Advantageous fuel cell catalysts from colloidal nanometals

Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems

Volumn 7, Issue 2 SPEC. ISS., 2004, Pages 93-108

  Bonnemann H ^a   Nagabhushana, K S ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUT FÜR KOHLENFORSCHUNG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Colloidal nanometals; Fuel cell catalysts; Hydrosols; Nanoparticles; Organosols; Precursor concept; Synthesis

Indexed keywords

ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY; AGGLOMERATION; CATALYSIS; CHEMICAL BONDS; COLLOIDS; COMPLEXATION; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; FUEL CELLS; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; NUCLEATION; REDOX REACTIONS; REDUCTION; STABILIZATION; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL); THERMODYNAMICS;

COLLOIDAL NANOMETALS; FUEL CELL CATALYSTS; HYDROSOLS; ORGANOSOLS; PRECURSOR CONCEPT;

CATALYSTS;

EID: 8444227460     PISSN: 14802422     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (258)

1. H. Bönnemann, R. Richards, Synth. Met. Organomet. Inorg. Chem., 10, 209 (2002).
2. J.M. Thomas, B.F.G. Johnson, R. Raja, G. Sankar, P.A. Midgley, Acc. Chem. Res., 36, 20 (2003).
3. M.A. El-Sayed, Acc. Chem. Res., 34, 257 (2001).
4. M. Kralik, A. Biffis, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 177, 113 (2001).
5. U. Kreibig, H. Bönnemann, J. Hormes, in "Handbook of Surfaces and Interfaces of Materials", Ed., H.S. Nalwa, Academic Press, San Diego, 2001, p.1.
6. T.J. Schmidt, M. Noeske, H.A. Gasteiger, R.J. Behm, P. Britz, W. Brijoux, H. Bönnemann, Langmuir, 13, 2591 (1997).
7. E. Auer, W. Behl, T. Lehmann, U. Stenke (to Degussa AG), EP 09 24 784 A1, June 23, (1999).
8. M. Götz, H. Wendt, Electrochim. Acta, 43, 3637 (1998).
9. T. J. Schmidt, M. Noeske, H.A. Gasteiger, R.J. Behm, P. Britz, H. Bönnemann, J. Electrochem. Soc., 145, 925 (1998).
10. C. Cui, C.M. Lieber, Science, 291, 851 (2001).
11. A. Eychmuller, J. Phys. Chem. B, 104, 6514 (2001).
12. V.F. Puntes, K.M. Krishnan, A.P. Alivisatos, Science, 291, 2115 (2001).
13. S. Sun, C.B. Murray, D. Weller, L. Folks, A. Moser, Science, 287, 1989 (2000).
14. C.N.R. Rao, G.U. Kulkarni, P.J. Thomas, Chem. Soc. Rev., 29, 27 (2000).
15. S. Chen, Adv. Mater., 12, 186 (2000).
16. C.M. Niemeyer, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 40, 4128 (2001).
17. J. Turkevich, P.C. Stevenson, J. Hillier, Disc. Faraday Soc., 11, 55 (1951).
18. J. Turkevich, G. Kim, Science, 169, 873 (1970).
19. J. Turkevich, Gold Bulletin, 18, 86 (1985).
20. G. Schmid, in "Aspects of Homogeneous Catalysis", Ed., R. Ugo Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1990, Vol. 7, p.1.
21. G. Schmid Eds. "Clusters and Colloids", VCH, Weinheim, 1994.
22. H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, R. Fretzen, T. Joussen, R. Köppler, P. Neiteler, J. Richter, J. Mol. Catal., 86, 129 (1994).
23. H. Bönnemann, G. Braun, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, A.S. Tilling, K. Seevogel, K. Siepen, J. Organomet. Chem., 520, 143 (1996).
24. M.T. Reetz, W. Helbig, S.A. Quaiser, in "Active Metals" Ed., A. Fürstner, VCH, Weinheim, 1996, p.279.
25. H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux, in "Active Metals", Ed., A. Fürstner, VCH, Weinheim, 1996, p.339.
26. N. Toshima, T. Yonezawa, New. J. Chem., 1179 (1998).
27. J.D. Aiken III, R.G. Finke, J. Mol. Catal. A, 145, 1 (1999).
28. B.F.G. Johnson, Coord. Chem. Rev., 190, 1269 (1999).
29. H. Bönnemann, R.M. Ryan, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2455 (2001).
30. G. Schmid, in "Applied Homogeneous Catalysis with Organometallic Compounds", Ed., B. Cornus and W. A. Herrmann, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1996, Vol. 2, p.636.
