Mantle anisotropy beneath the Earth's mid-ocean ridges

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

Volumn 317-318, Issue , 2012, Pages 56-67

  Nowacki, Andy ^a   Kendall, J Michael ^a   Wookey, James ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

LAB; LPO; Mantle dynamics; Mid ocean ridges; Seismic anisotropy

Indexed keywords

LAB; LPO; MANTLE DYNAMICS; MID-OCEAN RIDGES; SEISMIC ANISOTROPY;

ANISOTROPY; SEISMIC PROSPECTING; SHEAR WAVES; SURFACE WAVES; TRANSFORM FAULTS;

OCEANOGRAPHY;

EARTHQUAKE; MANTLE DISCONTINUITY; MANTLE PROCESS; MID-OCEAN RIDGE; S-WAVE; SEISMIC ANISOTROPY; SURFACE WAVE; TELESEISMIC WAVE; TRANSFORM FAULT; WAVE SPLITTING;

ARCTIC OCEAN; EAST PACIFIC RISE; GAKKEL RIDGE; INDIAN OCEAN; PACIFIC OCEAN; SOUTHWEST INDIAN RIDGE;

EID: 84255189030     PISSN: 0012821X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.11.044     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Abramson E., Brown J., Slutsky L., Zaug J. The elastic constants of San Carlos olivine to 17GPa. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 1997, 102(B6):12253-12263.
2. Ayele A., Stuart G., Kendall J.M. Insights into rifting from shear wave splitting and receiver functions: an example from Ethiopia. Geophys. J. Int. 2004, 157(1):354-362.
3. Barclay A., Toomey D. Shear wave splitting and crustal anisotropy at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 35° N. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 2003, 108(B8):2378.
4. Barruol G., Helffrich G., Vauchez A. Shear wave splitting around the northern Atlantic: frozen Pangaean lithospheric anisotropy?. Tectonophysics 1997, 279(1-4):135-148.
5. Becker T.W., Ekström G., Boschi L., Woodhouse J.H. Length scales, patterns and origin of azimuthal seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle as mapped by Rayleigh waves. Geophys. J. Int. 2007, 171(1):451-462.
6. Behn M., Conrad C., Silver P.G. Detection of upper mantle flow associated with the African Superplume. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2004, 224(3-4):259-274.
7. Bird P. An updated digital model of plate boundaries. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2003, 4:1027.
8. Blackman D., Kendall J.M. Sensitivity of teleseismic body waves to mineral texture and melt in the mantle beneath a mid-ocean ridge. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 1997, 355(1723):217-231.
9. Blackman D., Kendall J.M. Seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle 2. Predictions for current plate boundary flow models. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2002, 3:8602.
10. Blackman D., Orcutt J., Forsyth D., Kendall J.M. Seismic anisotropy in the mantle beneath an oceanic spreading center. Nature 1993, 366(6456):675-677.
11. Blackman D., Orcutt J., Forsyth D. Recording teleseismic earthquakes using ocean-bottom seismographs at mid-ocean ridges. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 1995, 85(6):1648-1664.
12. Blackman D., Orcutt J., Forsyth D., Kendall J.M. Correction to: 'Seismic anisotropy in the mantle beneath an oceanic spreading center (vol 366, pg 675, 1993)'. Nature 1995, 374(6525):824.
13. Blackman D., Kendall J.M., Dawson P., Wenk H.-R., Boyce D., Phipps Morgan J. Teleseismic imaging of subaxial flow at mid-ocean ridges: traveltime effects of anisotropic mineral texture in the mantle. Geophys. J. Int. 1996, 127(2):415-426.
14. Blackman D., Wenk H.-R., Kendall J.M. Seismic anisotropy of the upper mantle 1. Factors that affect mineral texture and effective elastic properties. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2002, 3:8601.
15. Conder J.A. Dynamically driven mantle flow and shear wave splitting asymmetry across the EPR, MELT area. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34(16):L16301.
16. Conrad C.P., Behn M.D., Silver P.G. Global mantle flow and the development of seismic anisotropy: differences between the oceanic and continental upper mantle. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 2007, 112(B7):B07317.
17. Debayle E., Kennett B., Priestley K. Global azimuthal seismic anisotropy and the unique plate-motion deformation of Australia. Nature 2005, 433(7025):509-512.
