Leukocytes in mammary development and cancer

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 1-22

  Coussens, Lisa M ^a   Pollard, Jeffrey W ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MURIDAE;

COLLAGEN;

ANIMAL; BONE MARROW CELL; BREAST TUMOR; CYTOLOGY; EOSINOPHIL; FEMALE; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HUMAN; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; IMMUNOLOGY; LACTATION; LEUKOCYTE; MACROPHAGE; MAMMARY GLAND; MAST CELL; METABOLISM; MOUSE; PHYSIOLOGY; PREGNANCY; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE;

ANIMALS; BREAST NEOPLASMS; COLLAGEN; EOSINOPHILS; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, HUMORAL; LACTATION; LEUKOCYTES; MACROPHAGES; MAMMARY GLANDS, HUMAN; MAST CELLS; MICE; MYELOID CELLS; PREGNANCY; T-LYMPHOCYTES;

EID: 84555169553     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19430264     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a003285     Document Type: Article

References (142)

1. Aaltomaa S, Lipponen P, Eskelinen M, Kosma VM, Marin S, Alhava E, Syrjanen K. 1992. Tumor size, nuclear morphometry, mitotic indices as prognostic factors in axillary-lymph-node-positive breast cancer. Eur Surg Res 24: 160-168.
2. American Cancer Society. 2007. Cancer facts and figures. http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/caff2007PWSecured. pdf.
3. Anbazhagan R, Bartek J, Monaghan P, Gusterson BA. 1991. Growth and development of the human infant breast. Am J Anat 192: 407-417.
4. Arribas J, Lopez-Casillas F, Massague J. 1997. Role of the juxtamembrane domains of the transforming growth factor-α precursor and the β-amyloid precursor protein in regulated ectodomain shedding. J Biol Chem 272: 17160-17165.
5. Aspord C, Pedroza-Gonzalez A, Gallegos M, Tindle S, Burton EC, SuD, Marches F, Banchereau J, Palucka AK. 2007. Breast cancer instructs dendritic cells to prime interleukin 13-secreting CD4+ T cells that facilitate tumor development. J Exp Med 204: 1037-1047.
6. Atabai K, Sheppard D, Werb Z. 2007. Roles of the innate immune system in mammary gland remodeling during involution. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 12: 37-45.
7. Balkwill F, Charles KA, Mantovani A. 2005. Smoldering and polarized inflammation in the initiation and promotion of malignant disease. Cancer Cell 7: 211-217.
8. Barbera-Guillem E, Nyhus JK, Wolford CC, Friece CR, Sampsel JW. 2002. Vascular endothelial growth factor secretion by tumor-infiltrating macrophages essentially supports tumor angiogenesis, and IgG immune complexes potentiate the process. Cancer Res 62: 7042-7049.
9. Bates GJ, Fox SB, Han C, Launchbury R, Leek RD, Harris AL, Banham AH. 2007. Expression of the forkhead transcription factor FOXP1 is associated with that of estrogen receptorbeta in primary invasive breast carcinomas. Breast Cancer Res Treat 111: 453-459.
10. Bates GJ, Fox SB, Han C, LeekRD, Garcia JF, Harris AL, Banham AH. 2006. Quantification of regulatory T cells enables the identification of high-risk breast cancer patients and those at risk of late relapse. J Clin Oncol 24: 5373-5380.
11. Bergers G, Brekken R, McMahon G, Vu TH, Itoh T, Tamaki K, Tanzawa K, Thorpe P, Itohara S, Werb Z, et al. 2000. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 triggers the angiogenic switch during carcinogenesis. Nat Cell Biol 2: 737-744.
12. Bierie B, Stover DG, Abel TW, Chytil A, Gorska AE, Aakre M, Forrester E, Yang L, Wagner KU, Moses HL. 2008. Transforming growth factor-beta regulates mammary carcinoma cell survival and interaction with the adjacent microenvironment. Cancer Res 68: 1809-1819.