31. W.A. Herrmann, B. Cornils, in "Applied Homogeneous Catalysis with Organometallic Compounds", Ed., B. Cornils and W. A. Herrmann, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1996, Vol. 2, p.1171.
32. H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux, in "Advanced Catalysts and Nanostructured Materials Chapter 7", Ed., W. Moser, Academic Press, San Diego, 1996, p. 165.
33. H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux, in "Metal Clusters in Chemistry", Ed., P. Braunstein, L.A. Oro and P.R. Raithby, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999, Vol. 2, p.913.
34. E. Gaffet, M. Tachikart, O. El Kedim, R. Rahouadj, Mater. Charac., 36(4-5), 185 (1996).
35. A. Amulyavichus, A. Daugvila, R. Davidonis, C. Sipavichus, Fizika Metallov I Metallovedenie, 85, 84 (1998).
36. M. Faraday, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, 147, 145 (1857).
37. T. Leisner, C. Rosche, S. Wolf, F. Granzer, L. Wöste, Surf. Rev. Lett., 3, 1105 (1996).
38. R. Tausch-Treml, A. Henglein, J. Lilie, Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem., 82, 1335 (1978).
39. M. Michaelis, A. Henglein, J. Phys.Chem., 96, 4719 (1992).
40. M.A. Watzky, R.G. Finke, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 119, 10382 (1997).
41. J. Rothe, J. Hormes, H. Bonnemann, W. Brijoux, K. Siepen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 120, 6019 (1998).
42. K. Angermund, M. Bühl, U. Endruschat, F. T. Mauschick, R. Mörtel, R. Mynott, B. Tesche, N. Waldöfner, H. Bönnemann, G. Köhl, H. Modrow, J. Hormes, E. Dinjus, F. Gassner, H-G. Haubold, T. Vad, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 41(21), 4041 (2002).
43. N.R. Jana, L. Gearheart, C.J. Murphy, Chem Mater., 13(7), 2313 (2002).
44. K.R. Brown, D. G. Walter, M.J. Natan, Chem. Mater., 12, 306 (2000).
45. H. Heng, P.C. Gibbons, K.F. Kelton, W.E. Buhro, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123, 9198 (2001).
46. N.R. Jana, L. Gearheart, C.J. Murphy, Langmuir, 17, 6782 (2001).
47. M. Maase, Neue Methoden zur größen- und formselektiven Darstellung von Metallkolloiden., PhD. Thesis, Bochum, Germany (1998).
48. J.S. Bradley, in "Clusters and Colloids", Ed., G. Schmid, VCH, Weinheim, 1994, p. 469.
49. A. Roucoux, J. Schulz and H. Patin, Chem Rev., 102, 3757 (2002).
50. H. Hirai, Y. Nakao, N. Toshima, K. Adachi, Chem Lett., 905 (1976).
51. H. Hirai, Y. Nakao, N. Toshima, Chem. Lett., 545 (1978).
52. H. Hirai, Y. Nakao, N. Toshima, J. Macromol. Sci. Chem. A12, 1117 (1978).
53. H. Hirai, Y. Nakao, N. Toshima, J. Macromol. Sci. Chem. A13, 727 (1979).
54. I. Konomi, S. Hyodo, T. Motohiro, J. Catal., 192, 11 (2000).
55. G. Schmid, R. Pfeil, R. Boese, F. Bandermann, S. Meyer, G. H. M. Calis, J. A. W. van der Velden, Chem. Ber., 114, 3634 (1981).
56. G. Schmid, Polyhedron, 7, 2321 (1988).
57. L. J. de Jongh, J. A. O. de Aguiar, H. B. Brom, G. Longoni, J. M. van Ruitenbeek, G. Schmid, H. H. A. Smit, M. P. J. van Staveren, R. C. Thiel, Z. Phys. D: At. Mol. Clusters, 12, 445 (1989).
58. G. Schmid, B. Morum, J. Malm, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 28, 778 (1989).
59. G. Schmid, N. Klein, L. Korste, Polyhedron, 7, 605 (1998).
60. T. Tominaga, S. Tenma, H. Watanabe, U. Giebel, G. Schmid, Chem. Lett., 1033 (1996).
61. G. Schmid, Chem. Rev., 92, 1709 (1992).
62. H. A. Wicrenga, L. Soethout, I. W. Gerritsen, B. E. C. van do Leemput, H. van Kempen, G. Schmid, Adv. Mater., 2, 482 (1990).
63. R. Houbertz, T. Feigenspan, F. Mielke, U. Memmert, U. Hartmann, U. Simon, G. Schön, G. Schmid, Europhys. Lett., 28, 641 (1994).
64. G. Schmid, A. Lehnert, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 28, 780 (1989).
65. G. Schmid, V. Maihack, F. Lantermann, S. Peschel, J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans., 589 (1996).
