.F. Toward prevention of Alzheimers disease-potential nutraceutical strategies for suppressing the production of amyloid beta peptides. Med Hypotheses 2006, 67(4):682-697.
6. McCarty M.F. Vascular nitric oxide may lessen Alzheimer's risk. Med Hypotheses 1998, 51(6):465-476.
7. Bagrov A.Y., Fedorova O.V. Cardenolide and bufadienolide ligands of the sodium pump. How they work together in NaCl sensitive hypertension. Front Biosci 2005, 10:2250-2256.
8. Bagrov A.Y., Shapiro J.I., Fedorova O.V. Endogenous cardiotonic steroids: physiology, pharmacology, and novel therapeutic targets. Pharmacol Rev 2009, 61(1):9-38.
9. Fedorova O.V., Talan M.I., Agalakova N.I., Lakatta E.G., Bagrov A.Y. Endogenous ligand of alpha(1) sodium pump, marinobufagenin, is a novel mediator of sodium chloride-dependent hypertension. Circulation 2002, 105(9):1122-1127.
10. Fedorova O.V., Agalakova N.I., Morrell C.H., Lakatta E.G., Bagrov A.Y. ANP differentially modulates marinobufagenin-induced sodium pump inhibition in kidney and aorta. Hypertension 2006, 48(6):1160-1168.
11. Bagrov A.Y., Agalakova N.I., Kashkin V.A., Fedorova O.V. Endogenous cardiotonic steroids and differential patterns of sodium pump inhibition in NaCl-loaded salt-sensitive and normotensive rats. Am J Hypertens 2009, 22(5):559-563.
12. Weinberger M.H., Fineberg N.S., Fineberg S.E., Weinberger M. Salt sensitivity, pulse pressure, and death in normal and hypertensive humans. Hypertension 2001, 37(2 Part 2):429-432.
13. Morimoto A., Uzu T., Fujii T., Nishimura M., Kuroda S., Nakamura S., et al. Sodium sensitivity and cardiovascular events in patients with essential hypertension. Lancet 1997, 350(9093):1734-1737.
14. Reaven G.M. The kidney: an unwilling accomplice in syndrome X. Am J Kidney Dis 1997, 30(6):928-931.
15. Chen J., Gu D., Huang J., Rao D.C., Jaquish C.E., Hixson J.E., et al. Metabolic syndrome and salt sensitivity of blood pressure in non-diabetic people in China: a dietary intervention study. Lancet 2009, 373(9666):829-835.
16. Franco V., Oparil S. Salt sensitivity, a determinant of blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and survival. J Am Coll Nutr 2006, 25(3 Suppl.):247S-255S.
17. Perry I.J., Beevers D.G. Salt intake and stroke: a possible direct effect. J Hum Hypertens 1992, 6(1):23-25.
18. Vartiainen E., Du D.J., Marks J.S., Korhonen H., Geng G.Y., Guo Z.Y., et al. Mortality, cardiovascular risk factors, and diet in China, Finland, and the United States. Public Health Rep 1991, 106(1):41-46.
19. Liu J., Tian J., Haas M., Shapiro J.I., Askari A., Xie Z. Ouabain interaction with cardiac Na+/K+-ATPase initiates signal cascades independent of changes in intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ concentrations. J Biol Chem 2000, 275(36):27838-27844.
20. Kennedy D.J., Vetteth S., Periyasamy S.M., Kanj M., Fedorova L., Khouri S., et al. Central role for the cardiotonic steroid marinobufagenin in the pathogenesis of experimental uremic cardiomyopathy. Hypertension 2006, 47(3):488-495.
21. Elkareh J., Periyasamy S.M., Shidyak A., Vetteth S., Schroeder J., Raju V., et al. Marinobufagenin induces increases in procollagen expression in a process involving protein kinase C and Fli-1: implications for uremic cardiomyopathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009, 296(5):F1219-F1226.
22. Beil A.H., Schmieder R.E., Messerli F.H. Salt intake, blood pressure, and cardiovascular structure. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1994, 8(3):425-432.
23. Heimann J.C., Drumond S., Alves A.T., Barbato A.J., Dichtchekenian V., Marcondes M. Left ventricular hypertrophy is more marked in salt-sensitive than in salt-resistant hypertensive patients. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991, 17(Suppl. 2):S122-S124.