13. Blankenstein T. 2005. The role of tumor stroma in the interaction between tumor and immune system. Curr Opin Immunol 17: 180-186.
14. Bleck GT, Wheeler MB, Hansen LB, Chester-Jones H, Miller DJ. 2009. Lactose synthase components in milk: Concentrations of α-lactalbumin and β1,4-galactosyltransferase in milk of cows from several breeds at various stages of lactation. Reprod Domest Anim 44: 241-247.
15. BoulangerCA, Smith GH. 2001. Reducing mammary cancer risk through premature stem cell senescence. Oncogene 20: 2264-2272.
16. Brandtzaeg P. 2010. Function of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in antibody formation. Immunol Invest 39: 303-355.
17. Bronte V, Cingarlini S, Marigo I, De Santo C, Gallina G, Dolcetti L, Ugel S, Peranzoni E, Mandruzzato S, Zanovello P. 2006. Leukocyte infiltration in cancer creates an unfavorable environment for antitumor immune responses: A novel target for therapeutic intervention. Immunol Invest 35: 327-357.
18. Chin Y, Janseens J, Vandepitte J, Vandenbrande J, Opdebeek L, Raus J. 1992. Phenotypic analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from human breast cancer. Anticancer Res 12: 1463-1466.
19. Clarkson RW, Wayland MT, Lee J, Freeman T, Watson CJ. 2004. Gene expression profiling of mammary gland development reveals putative roles for death receptors and immune mediators in post-lactational regression. Breast Cancer Res 6: R92-109.
20. Condeelis J, Pollard JW. 2006. Macrophages: Obligate partners for tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Cell 124: 263-266.
21. Condeelis J, Segall JE. 2003. Intravital imaging of cell movement in tumours. Nat Rev Cancer 3: 921-930.
22. Coronella JA, Telleman P, Kingsbury GA, Truong TD, Hays S, Junghans RP. 2001. Evidence for an antigen-driven humoral immune response in medullary ductal breast cancer. Cancer Res 61: 7889-7899.
23. Coronella-Wood JA, Hersh EM. 2003. Naturally occurring B-cell responses to breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 52: 715-738.
24. Coukos G, Benencia F, Buckanovich RJ, Conejo-Garcia JR. 2005. The role of dendritic cell precursors in tumour vasculogenesis. Br J Cancer 92: 1182-1187.
25. Coussens LM, Raymond WW, Bergers G, Laig-Webster M, Behrendtsen O, Werb Z, Caughey GH, Hanahan D. 1999. Inflammatory mast cells up-regulate angiogenesis during squamous epithelial carcinogenesis. Genes Dev 13: 1382-1397.
26. D'Cruz CM, Moody SE, Master SR, Hartman JL, Keiper EA, Imielinski MB, Cox JD, Wang JY, Ha SI, Keister BA, et al. 2002. Persistent parity-induced changes in growth factors, TGF-β3, and differentiation in the rodent mammary gland. Mol Endocrinol 16: 2034-2051.
27. Dai X, Ryan GR, Hapel AJ, Dominguez MG, Russell RG, Kapp S, Sylvestre V, Stanley ER. 2002. Targeted disruption of the mouse CSF-1 receptor gene results in osteopetrosis, mononuclear phagocyte deficiency, increased primititive progenitor cell frequencies and reproductive defects. Blood 99: 111-120.
28. Daniel CW, Silberstein GB. 1987. Postnatal development of the rodent mammary gland. In The mammary gland, development, regulation, and function (ed. MC Neville, CW Danile), pp. 1-35. Plenum, New York.
29. De Palma M, Naldini L. 2006. Role of haematopoietic cells and endothelial progenitors in tumour angiogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1766: 159-166.
30. De Palma M, Venneri MA, Galli R, Sergi Sergi L, Politi LS, Sampaolesi M, Naldini L. 2005. Tie2 identifies a hematopoietic lineage of proangiogenic monocytes required for tumor vessel formation and a mesenchymal population of pericyte progenitors. Cancer Cell 8: 211-226.