66. G. Schmid, H. West, J.O. Malm, J.O, Bovin, C. Grenthe, Chem. Eur. J., 2, 1099 (1996).
67. U. Simon, R. Flesch, H. Wiggers, G. Schön, G. Schmid, J. Mater. Chem., 8, 517 (1998).
68. G. Schmid, S. Peschel, New J. Chem., 22, 669 (1998).
69. G. Schmid, R. Pugin, J.O. Malm, J.O. Bovin, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 813 (1998).
70. M. Giersig, L.M.L. Tarzan, T. Ung, D. Su, P. Mulvaney, Ber. Bunsen. Phys. Chem., 101, 1617 (1997).
71. M.N. Vargaftik. V.P. Zargorodnikov, I.P. Stolarov, I.I. Moiseev, D.I. Kochubey, V.A. Likholobov, A.L. Chuvilin, K.I. Zarnaraev, J. Mol. Catal. 53, 315 (1989).
72. M.N. Vargaftik, V.P. Zargorodnikov, I.P. Stolarov, I.I. Moiseev, V.A. Likholobov, D.I. Kochubey, A.L. Chuvilin, V.I. Zaikosvsky, K.I. Zamaraev, G.I. Timofeeva, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commn., 937 (1985).
73. V.V. Volkov, G.V. Tendeloo, G.A. Tsirkov, N.V. Cherkashina, M.N. Vargaftik, I.I. Moiseev, V.M. Novotortsev, A.V. Kvit, A.L. Chuvilin, J. Cryst. Growth, 163, 377 (1996).
74. I.I. Moiseev, M.N. Vargaftik, V.V. Volkov, G.A. Tsirkov, N.V. Cherkashina, V.M. Novotortsev, O.G. Ellett, I.A. Petrunenka, A.L. Chuvilin, A.V. Kvit, Mend. Commn., 87 (1995).
75. V. Oleshko, V. Volkov, W. Jacob, M. Vargaftik, I.I. Moiseev, G. van Tendeloo, Z. Phys. D, 34, 283 (1995).
76. I.I. Moiseev, M.N. Vargaftik, T.V. Chernysheva, T.A. Stromnova, A.E. Gekhman, G.A. Tsirkov, A.M. Makhlina, J. Mol. Catal. A:Chem., 108, 77 (1996).
77. C. Amiens, D. de Caro, B. Chaudret, J.S. Bradley, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115 (24), 11638 (1993).
78. D. de Caro, H. Wally, C. Amiens, B. Chaudret, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm., 1891 (1994).
79. A. Rodriguez, C. Amiens, B. Chaudret, M.J. Casanove, P. Lecante, J.S. Bradley, Chem. Mater., 8, 1978 (1996).
80. M. Bardaji, O. Vidoni, A. Rodriguez, C. Amiens, B. Chaudret, M. J. Casanove, P. Lecante, New. J. Chem., 21, 1243 (1997).
81. S. Sun, C.B. Murray, D. Weller, L. Folks, A.Moser, Science, 287, 1989 (2000).
82. G. H. Moehrle, M.G. Warner, J.E. Hutchison, J. Phys. Chem. B, 106 (39), 9979 (2002).
83. R. Franke, J. Rothe, J. Pollmann, J. Hormes, H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux, Th. Hindenburg, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118, 12090 (1996).
84. O. Vidoni, K. Philippot, C. Amiens, B. Chaudret, O. Balmes, J.O. Malm, J.O. Bovin, F. Senocq, M.J. Casanove, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 38, 3736 (1999).