18. Delorey A.A., Dunn R.A., Gaherty J.B. Surface wave tomography of the upper mantle beneath the Reykjanes Ridge with implications for ridge-hot spot interaction. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 2007, 112(B8):B08313.
19. DeMets C., Gordon R.G., Argus D.F., Stein S. Effect of recent revisions to the geomagnetic reversal time scale on estimates of current plate motions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1994, 21(20):2191-2194.
20. Dunn R., Toomey D. Seismological evidence for three-dimensional melt migration beneath the East Pacific Rise. Nature 1997, 388(6639):259-262.
21. Ekström G., Dziewoński A. The unique anisotropy of the pacific upper mantle. Nature 1998, 394(6689):168-172.
22. Engdahl E., van der Hilst R.D., Buland R. Global teleseismic earthquake relocation with improved travel times and procedures for depth determination. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 1998, 88(3):722-743.
23. Evans M., Kendall J.M., Willemann R. Automated SKS splitting and upper-mantle anisotropy beneath Canadian seismic stations. Geophys. J. Int. 2006, 165(3):931-942.
24. Ferreira A.M.G., Woodhouse J.H., Visser K., Trampert J. On the robustness of global radially anisotropic surface wave tomography. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 2010, 115:B04313.
25. Foley B.J., Long M.D. Upper and mid-mantle anisotropy beneath the Tonga slab. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2011, 38(2):L02303.
26. Forte A.M., Quere S., Moucha R., Simmons N.A., Grand S.P., Mitrovica J.X., Rowley D.B. Joint seismic-geodynamic-mineral physical modelling of African geodynamics: a reconciliation of deep-mantle convection with surface geophysical constraints. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2010, 295(3-4):329-341.
27. Fouch M.J., Fischer K.M., Parmentier E., Wysession M., Clarke T. Shear wave splitting, continental keels, and patterns of mantle flow. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 2000, 105(B3):6255-6275.
28. Gaherty J.B. Seismic evidence for hotspot-induced buoyant flow beneath the Reykjanes Ridge. Science 2001, 293(5535):1645-1647.
29. Gaherty J. A surface wave analysis of seismic anisotropy beneath eastern North America. Geophys. J. Int. 2004, 158(3):1053-1066.
30. Gaherty J., Lizarralde D., Collins J., Hirth G., Kim S. Mantle deformation during slow seafloor spreading constrained by observations of seismic anisotropy in the western Atlantic. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2004, 228(3-4):255-265.
31. Gripp A., Gordon R. Young tracks of hotspots and current plate velocities. Geophys. J. Int. 2002, 150(2):321-361.
32. Hall S.A., Kendall J.M., der Baan M.V. Some comments on the effects of lower-mantle anisotropy on SKS and SKKS phases. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 2004, 146(3-4):469-481.
33. Harmon N., Forsyth D., Fischer K.M., Webb S. Variations in shear-wave splitting in young Pacific seafloor. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31(15):L15609.
34. Hess H. Seismic anisotropy of uppermost mantle under oceans. Nature 1964, 203(494). 629-631.
35. Holtzman B.K., Kendall J.M. Organized melt, seismic anisotropy, and plate boundary lubrication. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2010, 11:Q0AB06.
36. Holtzman B.K., Groebner N., Zimmerman M., Ginsberg S., Kohlstedt D. Stress-driven melt segregation in partially molten rocks. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2003, 4:8607.
37. Holtzman B.K., Kohlstedt D., Zimmerman M., Heidelbach F., Hiraga T., Hustoft J.W. Melt segregation and strain partitioning: implications for seismic anisotropy and mantle flow. Science 2003, 301(5637):1227-1230.
38. Hudson J. Overall properties of a cracked solid. Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 1980, 88(2):371-384.
39. Hung S., Forsyth D. Anisotropy in the oceanic lithosphere from the study of local intraplate earthquakes on the west flank of the southern East Pacific Rise: shear wave splitting and waveform modeling. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 1999, 104(B5):10695-10717.
40. Katz R.F., Spiegelman M., Holtzman B. The dynamics of melt and shear localization in partially molten aggregates. Nature 2006, 442(7103):676-679.
