Radially anisotropic shear velocity structure of the upper mantle globally and beneath North America

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 113, Issue 2, 2008, Pages

  Nettles, Meredith ^a,b   Dziewoński, Adam M ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRATON; DATA SET; LOVE WAVE; LOW VELOCITY ZONE; MANTLE STRUCTURE; PHASE VELOCITY; RAYLEIGH WAVE; SEISMIC ANISOTROPY; SURFACE WAVE; TRANSITION ZONE; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; WAVE DISPERSION;

NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 39549096907     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2006JB004819     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Abers, G. A., J. Stachnik, S. Pozgay, D. H. Christensen, R. A. Hansen, and E. V. Meyers (2002), The BEAAR facts: Sampling the Alaskan slab, wedge, and mountains with a broadband experiment across the Alaska Range (BEAAR), Seismol. Res. Lett., 73, 219.
2. Alsina, D., R. L. Woodward, and R. K. Snieder (1996), Shear wave velocity structure in North America from large-scale waveform. inversions of surface waves, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 15,969-15,986.
3. Anderson, D. L., and A. M. Dziewonski (1982), Upper mantle anisotropy: Evidence from free oscillations, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 69, 383-404.
4. Anderson, O. L., and D. G. Isaak (1995), Elastic constants of mantle minerals at high temperature, in Mineral Physics and Crystallography, Ref. Shelf, vol. 2, edited by T. J. Ahrens, pp. 64-97, AGU, Washington, D. C.
5. Anderson, O. L., E. Schreiber, and R. C. Liebermann (1968), Some elastic constant data on minerals relevant to geophysics, Rev. Geophys., 6, 491-524.
6. Antolik, M., Y. J. Gu, G. Ekström, and A. M. Dziewonski (2003), J362D28: A new joint model of compressional and shear velocity in the Earth's mantle, Geophys. J. Int., 153, 443-466.
7. Babuška, V., J.-P. Montagner, J. Plomerová, and N. Girardin (1999), Age-dependent large-scale fabric of the mantle lithosphere as derived from surface-wave velocity anisotropy, Pure Appl. Geophys., 151, 257-280.
8. Bally, A. W., C. R. Scotese, and M. I. Ross (1989), North America: Plate-tectonic setting and tectonic elements, in The Geology of North America-An Overview, edited by A. W. Bally and A. R. Palmer, Geol. Soc. of Am., Boulder, Colo.
9. Bassin, C., G. Laske, and G. Masters (2000), The current limits of resolution for surface wave tomography in North America, Eos Trans. AGU, 81(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., F897.
10. Bennett, V. C., and D. J. DePaolo (1987), Proterozoic crustal history of the western United States as determined by neodymium isotopic mapping, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 99, 674-685.
11. Benz, H. M., G. Zandt, and D. H. Oppenheimer (1992), Lithospheric structure of northern California from teleseismic images of the upper mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 4791-4807.
12. Bijwaard, H., W. Spakman, and E. R. Engdahl (1998), Closing the gap between regional and global travel time tomography, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 30,055-30,078.
13. Boschi, L., and G. Ekström (2002), New images of the Earth's upper mantle from measurements of surface wave phase velocity anomalies, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B4), 2059, doi:10.1029/2000JB000059.
14. Boschi, L., G. Ekström, and B. Kustowski (2004), Multiple resolution surface wave tomography: The Mediterranean basin, Geophys. J. Int., 157, 293-304.
15. Brune, J., and J. Dorman (1963), Seismic waves and earth structure in the Canadian shield, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 53, 167-210.
16. Christensen, N. I., and W. D. Mooney (1995), Seismic velocity structure and composition of the continental crust: A global view, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 9761-9788.
17. Christensen, N. I., and M. H. Salisbury (1979), Seismic anisotropy in the oceanic upper mantle: Evidence from the Bay of Islands ophiolite complex, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 4601-4610.
18. Dahlen, F. A., and J. Tromp (1998), Theoretical Global Seismology, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N. J.
19. Deuss, A., and J. H. Woodhouse (2004), The nature of the Lehmann discontinuity from its seismological Clapeyron slopes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 225, 295-304.
20. Dziewonski, A. M., and D. L. Anderson (1981), Preliminary reference Earth model, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 25, 297-356.
