Redox-controlled size-selective fabrication of nanostructured transition metal colloids

Advanced Materials

Volumn 11, Issue 9, 1999, Pages 773-777

  Reetz, Manfred T ^a   Maase, Matthias ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUT FÜR KOHLENFORSCHUNG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000104516     PISSN: 09359648     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199906)11:9<773::AID-ADMA773>3.0.CO;2-1     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. a) Clusters and Colloids: From Theory to Applications (Ed.: G. Schmid), VCH, Weinheim 1994.
2. b) Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Films (Ed.: J. H. Fendler), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 1998.
3. c) A. Henglein, Ber. Bunsen-Ges. 1997, 101, 1562.
4. d) G. Schmid, L. F. Chi, Adv. Mater. 1998, 10, 515.
5. Tetraalkylammonium-stabilized metal-colloids: a) J. Kiwi, M. Grätzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 7214. b) Y. Sasson, A. Zoran, J. Blum, J. Mol. Catal. 1981, 11, 293. c) M. Boutonnet, J. Kizling, P. Stenius, G. Maire, Colloids Surf. 1982, 5, 209. d) N. Toshima, T. Takahashi, H. Hirai, Chan. Lett. 1985, 1245. e) M. Boutonnet, J. Kizling, R. Touroude, G. Maire, P. Stenius, Appl. Catal. 1986, 20, 163. f) K. Meguro, M. Torizuka, K. Esumi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1988, 61, 341. g) J. Wiesner, A. Wokaun, H. Hoffmann, Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1988, 76, 271. h) N. Satoh, K. Kimura, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1989, 62, 1758. i) H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, E. Dinjus, T. Joussen, B. Korall, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1312; Angew. Chem. 1991, 103, 1344. j) M. T. Reetz, S. A. Quaiser, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2240; Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 2461. k) M. T. Reetz, W. Helbig, S. A. Quaiser, U. Stimming, N. Breuer, R. Vogel, Science 1995, 267, 367.
6. Tetraalkylammonium-stabilized metal-colloids: a) J. Kiwi, M. Grätzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 7214. b) Y. Sasson, A. Zoran, J. Blum, J. Mol. Catal. 1981, 11, 293. c) M. Boutonnet, J. Kizling, P. Stenius, G. Maire, Colloids Surf. 1982, 5, 209. d) N. Toshima, T. Takahashi, H. Hirai, Chan. Lett. 1985, 1245. e) M. Boutonnet, J. Kizling, R. Touroude, G. Maire, P. Stenius, Appl. Catal. 1986, 20, 163. f) K. Meguro, M. Torizuka, K. Esumi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1988, 61, 341. g) J. Wiesner, A. Wokaun, H. Hoffmann, Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1988, 76, 271. h) N. Satoh, K. Kimura, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1989, 62, 1758. i) H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, E. Dinjus, T. Joussen, B. Korall, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1312; Angew. Chem. 1991, 103, 1344. j) M. T. Reetz, S. A. Quaiser, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2240; Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 2461. k) M. T. Reetz, W. Helbig, S. A. Quaiser, U. Stimming, N. Breuer, R. Vogel, Science 1995, 267, 367.
7. Tetraalkylammonium-stabilized metal-colloids: a) J. Kiwi, M. Grätzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 7214. b) Y. Sasson, A. Zoran, J. Blum, J. Mol. Catal. 1981, 11, 293. c) M. Boutonnet, J. Kizling, P. Stenius, G. Maire, Colloids Surf. 1982, 5, 209. d) N. Toshima, T. Takahashi, H. Hirai, Chan. Lett. 1985, 1245. e) M. Boutonnet, J. Kizling, R. Touroude, G. Maire, P. Stenius, Appl. Catal. 1986, 20, 163. f) K. Meguro, M. Torizuka, K. Esumi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1988, 61, 341. g) J. Wiesner, A. Wokaun, H. Hoffmann, Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1988, 76, 271. h) N. Satoh, K. Kimura, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1989, 62, 1758. i) H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, E. Dinjus, T. Joussen, B. Korall, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1312; Angew. Chem. 1991, 103, 1344. j) M. T. Reetz, S. A. Quaiser, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2240; Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 2461. k) M. T. Reetz, W. Helbig, S. A. Quaiser, U. Stimming, N. Breuer, R. Vogel, Science 1995, 267, 367.