31. de Visser KE, Eichten A, Coussens LM. 2006. Paradoxical roles of the immune system during cancer development. Nat Rev Cancer 6: 24-37.
32. DeNardo DG, Coussens LM. 2007. Inflammation and breast cancer. Balancing immune response: Crosstalk between adaptive and innate immune cells during breast cancer progression. Breast Cancer Res 9: 212.
33. DeNardo DG, Baretto JB, Andreu P, Vasquez L, Kolhatkar N, TawfikD, Coussens LM. 2009. CD4+ T cells regulate pulmonary metastasis of mammary carcinomas by enhancing protumor properties of macrophages. Cancer Cell 16: 91-102.
34. Disis ML, Calenoff E, McLaughlin G, Murphy AE, ChenW, Groner B, Jeschke M, Lydon N, McGlynn E, Livingston RB, et al. 1994. Existent T-cell and antibody immunity to HER-2/neu protein in patients with breast cancer. Cancer Res 54: 16-20.
35. Djonov V, Andres AC, Ziemiecki A. 2001. Vascular remodelling during the normal and malignant life cycle of the mammary gland. Microsc Res Tech 52: 182-189.
36. Egeblad M, Werb Z. 2002. New functions for the matrix metalloproteinases in cancer progression. Nat Rev Cancer 2: 161-174.
37. Ewan KB, Shyamala G, Ravani SA, Tang Y, Akhurst R, Wakefield L, Barcellos-Hoff MH. 2002. Latent transforming growth factor-βactivation in mammary gland: Regulation by ovarian hormones affects ductal and alveolar proliferation. Am J Pathol 160: 2081-2093.
38. Fernandez Madrid F. 2005. Autoantibodies in breast cancer sera: Candidate biomarkers and reporters of tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett 230: 187-198.
39. Finak G, Bertos N, Pepin F, Sadekova S, Souleimanova M, Zhao H, Chen H, Omeroglu G, Meterissian S, Omeroglu A, et al. 2008. Stromal gene expression predicts clinical outcome in breast cancer. Nat Med 14: 518-527.
40. Gallina G, Dolcetti L, Serafini P, De Santo C, Marigo I, Colombo MP, Basso G, Brombacher F, Borrello I, Zanovello P, et al. 2006. Tumors induce a subset of inflammatory monocytes with immunosuppressive activity on CD8+ T cells. J Clin Invest 116: 2777-2790.
41. Gingras D, Renaud A, Mousseau N, Beliveau R. 2000. Shark cartilage extracts as antiangiogenic agents: Smart drinks or bitter pills? Cancer Metastasis Rev 19: 83-86.
42. Gocheva V, Wang HW, Gadea BB, Shree T, Hunter KE, Garfall AL, Berman T, Joyce A. 2010. IL-4 induces cathepsin protease activity in tumor-associated macrophages to promote cancer growth and invasion. Genes Dev 24: 241-255.
43. Gooch JL, Christy B, Yee D. 2002. STAT6 mediates interleukin-4 growth inhibition in human breast cancer cells. Neoplasia 4: 324-331.
44. Goswami S, Sahai E, Wyckoff JB, Cammer M, Cox D, Pixley FJ, Stanley ER, Segall JE, Condeelis JS. 2005. Macrophages promote the invasion of breast carcinoma cells via a colony-stimulating factor-1/epidermal growth factor paracrine loop. Cancer Res 65: 5278-5283.
45. Gouon-Evans V, Lin EY, Pollard JW. 2002. Requirement of macrophages and eosinophils and their cytokines/chemokines for mammary gland development. Breast Cancer Res 4: 155-164.
46. Gouon-Evans V, Rothenberg ME, Pollard JW. 2000. Postnatal mammary gland development requires macrophages and eosinophils. Development 127: 2269-2282.
47. Guy CT, Cardiff RD, Muller WJ. 1992. Induction of mammary tumors by expression of polyomavirus middle T oncogene: A transgenic mouse model for metastatic disease. Mol Cell Biol 12: 954-961.