85. Y. Liu, S.Z.D. Cheng, X. Wen, J. Hu, Langmuir, 18 (26), 10500 (2002).
86. J. Tanori, M.P. Pileni, Langmuir, 13, 639 (1997).
87. M.P. Pileni, Langmuir, 13, 3266 (1997).
88. M. Antonietti, C. Göltner, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 36, 910 (1997).
89. M.P. Pileni, Supramol. Sci., 5, 321 (1998).
90. M.P. Pileni, Adv. Mater., 10, 259 (1998).
91. M. Antonietti, Chem. Ing. Tech., 68, 518 (1996).
92. S. Förster, Ber. Bunsen. Ges., 101, 1671 (1997).
93. J.J. Starhoff, R.C. Mucic, C.A. Mirkin, J. Cluster Sci., 8, 179 (1997).
94. M. Möller, J.P. Spatz, Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci., 2, 177 (1997).
95. G.B. Sergeev, M.A. Petrukhina, Prog. Solid State Chem., 24, 183 (1996).
96. J.P. Wilcoxon, P. Provencio, J. Phys. Chem. B, 103, 9809 (1999).
97. T. Miyao, N. Toyoizumi, S. Okuda, Y. Imai, K. Tyjima, S. Naito, Chem. Lett., 1125 (1999).
98. S.T. Selvan, M. Nogami, A. Nakamura, Y. Hamanaka, J. Noncryst. Solids, 255, 254 (1999).
99. M.M. Maye, W. Theng, F.L. Leibowitz, N.K. Ly, C.J. Zhong, Langmuir, 16, 490 (2000).
100. Y. Niidome, A. Hori, T. Sato, S. Yamada, Chem. Lett., 310 (2000).
101. M.T. Reetz, G. Lohmer, Chem. Comm., 1921 (1996).
102. D. Mandler and I. Willner, J. Phys. Chem. 91, 3600 (1987).
103. H. Bonnemann, W. Brijoux and T. Joussen (to Studiengesellschaft Kohle mbH), U.S. Pat. 5,580,492 (Aug. 26, 1993).
104. H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, E. Dinjus, T. Joussen, B. Korall, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 30, 1344 (1991).
105. H. Bonnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann and J. Richter (to Studiengesellschaft Kohle mbH), U.S. Pat. Appl.849,482 (Aug. 29, 1997), U. S. Patent No.6,090, 746 (Jul. 18, 2000).
106. M.T. Reetz, W. Helbig, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 116, 7401 (1994).
107. M.T. Reetz, W. Helbig and S. Quaiser (to Studiengesellschaft Kohle), U.S. Pat. 5,620,564 (Apr. 15, 1997) and U.S. Pat. 5,925,463 (Jul. 20, 1999)
108. M.A. Winter, PhD Thesis, Verlag Mainz, Aachen, ISBN 3-89653-355 (1998).
109. J.A. Becker, R. Schäfer, W. Festag, W. Ruland, J.H. Wendorf, Pebler, S.A. Quaiser, W. Helbig, M.T. Reetz, J. Chem. Phys., 103, 2520 (1995).
110. M.T. Reetz, S.A. Quaiser, C. Merk, Chem. Ber., 129, 741 (1996).
111. M.T. Reetz, W. Helbig, S.A. Quaiser, Chem. Mater., 7, 2227 (1995).
112. M.T. Reetz, S.A. Quaiser, Angew. Chem., 107, 2461 (1995); Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 34, 2240 (1995).
113. M.T. Reetz, S.A. Quaiser, Angew. Chem., 107, 2461 (1995); Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 34, 2240 (1995).
114. U. Kolb, S.A. Quaiser, M. Winter, M.T. Reetz, Chem. Mater, 8, 1889 (1996).
115. J. Kiwi, M. Grätzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 101, 7214 (1979).
116. H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, U. Endruschat, W. Hofstadt, K. Angermund, Rev. Roum. Chim., 44, 1003 (1999).
117. J. Sinzig, L.J. de Jongh, H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Köppler, Appl. Organomet. Chem., 12, 387 (1998).
118. H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux and R. Brinkmann, WO 99/59713, (Nov. 25, 1999), (to Studiengesellschaft Kohle).
119. J.S. Bradley, E.W. Hill, M.E. Leonowicz, H. Witzke, J. Mol. Catal., 41, 59 (1987).
120. M.T. Reetz, W. Helbig, S.A. Quaiser, U. Stimming, N. Breuer, R. Vogel, Science, 267, 367 (1995).
121. A.W. Snow, M.G. Ancona, W. Kruppa, G.G. Jernigan, E.E. Foos, D. Park, J. Mater. Chem., 12, 1222 (2002)
122. J.S. Yu, J.Y. Kim, S. Lee, J.K.N. Mbindyo, B.R. Martin, T.E. Mallouk, Chem. Comm., 2445 (2000).
123. T.T. Albrecht, J. Schotter, G.A. Kastle, N. Emley, T. Shibauchi, L.K. Elbaum, K. Guarini, C.T. Black, M.T. Tuominen, T.P. Russell, Science, 290, 2126 (2000).
124. J.K.N. Mbindyo, T.E. Mallouk, J.B. Mattzela, I. Kratochvilova, B. Razavi, T.N. Jackson, T.S. Mayer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124, 4020 (2002).