8. Tetraalkylammonium-stabilized metal-colloids: a) J. Kiwi, M. Grätzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 7214. b) Y. Sasson, A. Zoran, J. Blum, J. Mol. Catal. 1981, 11, 293. c) M. Boutonnet, J. Kizling, P. Stenius, G. Maire, Colloids Surf. 1982, 5, 209. d) N. Toshima, T. Takahashi, H. Hirai, Chan. Lett. 1985, 1245. e) M. Boutonnet, J. Kizling, R. Touroude, G. Maire, P. Stenius, Appl. Catal. 1986, 20, 163. f) K. Meguro, M. Torizuka, K. Esumi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1988, 61, 341. g) J. Wiesner, A. Wokaun, H. Hoffmann, Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1988, 76, 271. h) N. Satoh, K. Kimura, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1989, 62, 1758. i) H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, E. Dinjus, T. Joussen, B. Korall, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1312; Angew. Chem. 1991, 103, 1344. j) M. T. Reetz, S. A. Quaiser, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2240; Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 2461. k) M. T. Reetz, W. Helbig, S. A. Quaiser, U. Stimming, N. Breuer, R. Vogel, Science 1995, 267, 367.
9. Tetraalkylammonium-stabilized metal-colloids: a) J. Kiwi, M. Grätzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 7214. b) Y. Sasson, A. Zoran, J. Blum, J. Mol. Catal. 1981, 11, 293. c) M. Boutonnet, J. Kizling, P. Stenius, G. Maire, Colloids Surf. 1982, 5, 209. d) N. Toshima, T. Takahashi, H. Hirai, Chan. Lett. 1985, 1245. e) M. Boutonnet, J. Kizling, R. Touroude, G. Maire, P. Stenius, Appl. Catal. 1986, 20, 163. f) K. Meguro, M. Torizuka, K. Esumi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1988, 61, 341. g) J. Wiesner, A. Wokaun, H. Hoffmann, Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1988, 76, 271. h) N. Satoh, K. Kimura, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1989, 62, 1758. i) H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, E. Dinjus, T. Joussen, B. Korall, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1312; Angew. Chem. 1991, 103, 1344. j) M. T. Reetz, S. A. Quaiser, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2240; Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 2461. k) M. T. Reetz, W. Helbig, S. A. Quaiser, U. Stimming, N. Breuer, R. Vogel, Science 1995, 267, 367.
10. Tetraalkylammonium-stabilized metal-colloids: a) J. Kiwi, M. Grätzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 7214. b) Y. Sasson, A. Zoran, J. Blum, J. Mol. Catal. 1981, 11, 293. c) M. Boutonnet, J. Kizling, P. Stenius, G. Maire, Colloids Surf. 1982, 5, 209. d) N. Toshima, T. Takahashi, H. Hirai, Chan. Lett. 1985, 1245. e) M. Boutonnet, J. Kizling, R. Touroude, G. Maire, P. Stenius, Appl. Catal. 1986, 20, 163. f) K. Meguro, M. Torizuka, K. Esumi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1988, 61, 341. g) J. Wiesner, A. Wokaun, H. Hoffmann, Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1988, 76, 271. h) N. Satoh, K. Kimura, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1989, 62, 1758. i) H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, E. Dinjus, T. Joussen, B. Korall, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1312; Angew. Chem. 1991, 103, 1344. j) M. T. Reetz, S. A. Quaiser, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2240; Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 2461. k) M. T. Reetz, W. Helbig, S. A. Quaiser, U. Stimming, N. Breuer, R. Vogel, Science 1995, 267, 367.