48. Gyorki DE, Asselin-Labat ML, van Rooijen N, Lindeman GJ, Visvader JE. 2009. Resident macrophages influence stem cell activity in the mammary gland. Breast Cancer Res 11: R62.
49. Hagemann T, Wilson J, Kulbe H, Li NF, LeinsterDA, Charles K, Klemm F, Pukrop T, Binder C, Balkwill FR. 2005. Macrophages induce invasiveness of epithelial cancer cells via NF-k B and JNK. J Immunol 175: 1197-1205.
50. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. 2000. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100: 57-70.
51. Hinck L, Silberstein GB. 2005. Key stages in mammary development. The mammary end bud as a motile organ. Breast Cancer Res 7: 245-251.
52. Howard BA, Gusterson BA. 2000. Human breast development. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 5: 119-137.
53. Humphreys R. 1999. Programmed cell death in the terminal endbud. J Mamm Gland Biol Neoplasia 4: 213-220.
54. Humphreys RC, Krajewska M, Krnacik S, Jaeger R, Weiher H, Krajewski S, Reed JC, Rosen JM. 1996. Apoptosis in the terminal endbud of the murine mammary gland: A mechanism of ductal morphogenesis. Development 122: 4013-4022.
55. IngmanWV, Wyckoff J, Gouon-EvansV, Condeelis J, Pollard JW. 2006. Macrophages promote collagen fibrillogenesis around terminal end buds of the developing mammary gland. Dev Dyn 235: 3222-3229.
56. KhaledWT, Read EK, Nicholson SE, Baxter FO, Brennan AJ, Came PJ, Sprigg N, McKenzie AN, Watson CJ. 2007. The IL-4/IL-13/Stat6 signalling pathway promotes luminal mammary epithelial cell development. Development 134: 2739-2750.
57. King BL, Crisi GM, Tsai SC, Haffty BG, Phillips RF, Rimm DL. 2002. Immunocytochemical analysis of breast cells obtained by ductal lavage. Cancer 96: 244-249.
58. Kisucka J, Butterfield CE, Duda DG, Eichenberger SC, Saffaripour S, Ware J, Ruggeri ZM, Jain RK, Folkman J, Wagner DD. 2006. Platelets and platelet adhesion support angiogenesis while preventing excessive hemorrhage. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103: 855-860.
59. Kohrt HE, Nouri N, Nowels K, JohnsonD, Holmes S, Lee PP. 2005. Profile of immune cells in axillary lymph nodes predicts disease-free survival in breast cancer. PLoS Med 2: e284.
60. Landskroner-Eiger S, Park J, IsraelD, Pollard JW, Scherer PE. 2010. Morphogenesis of the developing mammary gland: Stage-dependent impact of adipocytes. Dev Biol 344: 968-978.
61. Lee TH, Seng S, Sekine M, Hinton C, Fu Y, Avraham HK, Avraham S. 2007. Vascular endothelial growth factor mediates intracrine survival in human breast carcinoma cells through internally expressed VEGFR1/FLT1. PLoS Med 4: e186.
62. Lee YT, Sheikh KM, Quismorio FP Jr, Friou GJ. 1985. Circulating anti-tumor and autoantibodies in breast carcinoma: Relationship to stage and prognosis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 6: 57-65.
63. Leek RD, Harris AL. 2002. Tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 7: 177-189.
64. Leek RD, Hunt NC, Landers RJ, Lewis CE, Royds JA, Harris AL. 2000. Macrophage infiltration is associated with VEGF and EGFR expression in breast cancer. J Pathol 190: 430-436.
65. Lewis C, Murdoch C. 2005. Macrophage responses to hypoxia: Implications for tumor progression and anti-cancer therapies. Am J Pathol 167: 627-635.
66. Lewis CE, Pollard JW. 2006. Distinct role of macrophages in different tumor microenvironments. Cancer Res 66: 605-612.
67. Lilla JN, Werb Z. 2010. Mast cells contribute to the stromal microenvironment in mammary gland branching morphogenesis. Dev Biol 337: 124-133.