41. Kawakatsu H., Kumar P., Takei Y., Shinohara M., Kanazawa T., Araki E., Suyehiro K. Seismic evidence for sharp lithosphere-asthenosphere boundaries of oceanic plates. Science 2009, 324(5926):499-502.
42. Kendall J.M. Teleseismic arrivals at a mid-ocean ridge: effects of mantle melt and anisotropy. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1994, 21(4):301-304.
43. Kendall J.-M., Silver P.G. Investigating causes of D anisotropy. Geodynamics Series 1998, 97-118. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., USA. M. Gurnis, M.E. Wysession, E. Knittle, B.A. Buffett (Eds.).
44. Kendall J.-M., Silver P.G. Seismic anisotropy in the boundary layers of the mantle. Geophysical Monograph 2000, Vol. 117:133-159. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., USA. S. Karato, A. Forte, R.C. Liebermann, G. Masters, L. Stixrude (Eds.).
45. Kendall J.M., Guest W., Thomson C. Ray-theory Green's function reciprocity and ray-centered coordinates in anisotropic media. Geophys. J. Int. 1992, 108(1):364-371.
46. Kendall J.M., Stuart G., Ebinger C., Bastow I., Keir D. Magma-assisted rifting in Ethiopia. Nature 2005, 433(7022):146-148.
47. Kennett B., Engdahl E. Traveltimes for global earthquake location and phase identification. Geophys. J. Int. 1991, 105(2):429-465.
48. Kumar P., Kawakatsu H. Imaging the seismic lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary of the oceanic plate. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2011, 12(1):Q01006.
49. Kustowski B., Ekström G., Dziewoński A. Anisotropic shear-wave velocity structure of the Earth's mantle: a global model. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 2008, 113(B6):B06306.
50. Lay T., Williams Q., Garnero E.J., Kellogg L., Wysession M.E. Seismic wave anisotropy in the D' region and its implications. Geodynamics Series 1998, 28:299-318. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., USA. M. Gurnis, M.E. Wysession, E. Knittle, B.A. Buffett (Eds.).
51. Liu K.H. NA-SWS-1.1: a uniform database of teleseismic shear wave splitting measurements for North America. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2009, 10:Q05011.
52. Long M.D., Silver P.G. Shear wave splitting and mantle anisotropy: measurements, interpretations, and new directions. Surv. Geophys. 2009, 30(4-5):407-461.
53. Mainprice D. Seismic anisotropy of the deep earth from a mineral and rock physics perspective. Treatise on Geophysics 2007, Vol. 2:437-492. G. Schubert (Ed.).
54. Meade C., Silver P.G., Kaneshima S. Laboratory and seismological observations of lower mantle isotropy. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1995, 22(10):1293-1296.
55. Montagner J.-P., Kennett B. How to reconcile body-wave and normal-mode reference earth models. Geophys. J. Int. 1996, 125(1):229-248.
56. Nettles M., Dziewoński A. Radially anisotropic shear velocity structure of the upper mantle globally and beneath North America. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 2008, 113(B2):B02303.
57. Nippress S.E.J., Kusznir N.J., Kendall J.M. LPO predicted seismic anisotropy beneath a simple model of a mid-ocean ridge. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34(14):L14309.
58. Niu F., Perez A. Seismic anisotropy in the lower mantle: a comparison of waveform splitting of SKS and SKKS. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31(24):L24612.
59. Nowacki A., Wookey J., Kendall J.M. Deformation of the lowermost mantle from seismic anisotropy. Nature 2010, 467(7319):1091-1095.
60. Nowacki A., Wookey J., Kendall J.-M. New advances in using seismic anisotropy, mineral physics and geodynamics to understand deformation in the lowermost mantle. J. Geod. 2011, 10.1016/j.jog.2011.04.003.
61. Panning M., Romanowicz B. A three-dimensional radially anisotropic model of shear velocity in the whole mantle. Geophys. J. Int. 2006, 167(1):361-379.
62. Phipps Morgan J. Melt migration beneath mid-ocean spreading centers. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1987, 14(12):1238-1241.
63. Phipps Morgan J., Forsyth D. Three-dimensional flow and temperature perturbations due to a transform offset: effects on oceanic crustal and upper mantle structure. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 1988, 93(B4):2955-2966.
64. Podolefsky N., Zhong S., McNamara A.K. The anisotropic and rheological structure of the oceanic upper mantle from a simple model of plate shear. Geophys. J. Int. 2004, 158(1):287-296.