11. Tetraalkylammonium-stabilized metal-colloids: a) J. Kiwi, M. Grätzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 7214. b) Y. Sasson, A. Zoran, J. Blum, J. Mol. Catal. 1981, 11, 293. c) M. Boutonnet, J. Kizling, P. Stenius, G. Maire, Colloids Surf. 1982, 5, 209. d) N. Toshima, T. Takahashi, H. Hirai, Chan. Lett. 1985, 1245. e) M. Boutonnet, J. Kizling, R. Touroude, G. Maire, P. Stenius, Appl. Catal. 1986, 20, 163. f) K. Meguro, M. Torizuka, K. Esumi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1988, 61, 341. g) J. Wiesner, A. Wokaun, H. Hoffmann, Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1988, 76, 271. h) N. Satoh, K. Kimura, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1989, 62, 1758. i) H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, E. Dinjus, T. Joussen, B. Korall, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1312; Angew. Chem. 1991, 103, 1344. j) M. T. Reetz, S. A. Quaiser, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2240; Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 2461. k) M. T. Reetz, W. Helbig, S. A. Quaiser, U. Stimming, N. Breuer, R. Vogel, Science 1995, 267, 367.
12. Tetraalkylammonium-stabilized metal-colloids: a) J. Kiwi, M. Grätzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 7214. b) Y. Sasson, A. Zoran, J. Blum, J. Mol. Catal. 1981, 11, 293. c) M. Boutonnet, J. Kizling, P. Stenius, G. Maire, Colloids Surf. 1982, 5, 209. d) N. Toshima, T. Takahashi, H. Hirai, Chan. Lett. 1985, 1245. e) M. Boutonnet, J. Kizling, R. Touroude, G. Maire, P. Stenius, Appl. Catal. 1986, 20, 163. f) K. Meguro, M. Torizuka, K. Esumi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1988, 61, 341. g) J. Wiesner, A. Wokaun, H. Hoffmann, Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1988, 76, 271. h) N. Satoh, K. Kimura, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1989, 62, 1758. i) H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, E. Dinjus, T. Joussen, B. Korall, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1312; Angew. Chem. 1991, 103, 1344. j) M. T. Reetz, S. A. Quaiser, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2240; Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 2461. k) M. T. Reetz, W. Helbig, S. A. Quaiser, U. Stimming, N. Breuer, R. Vogel, Science 1995, 267, 367.
13. Tetraalkylammonium-stabilized metal-colloids: a) J. Kiwi, M. Grätzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 7214. b) Y. Sasson, A. Zoran, J. Blum, J. Mol. Catal. 1981, 11, 293. c) M. Boutonnet, J. Kizling, P. Stenius, G. Maire, Colloids Surf. 1982, 5, 209. d) N. Toshima, T. Takahashi, H. Hirai, Chan. Lett. 1985, 1245. e) M. Boutonnet, J. Kizling, R. Touroude, G. Maire, P. Stenius, Appl. Catal. 1986, 20, 163. f) K. Meguro, M. Torizuka, K. Esumi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1988, 61, 341. g) J. Wiesner, A. Wokaun, H. Hoffmann, Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1988, 76, 271. h) N. Satoh, K. Kimura, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1989, 62, 1758. i) H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, E. Dinjus, T. Joussen, B. Korall, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1312; Angew. Chem. 1991, 103, 1344. j) M. T. Reetz, S. A. Quaiser, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2240; Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 2461. k) M. T. Reetz, W. Helbig, S. A. Quaiser, U. Stimming, N. Breuer, R. Vogel, Science 1995, 267, 367.