125. Y.G. Guo, L.J. Wan, J.R. Gong, C.L. Bai, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 4, 3422 (2002).
126. P.H. Hess, P.H. Parker, J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 10, 1915 (1966).
127. J.R. Thomas, J. Appl. Phys., 37, 2914 (1966).
128. K. Esumi, T. Tano, K. Torigue, K. Meguro, Chem. Mater., 2, 564 (1990).
129. J.S. Bradley, E.W. Hill, C. Klein, B. Chaudret, A. Duteil, Chem. Mater., 5, 254 (1993).
130. Y. Wada, H. Kuramoto, T. Sakata, H. Mori, T. Sumida, T. Kitamura, S. Yanagida, Chem. Lett., 607 (1999).
131. W. Yu, W. Tu, H. Liu, Langmuir, 15, 6 (1999).
132. K.E. Gonsalves, H. Li, R. Perez, P. Santiago, M.J. Yacaman, Coord. Chem. Rev., 206-207, 607 (2000).
133. D. Boxall, G. Deluga, E. Kenik, W. King, C. Lukehart, Chem. Mater., 13 (3), 891 (2001).
134. S. Komarneni, D. Li, B. Newalkar, H. Katsuki, A. S. Bhalla, Langmuir, 18 (15), 5959 (2002).
135. K.S. Suslick, T. Hyeon, M. Fang, A. Cichowlas, in "Advanced Catalysts and Nanostructured Materials, Chapter 8", Ed., W. Moser, Academic Press, San Diego, (1996), p.197.
136. A. Dhas, A. Gedanken, J. Mater. Chem., 8, 445 (1998).
137. Y. Koltypin, A. Femandez, C. Rojas, J. Campora, P. Palma, R. Prozorov, A. Gedanken, Chem. Mater., 11, 1331 (1999).
138. R.A. Salkar, P. Jeevanandam, S.T. Aruna, Y. Koltypin, A. Gedanken, J. Mater. Chem., 9, 1333 (1999).
139. K. Okitsu, S. Nagaoka, S. Tanabe, H. Matsumoto, Y. Mizukoshi, Y. Nagata, Chem. Lett., 271 (1999).
140. T.C. Rojas, M.J. Sayagues, A. Caballero, Y. Koltypin, A. Gedanken, L. Posonnet, B. Vacher, J.M. Martin, A. Fernandez, J. Mater. Chem., 10, 715 (2000).
141. A. Henglein, in "Modern Trends in Colloid Science in Chemistry and Biology", Ed., H.F. Bicke, Birkhauser Verlag, Stuttgart (1985), p.126.
142. B.G. Ershov, E. Janata, A. Henglein, A. Fojtik, J. Phys. Chem., 97, 4589 (1993).
143. A. Henglein, J. Phys. Chem., 97, 5457 (1993).
144. B.G. Ershov, E. Janata, A. Henglein, J. Phys. Chem., 97, 339 (1993).
145. A. Henglein, M. Giersig, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 6931 (1994).
146. A. Henglein, M. Gutierrez, E. Janata, B. Ershov, J. Phys. Chem., 96, 4598 (1992).
147. A. Henglein, P. Mulveney, A. Holzwarth, T.E. Sosebee, A. Fojtik, Ber. Bunsen. Phys. Chem., 96, 2411 (1992).
148. P. Mulveney, M. Giersig, A. Henglein, J. Phys. Chem., 96, 10419 (1992).
149. A. Henglein, D. Meisel, Langmuir, 14, 7392 (1998).
150. F. Ciardelli, P. Pertici, Z. Naturforsch., 40b 133 (1985).
151. J.S. Bradley, E.W. Hill, S. Behal, C. Klein, B. Chaudret, A. Duteil, Chem. Mater., 4, 1234 (1992).
152. A. Duteil, R. Quéau, B. Chaudret, R. Mazel, C. Roucau, J. S. Bradley, Chem. Mater., 5, 341 (1993).
153. D. deCaro, V. Agelou, A. Duteil, B. Chaudret, R. Mazel, Ch. Roucau, J.S. Bradley, New. J. Chem., 19, 1265 (1995).
154. F. Dassenoy, K. Philippot; T.O. Ely, C. Amiens, P. Lecante, E. Snoeck, A. Mosset, M.J. Casanove, B. Chaudret, New J. Chem., 19, 703 (1998).
155. J. Osuna, D. deCaro, C. Amiens, B. Chaudret, E. Snoeck, M. Respaud, J.M. Broto, A. Fert, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 14571 (1996).
156. T. O. Ely, C. Amiens, B. Chaudret, E. Snoeck, M. Vereist, M. Respaud, J.M. Broto, Chem. Mater., 11, 526 (1999).
157. J.S. Bradley, E.W. Hill, B. Chaudret, A. Duteil, Langmuir, 11, 693 (1995).
158. F. Dassenoy, M. Casanove, P. Lecante, M. Vereist, E. Snoeck, A. Mosset, T.O. Ely, C. Amiens, B. Chaudret, J. Chem. Phys., 112, 8137 (2000).