24. Haas M., Wang H., Tian J., Xie Z. Src-mediated inter-receptor cross-talk between the Na+/K+-ATPase and the epidermal growth factor receptor relays the signal from ouabain to mitogen-activated protein kinases. J Biol Chem 2002, 277(21):18694-18702.
25. Tian J., Cai T., Yuan Z., Wang H., Liu L., Haas M., et al. Binding of Src to Na+/K+-ATPase forms a functional signaling complex. Mol Biol Cell 2006, 17(1):317-326.
26. Zhang Y., Peng F., Gao B., Ingram A.J., Krepinsky J.C. Mechanical strain-induced RhoA activation requires NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS generation in caveolae. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010, 13(7):959-973.
27. Cai W., Torreggiani M., Zhu L., Chen X., He J.C., Striker G.E., et al. AGER1 regulates endothelial cell NADPH oxidase-dependent oxidant stress via PKC-delta: implications for vascular disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010, 298(3):C624-C634.
28. Priyadarshi S., Valentine B., Han C., Fedorova O.V., Bagrov A.Y., Liu J., et al. Effect of green tea extract on cardiac hypertrophy following 5/6 nephrectomy in the rat. Kidney Int 2003, 63(5):1785-1790.
29. Uddin M.N., Horvat D., Childs E.W., Puschett J.B. Marinobufagenin causes endothelial cell monolayer hyperpermeability by altering apoptotic signaling. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009, 296(6):R1726-R1734.
30. Uddin M.N., Horvat D., Glaser S.S., Mitchell B.M., Puschett J.B. Examination of the cellular mechanisms by which marinobufagenin inhibits cytotrophoblast function. J Biol Chem 2008, 283(26):17946-17953.
31. Swei A., Lacy F., DeLano F.A., Schmid-Schonbein G.W. Oxidative stress in the Dahl hypertensive rat. Hypertension 1997, 30(6):1628-1633.
32. Bayorh M.A., Ganafa A.A., Socci R.R., Silvestrov N., Abukhalaf I.K. The role of oxidative stress in salt-induced hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2004, 17(1):31-36.
33. Zhang L., Fujii S., Igarashi J., Kosaka H. Effects of thiol antioxidant on reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase in hypertensive Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Free Radic Biol Med 2004, 37(11):1813-1820.
34. Kido M., Ando K., Onozato M.L., Tojo A., Yoshikawa M., Ogita T., et al. Protective effect of dietary potassium against vascular injury in salt-sensitive hypertension. Hypertension 2008, 51(2):225-231.
35. Tian J., Liu J., Garlid K.D., Shapiro J.I., Xie Z. Involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases and reactive oxygen species in the inotropic action of ouabain on cardiac myocytes. A potential role for mitochondrial K(ATP) channels. Mol Cell Biochem 2003, 242(1-2):181-187.
36. Manning R.D., Meng S., Tian N. Renal and vascular oxidative stress and salt-sensitivity of arterial pressure. Acta Physiol Scand 2003, 179(3):243-250.
37. Zhou M.S., Hernandez S.I., Pagano P.J., Jaimer E.A., Raji L. Reduced NAD(P)H oxidase in low renin hypertension: link among angiotensin II, atherogenesis, and blood pressure. Hypertension 2006, 47(1):81-86.
38. Taylor N.E., Glocka P., Liang M., Cowley A.W. NADPH oxidase in the renal medulla causes oxidative stress and contributes to salt-sensitive hypertension in Dahl S rats. Hypertension 2006, 47(4):692-698.
39. Matsui H., Shimosawa T., Uetake Y., Wang H., Ogura S., Kaneko T., et al. Protective effect of potassium against the hypertensive cardiac dysfunction: association with reactive oxygen species reduction. Hypertension 2006, 48(2):225-231.
40. Tian N., Moore R.S., Phillips W.E., Lin L., Braddy S., Pryor J.S., et al. NADPH oxidase contributes to renal damage and dysfunction in Dahl salt-sensitive hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008, 295(6):R1858-R1865.
41. Milstien S., Katusic Z. Oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin by peroxynitrite: implications for vascular endothelial function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999, 263(3):681-684.
42. Chen W., Druhan L.J., Chen C.A., Hemann C., Chen Y.R., Berka V., et al. Peroxynitrite induces destruction of the tetrahydrobiopterin and heme in endothelial nitric oxide synthase: transition from reversible to irreversible enzyme inhibition. Biochemistry 2010, 49(14):3129-3137.