68. Lin EY, Pollard JW. 2004. Macrophages: Modulators of breast cancer progression. Novartis Found Symp 256: 158-168; discussion 168-172, 259-269.
69. Lin EY, Pollard JW. 2007. Tumor-associated macrophages press the angiogenic switch in breast cancer. Cancer Res 67: 5064-5066.
70. Lin EY, Li JF, Gnatovskiy L, Deng Y, Zhu L, GrzesikDA, Qian H, Xue XN, Pollard JW. 2006. Macrophages regulate the angiogenic switch in a mouse model of breast cancer. Cancer Res 66: 11238-11246.
71. Lin EY, Nguyen AV, Russell RG, Pollard JW. 2001. Colony-stimulating factor 1 promotes progression of mammary tumors to malignancy. J Exp Med 193: 727-740.
72. Marshall KM, Hurley WL, Shanks RD, Wheeler MB. 2006. Effects of suckling intensity on milk yield and piglet growth from lactation-enhanced gilts. J Anim Sci 84: 2346-2351.
73. McDaniel SM, Rumer KK, Biroc SL, Metz RP, Singh M, Porter W, Schedin P. 2006. Remodeling of the mammary microenvironment after lactation promotes breast tumor cell metastasis. Am J Pathol 168: 608-620.
74. Monks J, Henson PM. 2009. Differentiation of the mammary epithelial cell during involution: Implications for breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 14: 159-170.
75. Monks J, Geske FJ, Lehman L, Fadok VA. 2002. Do inflammatory cells participate in mammary gland involution? J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 7: 163-176.
76. Mor G, YueW, Santen RJ, Gutierrez L, Eliza M, Berstein LM, Harada N, Wang J, Lysiak J, Diano S, et al. 1998. Macrophages, estrogen and the microenvironment of breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 67: 403-411.
77. Murdoch C, Giannoudis A, Lewis CE. 2004. Mechanisms regulating the recruitment of macrophages into hypoxic areas of tumors and other ischemic tissues. Blood 104: 2224-2234.
78. Nagai S, Toi M. 2000. Interleukin-4 and breast cancer. Breast Cancer 7: 181-186.
79. Neville MC, McFadden TB, Forsyth I. 2002. Hormonal regulation of mammary differentiation and milk secretion. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 7: 49-66.
80. Neville MC, Medina D, Monks J, Hovey RC. 1998. The mammary fat pad. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 3: 109-116.
81. Nguyen AV, Pollard JW. 2000. Transforming growth factor β3 induces cell death during the first stage of mammary gland involution. Development 127: 3107-3118.
82. Nozawa H, Chiu, Hanahan D. 2006. Infiltrating neutrophils mediate the initial angiogenic switch in a mouse model of multistage carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103: 12493-12498.
83. O'Brien J, Schedin P. 2009. Macrophages in breast cancer: Do involution macrophages account for the poor prognosis of pregnancy-associated breast cancer? JMammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 14: 145-157.
84. O'Brien J, Lyons T, Monks J, Lucia MS, Wilson RS, Hines L, Man YG, Borges V, Schedin P. 2010. Alternatively activated macrophages and collagen remodeling characterize the postpartum involuting mammary gland across species. Am J Pathol 176: 1241-1255.
85. Ojalvo LS, King W, Cox D, Pollard JW. 2009. High-density gene expression analysis of tumor-associated macrophages from mouse mammary tumors. Am J Pathol 174: 1048-1064.
86. Ojalvo LS, Whittaker CA, Condeelis JS, Pollard JW. 2010. Gene expression analysis of macrophages that facilitate tumor invasion supports a role for Wnt-signaling in mediating their activity in primary mammary tumors. J Immunol 184: 702-712.
87. Okamoto R, Ueno M, Yamada Y, Takahashi N, Sano H, Suda T, Takakura N. 2005. Hematopoietic cells regulate the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Blood 105: 2757-2763.