159. J.S. Bradley, in "Clusters and Colloids", Ed., G. Schmid, VCH, 1994, p. 471.
160. Y. Lin, R.G. Finke, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 116, 8335 (1994).
161. Y. Lin, R.G. Finke, Inorg. Chem., 33, 4891 (1994).
162. T. Nagata, M. Pohl, H. Weiner, R.G. Finke, Inorg. Chem., 36, 1366 (1997).
163. J.D. Aiken III, R.G. Finke, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 120, 9545 (1998).
164. J.D. Aiken, R.G. Finke, Chem. Mater., 11, 1035 (1999).
165. X. Fu, Y. Wang, N. Wu, L. Gui, Y. Tang, Langmuir, 18, 4619 (2002)
166. D. Angel, J.M. Dominguez, G.D. Angel, J.A. Montoya, E.L. Pitara, S. Labruquere, J. Barbier, Langmuir, 16 (18), 7210 (2000).
167. J.W. Yoo, D. Hathcock, M.A. El-Sayed, J. Phys. Chem. A, 106, 2049 (2002).
168. I. Balint, A. Miyazaki, K.I. Aika, Chem. Comm., 1044 (2002).
169. L.A. Porter, J.H.C. Choi, A.E. Ribbe, J.M. Buriak, Nano Lett., 2 (10), 1067 (2002).
170. M.R. Mucalo, R.P. Cooney, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commn., 94 (1989).
171. N. Toshima, K. Hirakawa, Poly. J., 31, 1127 (1999).
172. P. Lu, T. Teranishi, K. Asakura, M. Miyake, N. Toshima, J. Phys. Chem. B, 103, 9673 (1999).
173. K. Meguro, M. Torizuka, K. Esumi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 61, 341 (1988).
174. A.C. Curtis, D.G. Duff, P.P. Edwards, D.A. Jefferson, B.F.G. Johnson, A.I. Kirkland, D.E. Logan, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 26, 676 (1987).
175. D.G. Duff, A.C. Curtis, P.P. Edwards, D.A. Jefferson, B.F.G. Johnson, D.E. Logan, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commn., 1264 (1987).
176. A.C. Curtis, D.G. Duff, P.P. Edwards, D.A. Jefferson, B.F.G. Johnson, A.I. Kirkland, A.S. Wallace, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 27, 1530 (1988).
177. D.G. Duff, P.P. Edwards, J. Evans, J.T. Gauntlett, D.A. Jefferson, B.F.G. Johnson, A.I. Kirkland, D.J. Smith, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 28, 590 (1989).
178. D.G. Duff, A. Baiker, P.P. Edwards, Langmuir, 9, 2301 (1993).
179. W. Vogel, D.G. Duff, A. Baiker, Langmuir, 11, 401 (1995).
180. L.N. Lewis, N. Lewis, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 108, 7228 (1986).
181. L.N. Lewis, N. Lewis, Chem. Mater., 1, 106 (1989).
182. P.R. van Rheenen, M.J. McKelvey, W.S. Glaunsinger, J. Solid State Chem., 67, 151 (1987).
183. J. Xiao, Y. Xie, W. Luo, Chem. Lett., 462 (2002).
184. H.G. Zheng, J.H. Liang, J.H. Zeng, Y.T. Qian, Mater. Res. Bull., 36, 947 (2001).
185. D.G. Duff, A. Baiker, in "Preparation of Catalysts VI", Ed., G. Poncelet, J. Martens, B. Delmon, P.A. Jacobs and P. Grange, Elsevier Science, 1995, p.505.
186. H.C. Choi, S. Kundaria, D. Wang, A. Javey, Q. Wang, M. Rolandi, H. Dai, Nano Lett., 3 (2), 157 (2003).
187. K.L. Tsai, J.L. Dye, Chem. Mater., 5, 540 (1993).
188. J. van Wonterghem, S. Moørup, C.J.W. Koch, S.W. Charles, S. Wells, Nature, 322, 622 (1986).
189. G.N. Glavee, K.J. Klabunde, C.M. Sorensen, G.C. Hadjipanayis, Inorg. Chem., 32, 474 (1993).
190. K.P. Velikov, G.E. Zegers, A. van Blaaderen, Langmuir, 19 (4), 1384 (2003)
191. A. Yedra, L.F. Barquin, J.C. Gomez Sal, Q.A. Pankhurst, J Mag. Mag. Mater., 14, 254 (2003).
192. J.S. Jung, K.H. Choi, W.S. Chae, Y.R. Kim, J.H. Jun, L. Malkinski, T. Kodenkandath, W. Zhou, J.B. Wiley, C.J. O'Connor, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 64, 385 (2003).