14. Tetraalkylammonium-stabilized metal-colloids: a) J. Kiwi, M. Grätzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 7214. b) Y. Sasson, A. Zoran, J. Blum, J. Mol. Catal. 1981, 11, 293. c) M. Boutonnet, J. Kizling, P. Stenius, G. Maire, Colloids Surf. 1982, 5, 209. d) N. Toshima, T. Takahashi, H. Hirai, Chan. Lett. 1985, 1245. e) M. Boutonnet, J. Kizling, R. Touroude, G. Maire, P. Stenius, Appl. Catal. 1986, 20, 163. f) K. Meguro, M. Torizuka, K. Esumi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1988, 61, 341. g) J. Wiesner, A. Wokaun, H. Hoffmann, Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1988, 76, 271. h) N. Satoh, K. Kimura, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1989, 62, 1758. i) H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, E. Dinjus, T. Joussen, B. Korall, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1312; Angew. Chem. 1991, 103, 1344. j) M. T. Reetz, S. A. Quaiser, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2240; Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 2461. k) M. T. Reetz, W. Helbig, S. A. Quaiser, U. Stimming, N. Breuer, R. Vogel, Science 1995, 267, 367.
15. Tetraalkylammonium-stabilized metal-colloids: a) J. Kiwi, M. Grätzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 7214. b) Y. Sasson, A. Zoran, J. Blum, J. Mol. Catal. 1981, 11, 293. c) M. Boutonnet, J. Kizling, P. Stenius, G. Maire, Colloids Surf. 1982, 5, 209. d) N. Toshima, T. Takahashi, H. Hirai, Chan. Lett. 1985, 1245. e) M. Boutonnet, J. Kizling, R. Touroude, G. Maire, P. Stenius, Appl. Catal. 1986, 20, 163. f) K. Meguro, M. Torizuka, K. Esumi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1988, 61, 341. g) J. Wiesner, A. Wokaun, H. Hoffmann, Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1988, 76, 271. h) N. Satoh, K. Kimura, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1989, 62, 1758. i) H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, E. Dinjus, T. Joussen, B. Korall, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1312; Angew. Chem. 1991, 103, 1344. j) M. T. Reetz, S. A. Quaiser, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2240; Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 2461. k) M. T. Reetz, W. Helbig, S. A. Quaiser, U. Stimming, N. Breuer, R. Vogel, Science 1995, 267, 367.
16. Tetraalkylammonium-stabilized metal-colloids: a) J. Kiwi, M. Grätzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 7214. b) Y. Sasson, A. Zoran, J. Blum, J. Mol. Catal. 1981, 11, 293. c) M. Boutonnet, J. Kizling, P. Stenius, G. Maire, Colloids Surf. 1982, 5, 209. d) N. Toshima, T. Takahashi, H. Hirai, Chan. Lett. 1985, 1245. e) M. Boutonnet, J. Kizling, R. Touroude, G. Maire, P. Stenius, Appl. Catal. 1986, 20, 163. f) K. Meguro, M. Torizuka, K. Esumi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1988, 61, 341. g) J. Wiesner, A. Wokaun, H. Hoffmann, Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1988, 76, 271. h) N. Satoh, K. Kimura, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1989, 62, 1758. i) H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, E. Dinjus, T. Joussen, B. Korall, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1312; Angew. Chem. 1991, 103, 1344. j) M. T. Reetz, S. A. Quaiser, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2240; Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 2461. k) M. T. Reetz, W. Helbig, S. A. Quaiser, U. Stimming, N. Breuer, R. Vogel, Science 1995, 267, 367.
17. Tetraalkylammonium-stabilized metal-colloids: a) J. Kiwi, M. Grätzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 7214. b) Y. Sasson, A. Zoran, J. Blum, J. Mol. Catal. 1981, 11, 293. c) M. Boutonnet, J. Kizling, P. Stenius, G. Maire, Colloids Surf. 1982, 5, 209. d) N. Toshima, T. Takahashi, H. Hirai, Chan. Lett. 1985, 1245. e) M. Boutonnet, J. Kizling, R. Touroude, G. Maire, P. Stenius, Appl. Catal. 1986, 20, 163. f) K. Meguro, M. Torizuka, K. Esumi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1988, 61, 341. g) J. Wiesner, A. Wokaun, H. Hoffmann, Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1988, 76, 271. h) N. Satoh, K. Kimura, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1989, 62, 1758. i) H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, E. Dinjus, T. Joussen, B. Korall, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1312; Angew. Chem. 1991, 103, 1344. j) M. T. Reetz, S. A. Quaiser, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2240; Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 2461. k) M. T. Reetz, W. Helbig, S. A. Quaiser, U. Stimming, N. Breuer, R. Vogel, Science 1995, 267, 367.