88. Paape M, Mehrzad J, Zhao X, Detilleux J, Burvenich C. 2002. Defense of the bovine mammary gland by polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 7: 109-121.
89. Philippar U, Roussos ET, Oser M, Yamaguchi H, Kim HD, Giampieri S, Wang Y, Goswami S, Wyckoff JB, Lauffenburger DA, et al. 2008. A Mena invasion isoform potentiates EGF-induced carcinoma cell invasion and metastasis. Dev Cell 15: 813-828.
90. Pollard JW. 2004. Tumour-educated macrophages promote tumour progression and metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 4: 71-78.
91. Pollard JW. 2009. Trophic macrophages in development and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 9: 259-270.
92. Pollard JW, Hennighausen L. 1994. Colony stimulating factor 1 is required formammary gland development during pregnancy. Proc Natl Acad Sci 91: 9312-9316.
93. Pollard JW, Stanley ER. 1996. Pleiotropic roles for CSF-1 in development defined by the mouse mutation osteopetrotic (op). Adv Dev Biochem 4: 153-193.
94. Punt CJ, Barbuto JA, Zhang H, Grimes WJ, Hatch KD, Hersh EM. 1994. Anti-tumor antibody produced by human tumor-infiltrating and peripheral blood B lymphocytes. Cancer Immunol Immunother 38: 225-232.
95. Puxeddu I, Alian A, Piliponsky AM, RibattiD, Panet A, Levi-Schaffer F. 2005. Human peripheral blood eosinophils induce angiogenesis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37: 628-636.
96. Qian BZ, Pollard JW. 2010. Macrophage diversity enhances tumor progression and metastasis. Cell 141: 39-51.
97. Richert MM, Schwertfeger KL, Ryder JW, Anderson SM. 2000. An atlas of mouse mammary gland development. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 5: 227-241.
98. Roth P. 1991. Colony-stimulating factor 1 levels in the human newborn infant. J Pediatr 119: 113-116.
99. op) phenotype with a CSF-1 transgene and identification of sites of local CSF-1 synthesis. Blood 98: 74-84.
100. Sakakura T. 1987. Mammary embryogenesis. In The Mammary gland: Development, regulation and function (ed. MC Neville, CW Danile), pp. 37-66. Plenum Press, New York.
101. Sangaletti S, Di Carlo E, Gariboldi S, Miotti S, Cappetti B, Parenza M, Rumio C, Brekken RA, Chiodoni C, Colombo MP. 2008. Macrophage-derived SPARC bridges tumor cell-extracellular matrix interactions toward metastasis. Cancer Res 68: 9050-9059.
102. Santos SJ, Aupperlee MD, Xie J, Durairaj S, Miksicek R, Conrad SE, Leipprandt JR, Tan YS, Schwartz RC, Haslam SZ. 2009. Progesterone receptor A-regulated gene expression in mammary organoid cultures. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 115: 161-172.
103. Sapi E, Kacinski BM. 1999. The role of CSF-1 in normal and neoplastic breast physiology. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 220: 1-8.
104. Sapi E, Flick MB, Rodov S, Carter D, Kacinski BM. 1998. Expression of CSF-1 and CSF-1 receptor by normal lactating mammary epithelial cells. J Soc Gynecol Investig 5: 94-101.
105. Sasmono RT, Oceandy D, Pollard JW, TongW, Pavli P, Wainwright BJ, Ostrowski MC, Himes SR, Hume DA. 2003. A macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor-green fluorescent protein transgene is expressed throughout the mononuclear phagocyte system of the mouse. Blood 101: 1155-1163.
106. Schedin P. 2006. Pregnancy-associated breast cancer and metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 6: 281-291.
107. Scholl SM, Pallud C, Beuvon F, Hacene K, Stanley ER, Rohrschneider LR, Tang R, Pouillart P, Lidereau R. 1994. Anti-colony-stimulating factor-1 antibody staining in primary breast adenocarcinomas correlates with marked inflammatory cell infiltrates and prognosis. J Natl Cancer Inst 86: 120-126.