21. Dziewonski, A. M., and J. H. Woodhouse (1983), An experiment in systematic study of global seismicity: Centroid-moment tensor solutions for 201 moderate and large earthquakes of 1981, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 3247-3271.
22. Dziewonski, A. M., and R. L. Woodward (1992), Acoustic imaging at the planetary scale, in International Symposium on Acoustical Imaging, 19th, Bochum Germany, April 3-5, 1991, edited by H. Emert and H. P. Harjes, pp. 785-797, Plenum, New York.
23. Dziewonski, A. M., T.-A. Chou, and J. H. Woodhouse (1981), Determination of earthquake source parameters from waveform data for studies of global and regional seismicity, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 2825-2852.
24. Ekström, G. (2000), Mapping the lithosphere and asthenosphere with surface waves: lateral structure and anisotropy, in The History and Dynamics of Global Plate Motions, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 121, edited by M. A. Richards, R. G. Gordon, and R. D. van der Hilst, pp. 239-255, AGU, Washington, D. C.
25. Ekström, G., and A. M. Dziewonski (1999), The unique anisotropy of the Pacific upper mantle, Nature, 394, 168-172.
26. Ekström, G., J. Tromp, and E. W. F. Larson (1997), Measurements and global models of surface wave propagation, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 8137-8158.
27. Ekström, G., A. M. Dziewonski, N. N. Maternovskaya, and M. Nettles (2005), Global seismicity of 2003: Centroid-moment-tensor solutions for 1087 earthquakes, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 148, 327-351.
28. Faul, U. H., and I. Jackson (2005), The seismological signature of temperature and grain size variations in the upper mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 234, 119-134.
29. Fischer, K. M., M. E. Wysession, T. J. Clarke, G. I. Al-eqabi, M. J. Fouch, L. A. Salvati, P. J. Shore, and R. W. Valenzuela (1996), The Missouri-to-Massachusetts broadband deployment, IRIS Newslett., 15, 6-9.
30. Fischer, K. M., E. Syracuse, S. Rondenay, M. E. Wysession, M. Salas, L. Doermann, and M. Welsh (2003), Crustal structure and mantle anisotropy from Florida to Edmonton, Eos Trans. AGU, 84(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract S31H-08.
31. Frederiksen, A. W., M. G. Bostock, and J. F. Cassidy (2001), S-wave velocity structure of the Canadian upper mantle, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 124, 175-191.
32. Fukao, Y., M. Obayashi, H. Inoue, and M. Nenbai (1992), Subducting slabs stagnant in the mantle transition zone, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 4809-4822.
33. Gaboret, C., A. M. Forte, and J. P. Montagner (2003), The unique dynamics of the Pacific hemisphere mantle and its signature on seismic anisotropy, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 208, 219-233.
34. Godey, S., F. Deschamps, J. Trampert, and R. Snieder (2004), Thermal and compositional anomalies beneath the North American continent, J Geophys. Res., 109, B01308, doi:10.1029/2002JB002263.
35. Goes, S., and S. van der Lee (2002), Thermal structure of the North American uppermost mantle inferred from seismic tomography, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B3), 2050, doi:10.1029/2000JB000049.
36. Grand, S. P. (1987), Tomographic inversion for shear velocity beneath the North American plate, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 14,065-14,090.
37. Grand, S. P. (1994), Mantle shear structure beneath the Americas and surrounding oceans, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 11,591-11,621.
38. Go, Y. J., A. M. Dziewonski, and G. Ekström (2001a), Preferential detection of the Lehmann discontinuity beneath continents, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4655-4658.
39. Gu, Y. J., A. M. Dziewonski, W.-J. Su, and G. Ekström (2001b), Models of the mantle shear velocity and discontinuities in the pattern of lateral heterogeneities, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 11,169-11,199.
40. Gung, Y., M. Panning, and B. Romanowicz (2003), Global anisotropy and the thickness of continents, Nature, 422, 707-711.
41. Hoffman, P. F. (1988), United plates of America, the birth of a craton: Early Proterozoic assembly and growth of Laurentia, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 16, 543-603.
42. Humphreys, E. D., and K. G. Dueker (1994), Western U. S. upper mantle structure, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 9615-9634.