43. Whitsett J., Picklo M.J., Vasquez-Vivar J. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal increases superoxide anion radical in endothelial cells via stimulated GTP cyclohydrolase proteasomal degradation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007, 27(11):2340-2347.
44. Forbes S.P., Druhan L.J., Guzman J.E., Parinandi N., Zhang L., Green-Church K.B., et al. Mechanism of 4-HNE mediated inhibition of hDDAH-1: implications in no regulation. Biochemistry 2008, 47(6):1819-1826.
45. Luo Z., Teerlink T., Griendling K., Aslam S., Welch W.J., Wilcox C.S. Angiotensin II and NADPH oxidase increase ADMA in vascular smooth muscle cells. Hypertension 2010, 56(3):498-504.
46. McCarty M.F. Endothelial membrane potential regulates production of both nitric oxide and superoxide - a fundamental determinant of vascular health. Med Hypotheses 1999, 53(4):277-289.
47. Sohn H.Y., Keller M., Gloe T., Morawietz H., Rueckschloss U., Pohl U. The small G-protein Rac mediates depolarization-induced superoxide formation in human endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2000, 275(25):18745-18750.
48. Treasure J., Ploth D. Role of dietary potassium in the treatment of hypertension. Hypertension 1983, 5(6):864-872.
49. Rabinowitz L., Aizman R.I. Circadian variation in the natriuresis produced by potassium intake in the rat. Clin Exp Hypertens 1997, 19(8):1193-1203.
50. Pamnani M.B., Chen X., Haddy F.J., Schooley J.F., Mo Z. Mechanism of antihypertensive effect of dietary potassium in experimental volume expanded hypertension in rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 2000, 22(6):555-569.
51. Haddy F.J. Natriuretic hormone-the missing link in low renin hypertension?. Biochem Pharmacol 1982, 31(20):3159-3161.
52. Pamnani M.B., Bryant H.J., Clough D.L., Schooley J.F. Increased dietary potassium and magnesium attenuate experimental volume dependent hypertension possibly through endogenous sodium-potassium pump inhibitor. Clin Exp Hypertens 2003, 25(2):103-115.
53. McCabe R.D., Bakarich M.A., Srivastava K., Young D.B. Potassium inhibits free radical formation. Hypertension 1994, 24(1):77-82.
54. Young D.B., Lin H., McCabe R.D. Potassium's cardiovascular protective mechanisms. Am J Physiol 1995, 268(4 Part 2):R825-R837.
55. Tobian L., Lange J.M., Ulm K.M., Wold L.J., Iwai J. Potassium prevents death from strokes in hypertensive rats without lowering blood pressure. J Hypertens Suppl 1984, 2(3):S363-S366.
56. Tobian L., Jahner T.M., Johnson M.A. High K diets markedly reduce atherosclerotic cholesterol ester deposition in aortas of rats with hypercholesterolemia and hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1990, 3(2):133-135.
57. Sugimoto T., Tobian L., Ganguli M.C. High potassium diets protect against dysfunction of endothelial cells in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1988, 11(6 Part 2):579-585.
58. Ishimitsu T., Tobian L., Sugimoto K., Everson T. High potassium diets reduce vascular and plasma lipid peroxides in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 1996, 18(5):659-673.
59. Young D.B., Ma G. Vascular protective effects of potassium. Semin Nephrol 1999, 19(5):477-486.
60. Zhou M.S., Kosaka H., Yoneyama H. Potassium augments vascular relaxation mediated by nitric oxide in the carotid arteries of hypertensive Dahl rats. Am J Hypertens 2000, 13(6 Part 1):666-672.
61. Zhou M.S., Nishida Y., Yoneyama H., Chen Q.H., Kosaka H. Potassium supplementation increases sodium excretion and nitric oxide production in hypertensive Dahl rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 1999, 21(8):1397-1411.
62. Cappuccio F.P., MacGregor G.A. Does potassium supplementation lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of published trials. J Hypertens 1991, 9(5):465-473.
63. Whelton P.K., He J., Cutler J.A., Brancati F.L., Appel L.J., Follmann D., et al. Effects of oral potassium on blood pressure. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. JAMA 1997, 277(20):1624-1632.
64. Akita S., Sacks F.M., Svetkey L.P., Conlin P.R., Kimura G. Effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on the pressure-natriuresis relationship. Hypertension 2003, 42(1):8-13.