108. Schwertfeger KL, Rosen JM, Cohen DA. 2006a. Mammary gland macrophages: Pleiotropic functions in mammary development. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 11: 229-238.
109. Schwertfeger KL, Xian W, Kaplan AM, Burnet SH, Cohen DA, Rosen JM. 2006b. Acritical role for the inflammatory response in a mouse model of preneoplastic progression. Cancer Res 66: 5676-5685.
110. Serafini P, Borrello I, Bronte V. 2006. Myeloid suppressor cells in cancer: Recruitment, phenotype, properties, and mechanisms of immune suppression. Semin Cancer Biol 16: 53-65.
111. Sferruzzi-Perri AN, Robertson SA, Dent LA. 2003. Interleukin-5 transgene expression and eosinophilia are associated with retarded mammary gland development in mice. Biol Reprod 69: 224-233.
112. Shackleton M, Vaillant F, Simpson KJ, Stingl J, Smyth GK, Asselin-Labat ML, Wu L, Lindeman GJ, Visvader JE. 2006. Generation of a functional mammary gland from a single stem cell. Nature 439: 84-88.
113. Sheikh KM, Quismorio FP, Friou GJ, Lee YT. 1979. Ductular carcinoma of the breast: Serum antibodies to tumorassociated antigens. Cancer 44: 2083-2089.
114. Shimokawara I, Imamura M, Yamanaka N, Ishii Y, Kikuchi K. 1982. Identification of lymphocyte subpopulations in human breast cancer tissue and its significance: an immunoperoxidase study with anti-human T-and B-cell sera. Cancer 49: 1456-1464.
115. Soucek L, Lawlor ER, Soto D, Shchors K, Swigart LB, Evan GI. 2007. Mast cells are required for angiogenesis and macroscopic expansion of Myc-induced pancreatic islet tumors. Nat Med 13: 1211-1218.
116. Stein T, Morris JS, Davies CR, Weber-Hall SJ, Duffy MA, Heath VJ, Bell AK, Ferrier RK, Sandilands GP, Gusterson BA. 2004. Involution of the mouse mammary gland is associated with an immune cascade and an acute-phase response, involving LBP, CD14 and STAT3. Breast Cancer Res 6: R75-R91.
117. Stockmann C, Doedens A, Weidemann A, Zhang N, Takeda N, Greenberg JI, ChereshDA, Johnson RS. 2008. Deletion of vascular endothelial growth factor in myeloid cells accelerates tumorigenesis. Nature 456: 814-818.
118. Stover DG, Bierie B, Moses HL. 2007. A delicate balance: TGF-β and the tumor microenvironment. J Cell Biochem 101: 851-861.
119. Szewczyk G, Szukiewicz D, Zaczek R, Maslinska D. 2000. Mast cells in the mouse mammary gland-correlation with the development of lactiferous structures. Folia Biol (Krakow) 48: 13-17.
120. Takakura N. 2006. Role of hematopoietic lineage cells as accessory components in blood vessel formation. Cancer Sci 97: 568-574.
121. Takakura N, Watanabe T, Suenobu S, Yamada Y, Noda T, Ito Y, Satake M, Suda T. 2000. A role for hematopoietic stem cells in promoting angiogenesis. Cell 102: 199-209.
122. Tan EM, Shi FD. 2003. Relative paradigms between autoantibodies in lupus and autoantibodies in cancer. Clin Exp Immunol 134: 169-177.
123. Tatarczuch L, Bischof RJ, Philip CJ, Lee CS. 2002. Phagocytic capacity of leucocytes in sheep mammary secretions following weaning. J Anat 201: 351-361.
124. Tatarczuch L, Philip C, Bischof R, Lee CS. 2000. Leucocyte phenotypes in involuting and fully involuted mammary glandular tissues and secretions of sheep. J Anat 196: 313-326.
125. Todaro M, Lombardo Y, Francipane MG, Alea MP, Cammareri P, Iovino F, Di Stefano AB, Di Bernardo C, Agrusa A, Condorelli G, et al. 2008. Apoptosis resistance in epithelial tumors is mediated by tumor-cell-derived interleukin-4. Cell Death Differ 15: 762-772.