65. Restivo A., Helffrich G. Core-mantle boundary structure investigated using SKS and SKKS polarization anomalies. Geophys. J. Int. 2006, 165(1):288-302.
66. Russo R., Mocanu V.I. Source-side shear wave splitting and upper mantle flow in the Romanian Carpathians and surroundings. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2009, 287(1-2):205-216.
67. Rychert C.A., Shearer P.M. A global view of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. Science 2009, 324(5926):495-498.
68. Rychert C.A., Shearer P.M., Fischer K.M. Scattered wave imaging of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. Lithos 2010, 120(1-2):173-185.
69. Savage M. Seismic anisotropy and mantle deformation: what have we learned from shear wave splitting?. Rev. Geophys. 1999, 37(1):65-106.
70. Schoenecker S., Russo R., Silver P. Source-side splitting of S waves from Hindu Kush-Pamir earthquakes. Tectonophysics 1997, 279(1-4):149-159.
71. Shearer P.M., Orcutt J. Compressional and shear-wave anisotropy in the oceanic lithosphere - the Ngendei seismic refraction experiment. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 1986, 87(3):967-1003.
72. Silver P.G., Chan W.W. Shear-wave splitting and subcontinental mantle deformation. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 1991, 96(B10):16429-16454.
73. Silver P.G., Savage M. The interpretation of shear-wave splitting parameters in the presence of two anisotropic layers. Geophys. J. Int. 1994, 119(3):949-963.
74. Smith W., Sandwell D. Global sea floor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings. Science 1997, 277(5334):1956-1962.
75. Sparks D., Parmentier E., Phipps Morgan J. Three-dimensional mantle convection beneath a segmented spreading center: implications for along-axis variations in crustal thickness and gravity. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 1993, 98(B12):21977-21995.
76. Teanby N., Kendall J.M., der Baan M.V. Automation of shear-wave splitting measurements using cluster analysis. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 2004, 94(2):453-463.
77. Thomsen L. Weak elastic anisotropy. Geophysics 1986, 51(10):1954-1966.
78. Tommasi A. Forward modeling of the development of seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1998, 160(1-2):1-13.
79. Tommasi A., Tikoff B., Vauchez A. Upper mantle tectonics: three-dimensional deformation, olivine crystallographic fabrics and seismic properties. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1999, 168(1-2):173-186.
80. van Wijk J., Blackman D. Deformation of oceanic lithosphere near slow-spreading ridge discontinuities. Tectonophysics 2005, 407(3-4):211-225.
81. Weatherley S.M., Katz R.F. Plate-driven mantle dynamics and global patterns of mid-ocean ridge bathymetry. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2010, 11:Q10003.
82. Wessel P., Smith W. Free software helps map and display data. EOS Trans. AGU 1991, 101:8415-8436.
83. Wolfe C., Silver P.G. Seismic anisotropy of oceanic upper mantle: shear wave splitting methodologies and observations. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 1998, 103(B1):749-771.
84. Wolfe C., Solomon S. Shear-wave splitting and implications for mantle flow beneath the MELT region of the East Pacific Rise. Science 1998, 280(5367):1230-1232.
85. Wookey J., Kendall J.M. Evidence of midmantle anisotropy from shear wave splitting and the influence of shear-coupled p waves. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 2004, 109(B7):B07309.
86. Wookey J., Kendall J.M. Constraints on lowermost mantle mineralogy and fabric beneath Siberia from seismic anisotropy. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2008, 275(1-2):32-42.
87. Wookey J., Kendall J.M., Rümpker G. Lowermost mantle anisotropy beneath the north Pacific from differential S-ScS splitting. Geophys. J. Int. 2005, 161(3):829-838.
88. Wuestefeld A., Al-Harrasi O., Verdon J.P., Wookey J., Kendall J.M. A strategy for automated analysis of passive microseismic data to image seismic anisotropy and fracture characteristics. Geophys. Prospect. 2010, 58(5):753-771.
89. Yuan H., Romanowicz B. Lithospheric layering in the North American craton. Nature 2010, 466(7310):1063-1068.