65. He F.J., Marciniak M., Carney C., Markandu N.D., Anand V., Fraser W.D., et al. Effects of potassium chloride and potassium bicarbonate on endothelial function, cardiovascular risk factors, and bone turnover in mild hypertensives. Hypertension 2010, 55(3):681-688.
66. Norris K., Bourgoigne J., Gassman J., Hebert L., Middleton J., Phillips R.A., et al. Cardiovascular outcomes in the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) Trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2006, 48(5):739-751.
67. Geleijnse J.M., Witteman J.C., Stijnen T., Kloos M.W., Hofman A., Grobbee D.E. Sodium and potassium intake and risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: the Rotterdam Study. Eur J Epidemiol 2007, 22(11):763-770.
68. Umesawa M., Iso H., Date C., Yamamoto A., Toyoshima H., Watanabe Y., et al. Relations between dietary sodium and potassium intakes and mortality from cardiovascular disease: the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risks. Am J Clin Nutr 2008, 88(1):195-202.
69. Cook N.R., Obarzanek E., Cutler J.A., Buring J.E., Rexrode K.M., Kumanyika S.K., et al. Joint effects of sodium and potassium intake on subsequent cardiovascular disease: the Trials of Hypertension Prevention follow-up study. Arch Intern Med 2009, 169(1):32-40.
70. Khaw K.T., Barrett-Connor E. Dietary potassium and stroke-associated mortality. A 12-year prospective population study. N Engl J Med 1987, 316(5):235-240.
71. Chang H.Y., Hu Y.W., Yue C.S., Wen Y.W., Yeh W.T., Hsu L.S., et al. Effect of potassium-enriched salt on cardiovascular mortality and medical expenses of elderly men. Am J Clin Nutr 2006, 83(6):1289-1296.
72. Karppanen H. New oral salt in treatment of high blood pressure. Magnesium 1989, 8(5-6):274-287.
73. Mervaala E.M., Himberg J.J., Laakso J., Tuomainen P., Karppanen H. Beneficial effects of a potassium- and magnesium-enriched salt alternative. Hypertension 1992, 19(6 Part 1):535-540.
74. McCarty M.F. Rationale for a novel nutraceutical complex 'K-water': potassium taurine bicarbonate (PTB). Med Hypotheses 2006, 67(1):65-70.
75. Frassetto L., Morris R.C., Sebastian A. Long-term persistence of the urine calcium-lowering effect of potassium bicarbonate in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90(2):831-834.
76. Boynton H., McCarty M.F., Moore R.D. The salt solution 2001, Avery, New York.
77. Moore R.D. The high blood pressure solution 2001, Healing Arts Press, Rochester, VT.
78. Lanone S., Bloc S., Foresti R., Almolki A., Taille C., Callebert J., et al. Bilirubin decreases nos2 expression via inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase: implications for protection against endotoxic shock in rats. FASEB J 2005, 19(13):1890-1892.
79. Matsumoto H., Ishikawa K., Itabe H., Maruyama Y. Carbon monoxide and bilirubin from heme oxygenase-1 suppresses reactive oxygen species generation and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 induction. Mol Cell Biochem 2006, 291(1-2):21-28.
80. Jiang F., Roberts S.J., Datla S., Dusting G.J. NO modulates NADPH oxidase function via heme oxygenase-1 in human endothelial cells. Hypertension 2006, 48(5):950-957.
81. Datla S.R., Dusting G.J., Mori T.A., Taylor C.J., Croft K.D., Jiang F. Induction of heme oxygenase-1 in vivo suppresses NADPH oxidase derived oxidative stress. Hypertension 2007, 50(4):636-642.
82. Perlstein T.S., Pande R.L., Creager M.A., Weuve J., Beckman J.A. Serum total bilirubin level, prevalent stroke, and stroke outcomes: NHANES 1999-2004. Am J Med 2008, 121(9):781-788.
83. Kimm H., Yun J.E., Jo J., Jee S.H. Low serum bilirubin level as an independent predictor of stroke incidence: a prospective study in Korean men and women. Stroke 2009, 40(11):3422-3427.
84. Ishizaka N., Ishizaka Y., Takahashi E., Yamakado M., Hashimoto H. High serum bilirubin level is inversely associated with the presence of carotid plaque. Stroke 2001, 32(2):580-583.
85. Yang X.F., Chen Y.Z., Su J.L., Wang F.Y., Wang L.X. Relationship between serum bilirubin and carotid atherosclerosis in hypertensive patients. Intern Med 2009, 48(18):1595-1599.