126. Toi M, Bicknell R, Harris AL. 1992. Inhibition of colon and breast carcinoma cell growth by interleukin-4. Cancer Res 52: 275-279.
127. Tomer Y, Sherer Y, Shoenfeld Y. 1998. Autoantibodies, autoimmunity and cancer. Oncol Rep 5: 753-761.
128. Urdiales-Viedma M, Nogales-Fernandez F, Martos-Padilla S, Sanchez-Cantalejo E. 1986. Correlation of histologic grade and lymph node status with some histopathologic discriminants in breast cancer. Tumori 72: 43-51.
129. Van Nguyen A, Pollard JW. 2002. Colony stimulating factor-1 is required to recruit macrophages into the mammary gland to facilitate mammary ductal outgrowth. Dev Biol 247: 11-25.
130. WangW, Wyckoff JB, Goswami S, Wang Y, Sidani M, Segall JE, Condeelis JS. 2007. Coordinated regulation of pathways for enhanced cell motility and chemotaxis is conserved in rat and mouse mammary tumors. Cancer Res 67: 3505-3511.
131. Watson CJ. 2009. Immune cell regulators in mouse mammary development and involution. J Anim Sci 87: 35-42.
132. Webster JA, Beck AH, Sharma M, Esphinosa IBW, Schreuder M, Montgomery KD, Jensen KC, van de Rijn M, West R. 2010. Variations in stromal signature in breast and colorectal cancer metastases. J Pathol 222: 158-165.
133. Wernicke M. 1975. Quantitative morphologic assessment of immunoreactivity in regional lymph nodes of patients with carcinoma of the breast. Surg Gynecol Obstet 140: 919-924.
134. Wheeler TT, Broadhurst MK, Rajan GH, Wilkins RJ. 1997a. Differences in the abundance of nuclear proteins in the bovine mammary gland throughout the lactation and gestation cycles. J Dairy Sci 80: 2011-2019.
135. Wheeler TT, Kuys YM, Broadhurst MM, Molenaar AJ. 1997b. Mammary Stat5 abundance and activity are not altered with lactation state in cows. Mol Cell Endocrinol 133: 141-149.
136. Wyckoff JB, Segall JE, Condeelis JS. 2000. The collection of the motile population of cells froma living tumor. Cancer Res 60: 5401-5404.
137. Wyckoff JB, Wang Y, Lin EY, Li JF, Goswami S, Stanley ER, Segall JE, Pollard JW, Condeelis J. 2007. Direct visualization of macrophage-assisted tumor cell intravasation in mammary tumors. Cancer Res 67: 2649-2656.
138. Wyckoff J, Wang W, Lin EY, Wang Y, Pixley F, Stanley ER, Graf T, Pollard JW, Segall J, Condeelis J. 2004. A paracrine loop between tumor cells and macrophages is required for tumor cell migration in mammary tumors. Cancer Res 64: 7022-7029.
139. Yang L, Debusk LM, Fukuda K, Fingleton B, Green-Jarvis B, Shyr Y, Matrisian LM, Carbone DP, Lin PC. 2004. Expansion of myeloid immune suppressor Gr+CD11b+ cells in tumor-bearing host directly promotes tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Cell 6: 409-421.
140. Yang L, Huang J, Ren X, Gorska AE, Chytil A, Aakre M, Carbone DP, Matrisian LM, Richmond A, Lin PC, et al. 2008. Abrogation of TGF β signaling in mammary carcinomas recruits Gr-1+CD11b+ myeloid cells that promote metastasis. Cancer Cell 13: 23-35.
141. Zinkernagel AS, Johnson RS, Nizet V. 2007. Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) function in innate immunity and infection. J Mol Med 85: 1339-1346.
142. Zou W. 2005. Immunosuppressive networks in the tumour environment and their therapeutic relevance. Nat Rev Cancer 5: 263-274.