193. Y. Song, R.W. Murray, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124 (24), 7096 (2001).
194. T. Cassagneau, F. Caruso, Adv. Mater., 14 (10), 732 (2002).
195. K.W. Park, J.H. Choi, B.K. Kwon, S.A. Lee, Y.E. Sung, H.Y. Ha, S.A. Hong, H. Kim, A. Wieckowski, J. Phys. Chem. B, 106, 1869 (2002).
196. K. Kinoshita, P. Stonehart, "Modern Aspect of Electrochemisty", Plenum Press, New York, 1996, p. 12.
197. K.J. Klabunde, C. Mohs, in "Chemistry of Advance Materials" Ed., L.V. Interrante and L.V.H. Smith, Wiley-VCH, New York, 1998, Chapter 3.
198. S.Y. Zhao, S.H. Chen, S.Y. Wang, D.G. Li, H.Y. Ma, Langmuir, 18, 3315 (2002).
199. S.A. Lee, K.W. Park, J.H. Choi, B.K. Kwon, Y.E. Sung, J. Elect. Chem. Soc., 149 (10), A1299 (2002).
200. B.J. Hormes, H. Modrow, R. Brinkmann, N. Waldöfner, H. Bönnemann, L. Beuermann, S. Krischok, W.M. Friedrichs, V. Kempter, Surface Science, 497, 321 (2002).
201. E.G.Franco, O. Neto, M.Linardi, E. Arico, J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 13(4), 516 (2002).
202. A.O. Neto, E.G. Franco, E. Arico, M. Linardi, E.R. Gonzalez, International workshop on ceramic/metal interfaces control at the atomic level, Oviedo, Spain, June (2002).
203. C. Roth, N. Martz, H. Fuess, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 3, 315 (2001).
204. H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, M. Wagener, WO 99/41758, (Aug. 19, 1999), (to Studiengesellschaft Kohle).
205. T. Vad, H.-G. Haubold, N. Waldöfner, H. Bönnemann, J.Appl. Cryst., 35, 459 (2002).
206. H. Bönnemann, N. Waldöfner, H.G. Haubold, T. Vad, Chem. Mater., 14, 1115 (2002).
207. H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux, H.W. Hofstadt, T.O. Ely, W. Schmidt, B. Waßmuth, C. Weidenthaler, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 41 (4), 599 (2002).
208. R. Richards, G. Geibel, W. Hofstadt, H. Bönnemann, Appl. Organometal Chem., 16, 377 (2002).
209. T. Sato, S. Kuroda, A. Takami, Y Yonezawa, H. Hada, Appl. Organomet. Chem., 5, 261 (1991).
210. N. Toshima, T. Yonezawa, Makromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp., 59, 327 (1992).
211. K. Torigoe, K. Esumi, Langmuir, 9, 1664 (1993).
212. C. Larpent, F. B-Le Menn, H. Patin, Mol. Catal., 65, L35 (1991).
213. N. Toshima, T. Takahashi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 65, 400 (1992).
214. C. Amberger, Ber., 37, 124 (1904).
215. C. Paal, C. Amberger, Ber., 38, 1398 (1905).
216. V.M. Deshpande, P. Singh, C.S. Narasimhan, J. Mol. Catal., 63, L5 (1990).
217. V.M. Deshpande, P. Singh, C.S. Narasimhan, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1181 (1990).
218. Y. Nakao, K. Kaeriyama, J. Coll. and Surf. Sci., 110(1), 82 (1986).
219. K. Esumi, M. Stiratori, H. Ihshizuka, T. Tano, K. Torigoe, K. Meguro, Langmuir, 7, 457 (1991).
220. N. Toshima, T. Takahashi, H. Hirai, Chem. Lett., 1245 (1985).
221. N. Toshima, T. Takahashi, Chem. Lett., 573 (1988).
222. J. Kiwi, M. Grätzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 101, 7214 (1974).
223. M.T. Reetz, M. Maase, Adv. Mater., 11, 773 (1999).
224. J.S. Bradley, B. Tesche, W. Busser, M. Maase, M.T. Reetz, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 122, 4631 (2000).
225. T.J. Schmidt, M. Noeske, H.A. Gasteiger, R.J. Behm, P. Britz, H. Bönnemann, J. Electrochem. Soc., 145, 924 (1998).
226. K. Kordesch, G. Simader, "Fuel Cells and their Applications", VCH, Weinheim, 1996.
227. H.G. Petrow, R.J. Allen, (to Prototech Comp.), US 4,044,193, August 23, 1977.
228. G.T. Burstein, C.J. Barnett, A.R. Kucernak, K.R. Williams, Catalysis Today, 38, 425 (1997).
229. E. Auer, A. Freund, T. Lehmann, K. -A. Starz, R. Schwarz, U. Stenke (to Degussa AG), EP 0 880 188, A2, November 25, 1998.