43. Jordan, T. H. (1975), The continental tectosphere, Rev. Geophys., 13, 1-12.
44. Jordan, T. H. (1978a), Composition and development of the continental tectosphere, Nature, 274, 544-548.
45. Jordan, T. H. (1978b), Procedure for estimating lateral variations from low-frequency eigen-spectra data, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 52, 441-455.
46. Jordan, T. H. (1981), Global tectonic regionalization for seismological data analysis, Bull Seismol. Soc. Am., 71, 1131-1141.
47. Kistler, R. W., and Z. E. Peterman (1978), Reconstruction of crustal blocks of California on the basis of initial strontium isotopic compositions of Mesozoic granitic rocks, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof., 1071.
48. Lancaster, P., and K. Šalkauskas (1996), Curve and Surface Fitting - An Introduction, Academic, San Diego, Calif.
49. Lee, C.-T. A. (2003), Compositional variation of density and seismic velocities in natural peridotites at STP conditions: Implications for seismic miagmg of compositional heterogeneities in the upper mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B9), 2441, doi:10.1029/2003JB002413.
50. Lee, C.-T., Q. Yin, R. L. Rudnick, J. T. Chesley, and S. B. Jacobsen (2000), Osmium isotopic evidence for Mesozoic removal of lithospheric mantle beneath the Sierra Nevada, California, Science, 289, 191-1916.
51. Lee, C.-T., Q. Yin, R. L. Rudnick, and S. B. Jacobsen (2001), Preservation of ancient and fertile lithospheric mantle beneath the southwestern United States, Nature, 411, 69-73.
52. Lee, D.-K., and S. P. Grand (1996), Upper mantle shear structure beneath the Colorado Rocky Mountains, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 22,233-22,244.
53. Liu, X.-F., and A. M. Dziewonski (1998), Global analysis of shear wave velocity anomalies in the lowermost mantle, in The core-Mantle Boundary Region, Geodyn. Ser., vol. 28, edited by M. Gurnis et al., pp. 21-36, AGU, Washington, D. C.
54. Love, A. E. H. (1927), A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
55. Masters, G., T. H. Jordan, P. G. Silver, and F. Gilbert (1982), Aspherical earth structure from fundamental spheroidal-mode data, Nature, 298, 609-613.
56. Masters, G., S. Johnson, G. Laske, and H. Bolton (1996), A shear-velocity model of the mantle, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 354, 1385-1411.
57. Masters, G., G. Laske, H. Bolton, and A. M. Dziewonski (2000), The relative behavior of shear velocity, bulk sound speed, and compressional velocity in the mantle: Implications for chemical and thermal structure, in Earth's Deep Interior: Mineral Physics and Tomography From the Atomic to the Global Scale, Geophys. Monogr Ser., vol. 117, edited by S. Karato et al., pp. 63-86, AGU, Washington, D. C.
58. Mégnin, C., and B. Romanowicz (2000), The 3D shear velocity structure of the mantle from the inversion of body, surface and higher mode waveforms, Geophys. J. Int., 143, 709-728.
59. Montagner, J. P., and T. Tanimoto (1991), Global upper mantle tomography of seismic velocities and anisotropies, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 20,337-20,351.
60. Mooney, W. D., G. Laske, and G. Masters (1998), CRUST-5.1: A global crustal model at 5° × 5°, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 727-747.
61. National Geophysical Data Center (1988), ETOPO-5, bathymetry/topography data, Data Announc. 88-MGG-02, NOAA, U. S. Dep. of Commer., Washington, D. C.
62. Nettles, M. (2005), Anisotropic velocity structure of the mantle beneath North America, Ph.D. thesis, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass.
63. Nettles, M., C. Peccei, G. Ekström, and A. M. Dziewonski (2000), Measurements and models of very long period surface wave propagation, Eos Trans. AGU, 81(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., F822.
64. Nolet, G. (1990), Partitioned waveform inversion and two-dimensional structure under the network of autonomously recording seismographs, J. Geophys, Res., 95, 8499-8512.
65. Peselnick, L., and A. Nicolas (1978), Seismic. anisotropy in an ophiolite peridotite: Application to oceanic upper mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 1227-1235.