18. See for example: a) W. Ostwald, Die wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen der analytischen Chemie, Engelmann, Leipzig 1897. b) M. Volmer, Kinetik der Phasenbildung, Steinkopff, Dresden 1939. c) J. Turkevich, P. C. Stevenson, J. Hillier, Discuss. Faraday Soc. 1951, 11, 55. d) V. K. LaMer, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1952, 44, 1270; e) K. H. Lieser, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1969, 8, 188; Angew. Chem. 1969, 81, 206.
19. See for example: a) W. Ostwald, Die wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen der analytischen Chemie, Engelmann, Leipzig 1897. b) M. Volmer, Kinetik der Phasenbildung, Steinkopff, Dresden 1939. c) J. Turkevich, P. C. Stevenson, J. Hillier, Discuss. Faraday Soc. 1951, 11, 55. d) V. K. LaMer, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1952, 44, 1270; e) K. H. Lieser, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1969, 8, 188; Angew. Chem. 1969, 81, 206.
20. See for example: a) W. Ostwald, Die wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen der analytischen Chemie, Engelmann, Leipzig 1897. b) M. Volmer, Kinetik der Phasenbildung, Steinkopff, Dresden 1939. c) J. Turkevich, P. C. Stevenson, J. Hillier, Discuss. Faraday Soc. 1951, 11, 55. d) V. K. LaMer, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1952, 44, 1270; e) K. H. Lieser, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1969, 8, 188; Angew. Chem. 1969, 81, 206.
21. See for example: a) W. Ostwald, Die wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen der analytischen Chemie, Engelmann, Leipzig 1897. b) M. Volmer, Kinetik der Phasenbildung, Steinkopff, Dresden 1939. c) J. Turkevich, P. C. Stevenson, J. Hillier, Discuss. Faraday Soc. 1951, 11, 55. d) V. K. LaMer, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1952, 44, 1270; e) K. H. Lieser, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1969, 8, 188; Angew. Chem. 1969, 81, 206.
22. See for example: a) W. Ostwald, Die wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen der analytischen Chemie, Engelmann, Leipzig 1897. b) M. Volmer, Kinetik der Phasenbildung, Steinkopff, Dresden 1939. c) J. Turkevich, P. C. Stevenson, J. Hillier, Discuss. Faraday Soc. 1951, 11, 55. d) V. K. LaMer, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1952, 44, 1270; e) K. H. Lieser, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1969, 8, 188; Angew. Chem. 1969, 81, 206.
23. See for example: a) W. Ostwald, Die wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen der analytischen Chemie, Engelmann, Leipzig 1897. b) M. Volmer, Kinetik der Phasenbildung, Steinkopff, Dresden 1939. c) J. Turkevich, P. C. Stevenson, J. Hillier, Discuss. Faraday Soc. 1951, 11, 55. d) V. K. LaMer, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1952, 44, 1270; e) K. H. Lieser, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1969, 8, 188; Angew. Chem. 1969, 81, 206.
24. +, hydrazine or alcohols used in metal colloid syntheses [1].
25. J. S. Bradley in Clusters and Colloids: From Theory to Applications (Ed.: G. Schmid), VCH, Weinheim 1994, p. 459.
26. In our electrochemical method for the formation of stabilized metal colloids, current density plays a certain role [2j], but other parameters such as electrode distance, temperature and solvent polarity are more important [M. T. Reetz, M. Winter, unpublished].
27. The variation of alcohols as reductants of certain transition metal salts leads to metal colloids of different sizes, although the range is rather small. Moreover, opposite trends are observed, depending upon the nature of the metal: a) G. W. Busser, J. G. von Ommen, J. A. Lercher in Adv. Catal. Nanostruct. Mater. (Ed.: W. R. Moser), Academic, San Diego 1996, p. 213. b) T. Teranishi, M. Miyake, Chem. Mater. 1998, 10, 594.