230. M.S. Wilson, S. Gottesfeld, J. Appl. Electrochem., 22, l (1992).
231. M.S. Wilson, X. Ren, S. Gottesfeld, J. Electrochem. Soc., 143, L 12 (1996).
232. S.C. Thomas, X. Ren, S. Gottesfeld, J. Electrochem. Soc., 146(12), 4354 (1999).
233. M.T. Reetz, M. Winter, R. Breinbauer, T. Thurn-Albrecht, W. Vogel, Chem. Eur. J., 7, 1084 (2001).
234. G. Schmid, A. Lehnen, J.-O. Malm, J.-O. Bovin, Angew. Int. Ed. Engl., 30, 874 (1991).
235. R. F. Service, Science, 285, 682 (1999).
236. G.J.K. Acres, J.C. Frost, G.A. Hards, R.J. Potter, T.R. Ralph, D. Thompsett, G.T. Burstein, G. Hutchings, J. Catalysis Today, 38, 393 (1997).
237. R.G. Cawthom, South Afr. J. Sci., 95, 481 (1999).
238. Information available from "World Fuel Cell Council" e.V., Kroegerstrasse 5, D-60313 Frankfurt. http://www.fuelcellworld.org/
239. D.S. Cameron, Platinum Metals Rev., 43(4), 149 (1999).
240. F.J Luczak, D.A. Landsman, (to United Technologies Corp.), US 4,613,582, September 23, 1986.
241. W. Wittholt, Mehrmetallische Pt-Kolloidkatalysatoren und ihre Anwendung in der Halonitroaromatenreduktion bzw. in Phosphorsäure-Brennstoffzellen. PhD Thesis, RWTH Aachen, 1996.
242. H. Wendt, M. Götz (to Degussa-Hüls AG), EP 0951 084 A2, October 20, 1999.
243. A. Freund, J. Lang, T. Lehmann, K.A. Starz, Catalysis Today, 27, 279 (1996).
244. H. Bönnemann, in "Extended Abstracts of the 3rd Int. Symposium on New Materials for Electrochemical Systems", Ed., O. Savadogo, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada, ISBN 21-553-00739-6 1999.
245. H. Bönnemann, R. Brinkmann, P. Britz, U. Endruschat, R. Mörtel, U.A. Paulus, G.J. Feldmeyer, T.J. Schmidt, H.A. Gasteiger, R.J. Behm, J. New Mat. for Electrochem. Syst., 3, 199 (2000).
246. T. Itoh, J. Sato (to N.E. Chemcat Corporation), EP 0 952 241, October 27, 1999.
247. S. Narayanan, S. Surampudi, G. Halpert (to California Institute of Technology), US 5,945,231, August 31, 1999.
248. U.A. Paulus, U. Endruschat, G.J. Feldmeyer, T.J. Schmidt, H. Boennemann, R.J. Behm, J. Catal., 195,383 (2000).
249. W. Vogel, P. Britz, H. Bönnemann, J. Rothe, J. Hormes, J. Phys. Chem. B., 101, 11029 (1997).
250. U. Stimming, R. Vogel, in "Electrochemical Nanotechnology", Ed., W.J. Lorenz and W. Plieth, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998, p 73.
251. J.R. Giallombardo, E.S. De Castro (to De Nora S.P.A.), WO 99/53557, April 14, 1999.
252. K. Lasch, L. Jorissen, J. Garche, J. Power Sources, 84, 225 (1999).
253. E. Reddington, A. Sapienza, B. Gurau, R. Viswanathan, S. Sarangapani, E.S. Smotkin, T.E. Mallouk, Science, 280, 1735 (1998).
254. M.T. Reetz, M.G. Koch, (to Studiengesellschaft Kohle m.b.H), W00029332 November 9, 1999.
255. M.T. Reetz, M. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 121, 7933 (1999).
256. M.G. Koch, Wasserlösliche Metall- und MetalloxidKolloide: Synthese, Charakterisierung und katalytische Anwendungen, PhD Thesis, 1999, Verlag Mainz, Aachen, ISBN 3-89653-514-5.
257. A. Freund, T. Lehmann, K.A. Starz, G. Heinz, R. Schwarz, (to Degussa AG), EP 0 743 092 A1. November 20, 1996.
258. K. Angermund, M. Bühl, U. Endruschat, F.T. Mauschick, R. Mörtel, R. Mynott, B. Tesche, N. Waldöfner, H. Bönnemann, G. Kohl, H. Modrow, J. Hormes, E. Dinjus, F. Gassner, H-G. Haubold, T. Vad, M. Kaupp, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107, 7507 (2003).