66. Resovsky, J. S., and M. H. Ritzwoller (1998), New and refined constraints on three-dimensional Earth structure from normal modes below 3 MHz, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 783-810.
67. Ritsema, J., H.-J. van Heijst, and J. H. Woodhouse (1999), Complex shear wave velocity structure imaged beneath Africa and Iceland, Science, 286, 1925-1928.
68. Romanowicz, B. A. (1979), Seismic structure of the upper mantle beneath the United States by 3-dimensional inversion of body wave arrival times, Geophys. J R. Astron. Soc., 57, 479-506.
69. Sambridge, M., and R. Faletič (2003), Adaptive whole Earth tomography, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 4(3), 1022, doi:10.1029/ 2001GC000213.
70. Shearer, P. M. (1991), Constraints on upper mantle discontinuities from observations of long-period reflected and converted phases, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 18,147-18,182.
71. Silver, P. G., and W. E. Holt (2002), The mantle flow field beneath western North America, Science, 295, 1054-1057.
72. Spence, W., and R. S. Gross (1990), A tomographic glimpse of the upper mantle source of magmas of the Jemez; lineament, New Mexico, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 10,829-10,849.
73. Stixrude, L., and C. Lithgow-Bertelloni (2005), Mineralogy and elasticity of the oceanic upper mantle: Origin of the low-velocity zone, J. Geophys. Res., 110, B03204, doi:10.1029/2004JB002965.
74. Su, W.-J., and A. M. Dziewonski (1991), Predominance of long-wavelength heterogeneity in the mantle, Nature, 352, 121-126.
75. Takeuchi, H., and M. Saito (1972), Seismic surface waves, in Seismology: Surface Waves and Earth Oscillations, Methods Comput Phys., vol. 11, edited by B. A. Bolt, pp. 217-295, Academic, New York.
76. Trampert, J., and J. H. Woodhouse (1995), Global phase velocity maps of Love and Rayleigh waves between 40 and 150 seconds, Geophys. J Int., 122, 675-690.
77. Tromp, J., and F. A. Dahlen (1992a), Variational principles for surface wave propagation on a laterally heterogeneous Earth-I. Time-domain JWKB theory; Geophys. J Int., 109, 581-598.
78. Tromp, J., and F. A. Dahlen (1992b), Variational principles for surface wave propagation on a laterally heterogeneous Earth-II. Frequency-domain JWKB theory, Geophys. J Int., 109, 599-619.
79. van der Lee, S. (2002), High-resolution estimates of ithospheric thickness from Missouri to Massachusetts, USA, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 203, 15-23.
80. van der Lee, S., and A. Frederiksen (2005), Surface wave tomography applied to the North American upper mantle, in Seismic Earth: Array Analysis of Broadband Seismograms, Geophysical Monogr Ser., vol. 157, edited by A. Levander and G. Nolet, pp. 67-80, AGU, Washington, D. C.
81. van der Lee, S., and G. Nolet (1997a), Seismic image of the subducted trailing fragments of the Farallon plate, Nature, 386, 266-269.
82. van der Lee, S., and G. Nolet (1997b), Upper mantle S velocity structure of North America, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 22,815-22,838.
83. Wang, Z., and F. A. Dahlen (1995), Spherical-spline parameterization of three-dimensional Earth models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3099-3102.
84. Wang, Z., J. Tromp, and G. Ekström (1998), Global and regional surface-wave inversions: A spherical-spline parameterization, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 207210.
85. West, M., J. Ni, W. S. Baldridge, D. Wilson, R. Aster, W. Gan, and S. Grand (2004), Crust and upper mantle shear wave structure of the southwest United States: Implications for riffing and support for high elevation, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B03309, doi:10.1029 /2003JB002575.
86. Wolfe, C. J., and S. C. Solomon (1998), Shear-wave splitting and irnplications for mantle flow beneath the MELT region of the East Pacific Rise, Science, 280, 1230-1232.
87. Woodhouse, J. H., and A. M. Dziewonski (1984), Mapping the upper mantle: Three-dimensional modeling of Earth structure by inversion of seismic waveforms, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 5953-5986.
88. Woodhouse, J. H., and Y. K. Wong (1986), Amplitude, phase and path anomalies of mantle waves, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 87, 753-773.