86. McCarty M.F. Clinical potential of Spirulina as a source of phycocyanobilin. J Med Food 2007, 10(4):566-570.
87. Romay C., Gonzalez R., Ledon N., Remirez D., Rimbau V. C-phycocyanin: a biliprotein with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2003, 4(3):207-216.
88. McCarty M.F., Barroso-Aranda J., Contreras F. Oral phycocyanobilin may diminish the pathogenicity of activated brain microglia in neurodegenerative disorders. Med Hypotheses 2010, 74(3):601-605.
89. Brennan A.M., Suh S.W., Won S.J., Narasimhan P., Kauppinen T.M., Lee H., et al. NADPH oxidase is the primary source of superoxide induced by NMDA receptor activation. Nat Neurosci 2009, 12(7):857-863.
90. Fujita M., Ando K., Nagae A., Fujita T. Sympathoexcitation by oxidative stress in the brain mediates arterial pressure elevation in salt-sensitive hypertension. Hypertension 2007, 50(2):360-367.
91. Nagae A., Fujita M., Kawarazaki H., Matsui H., Ando K., Fujita T. Sympathoexcitation by oxidative stress in the brain mediates arterial pressure elevation in obesity-induced hypertension. Circulation 2009, 119(7):978-986.
92. Torres-Duran P.V., Ferreira-Hermosillo A., Juarez-Oropeza M.A. Antihyperlipemic and antihypertensive effects of Spirulina maxima in an open sample of Mexican population: a preliminary report. Lipids Health Dis 2007, 6(1):33.
93. Kim-Mitsuyama S., Yamamoto E., Tanaka T., Zhan Y., Izumi Y., Izumiya Y., et al. Critical role of angiotensin II in excess salt-induced brain oxidative stress of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Stroke 2005, 36(5):1083-1088.
94. Yamamoto E., Tamamaki N., Nakamura T., Kataoka K., Tokutomi Y., Dong Y.F., et al. Excess salt causes cerebral neuronal apoptosis and inflammation in stroke-prone hypertensive rats through angiotensin II-induced NADPH oxidase activation. Stroke 2008, 39(11):3049-3056.
95. Zhao X., White R., Huang B.S., Van H.J., Leenen F.H. High salt intake and the brain renin-angiotensin system in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. J Hypertens 2001, 19(1):89-98.
96. Van Huysse J.W., Hou X. Pressor response to CSF sodium in mice: mediation by a ouabain-like substance and renin-angiotensin system in the brain. Brain Res 2004, 1021(2):219-231.
97. Fedorova O.V., Agalakova N.I., Talan M.I., Lakatta E.G., Bagrov A.Y. Brain ouabain stimulates peripheral marinobufagenin via angiotensin II signalling in NaCl-loaded Dahl-S rats. J Hypertens 2005, 23(8):1515-1523.
98. Bagrov A.Y., Fedorova O.V. Cardenolide and bufadienolide ligands of the sodium pump. How they work together in NaCl sensitive hypertension. Front Biosci 2005, 10:2250-2256.
99. Fedorova O.V., Zhuravin I.A., Agalakova N.I., Yamova L.A., Talan M.I., Lakatta E.G., et al. Intrahippocampal microinjection of an exquisitely low dose of ouabain mimics NaCl loading and stimulates a bufadienolide Na/K-ATPase inhibitor. J Hypertens 2007, 25(9):1834-1844.
100. Li N.C., Lee A., Whitmer R.A., Kivipelto M., Lawler E., Kazis L.E., et al. Use of angiotensin receptor blockers and risk of dementia in a predominantly male population: prospective cohort analysis. BMJ 2010, 340:b5465.
101. Fournier A., Oprisiu-Fournier R., Serot J.M., Godefroy O., Achard J.M., Faure S., et al. Prevention of dementia by antihypertensive drugs: how AT1-receptor-blockers and dihydropyridines better prevent dementia in hypertensive patients than thiazides and ACE-inhibitors. Expert Rev Neurother 2009, 9(9):1413-1431.
102. Takeda S., Sato N., Takeuchi D., Kurinami H., Shinohara M., Niisato K., et al. Angiotensin receptor blocker prevented beta-amyloid-induced cognitive impairment associated with recovery of neurovascular coupling. Hypertension 2009, 54(6):1345-1352.