28. The variation of alcohols as reductants of certain transition metal salts leads to metal colloids of different sizes, although the range is rather small. Moreover, opposite trends are observed, depending upon the nature of the metal: a) G. W. Busser, J. G. von Ommen, J. A. Lercher in Adv. Catal. Nanostruct. Mater. (Ed.: W. R. Moser), Academic, San Diego 1996, p. 213. b) T. Teranishi, M. Miyake, Chem. Mater. 1998, 10, 594.
29. The reduction of metal salts in micelles allows for an elegant way to control particle size in many cases: a) M. Antonietti, F. Gröhn, J. Hartmann, L. Bronstein, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2080; Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2170. b) M. P. Pileni, Ber. Bunsen-Ges. 1997, 101, 1578.
30. The reduction of metal salts in micelles allows for an elegant way to control particle size in many cases: a) M. Antonietti, F. Gröhn, J. Hartmann, L. Bronstein, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2080; Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2170. b) M. P. Pileni, Ber. Bunsen-Ges. 1997, 101, 1578.
31. The reduction of metal salts in micelles allows for an elegant way to control particle size in many cases: a) M. Antonietti, F. Gröhn, J. Hartmann, L. Bronstein, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2080; Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2170. b) M. P. Pileni, Ber. Bunsen-Ges. 1997, 101, 1578.
32. 2] to shorter wavelengths (<400 nm; palladium acetate containing complexes) at the beginning of the synthesis indicates ligand exchange.
33. If necessary, a portion of the ammonium salt can be removed by washing with ethanol which raises the metal contents from 30-40 % to 80%.
34. Using a system developed by M. T. Reetz, M. Maase, B. Tesche and T. Schilling (Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr), the TEM micrographs (negatives) were scanned at a physical resolution of 1200 dpi (HP ScanJet 4C/T) and the digitized images analyzed by means of digital image reprocessing.
35. 3-electrode in THF). We thank E. Janssen for carrying out these experiments.
36. This was observed, for example, in the formation of nanostructured CdS-particles: H. Weller, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 41; Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 43.
37. This was observed, for example, in the formation of nanostructured CdS-particles: H. Weller, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 41; Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 43.
38. M. A. Watzky, R. G. Finke, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10382.
39. This term was introduced by Finke [14]; the phenomenon was previously observed in other systems: a) D. G. Duff, A. Baiker in Preparation of Catalysts VI: Scientific Bases for the Preparation of Heterogeneous Catalysis (Eds: G. Poncelet, J. Martens, B. Delmon, P. A. Jacobs, P. Grange), Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., Vol. 91, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1995, p. 505. b) K. R. Brown, M. J. Natan, Langmuir 1998, 14, 726. c) The formation of CdS-nanoparticles also represents a living polymerization [13].
40. This term was introduced by Finke [14]; the phenomenon was previously observed in other systems: a) D. G. Duff, A. Baiker in Preparation of Catalysts VI: Scientific Bases for the Preparation of Heterogeneous Catalysis (Eds: G. Poncelet, J. Martens, B. Delmon, P. A. Jacobs, P. Grange), Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., Vol. 91, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1995, p. 505. b) K. R. Brown, M. J. Natan, Langmuir 1998, 14, 726. c) The formation of CdS-nanoparticles also represents a living polymerization [13].
41. This term was introduced by Finke [14]; the phenomenon was previously observed in other systems: a) D. G. Duff, A. Baiker in Preparation of Catalysts VI: Scientific Bases for the Preparation of Heterogeneous Catalysis (Eds: G. Poncelet, J. Martens, B. Delmon, P. A. Jacobs, P. Grange), Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., Vol. 91, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1995, p. 505. b) K. R. Brown, M. J. Natan, Langmuir 1998, 14, 726. c) The formation of CdS-nanoparticles also represents a living polymerization [13].